Brandy orchid

Brandy orchid
	Brandy orchid ( Neotinea ustulata )
Systematics
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Orchidoideae
Tribe :	Orchideae
Sub tribus :	Orchidinae
Genre :	Neotinea
Type :	Brandy orchid
Scientific name
	Neotinea ustulata
	( L. ) RM Bateman, Pridgeon & MW Chase

The fire orchid ( Neotinea ustulata ) is a species of the orchid family (Orchidaceae). It used to be counted it to the genus of orchids ( Orchis ). According to recent molecular genetic research, the species belongs to the genus Neotinea . The species loves lime and mainly inhabits heat-exposed meadows in the low and high mountains. The fire orchid is considered endangered in Germany.

description

Brandy orchid
( Neotinea ustulata var. Ustulata )
Part of the inflorescence

The fire orchid is a graceful, deciduous, perennial , herbaceous growing tuberous geophyte with two small, spherical to egg-shaped tubers as a perennial organ. These are provided with numerous, sprout-forming secondary roots so that the plant tends to form clusters (vegetative reproduction). The slender, round stem reaches heights of 10 to 50 centimeters and can reach a maximum height of 80 centimeters.

The five to ten leaves are bluish green, unspotted and lanceolate . They are about 3 to 10 inches long, about 0.5 to 2 inches wide and get smaller towards the inflorescence. The leaves cover the stems into a sheath and the share in rosettes .

The inflorescence is profuse with many very small flowers in a cylindrical spike , which stretches in the course of flowering. The membranous bracts are only slightly shorter than the ovary . The petals and sepals form a 3 to 4 millimeter large, almost spherical helmet, which is colored dark purple to black on the outside. The lip ( labellum ) is about 5 to 8 millimeters in size, deeply three-lobed and dotted with white to pink dots (rarely pure white). The spur is about 1 to 2 millimeters long, directed downwards and about half as long as the ovary.

The seed of this orchid does not contain any nutrient tissue for the seedling . The germination therefore takes place only when infection by a root fungus ( mycorrhiza ). The time from germination to development of the flowering plant has not yet been adequately determined.

Brandy orchid is diploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 42.

Systematics

Neotinea ustulata
var. Ustulata

Neotinea ustulata
var. Aestivalis

The fire orchid was in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus as Orchis ustulata described . The species name is derived from the Latin ustulatus = burned, brand-. Accordingly, the German name is Brand-Knabenkraut, Brandknabenkraut or Burnt Knabenkraut. It refers to the black color of the blooming inflorescence. In a revision of the orchid species on the basis of genetic traits, the fire orchid was classified together with a few other species in the previously monotypical genus Neotinea as Neotinea ustulata ( L. ) RM Bateman , Pridgeon & MW Chase . This classification is mostly followed today, but some systematists consider the first descriptive name ( Basionym ) to be still valid.

The fire orchid comes in two varieties , which differ mainly in terms of flowering time, but also morphologically:

Neotinea ustulata var. Ustulata
is characterized by its rather low and compact growth as well as compact, rounded ears at the tip. The variety blooms mainly in May or June, occasionally in April. It occurs in the whole range.
Neotinea ustulata var. Aestivalis ( Kümpel ) Tali , MFFay & RMBateman , on the other hand, shows rather tall and elongated growth and loose-flowered, pointed ears. It blooms later than the nominate form , in July or August. The scientific name of the variety is derived from the Latin aestivalis (summer, summer). The variety occurs only in Europe.

The following hybrids have been scientifically described:

Neotinea × dietrichiana (Bogenh.) H. Kretzschmar, Eccarius & H. Dietr. ( Neotinea tridentata × Neotinea ustulata )

The following hybrids are viewed as dubious due to the genetically far apart relationship of the original species; according to today's view, they are hybrids between members of different genera (intergeneric hybrids).

× Orchinea doellii (W.Zimm.) JMHShaw ( Orchis simia × Neotinea ustulata )
× Neotinacamptis durandii (Bréb.) B. Bock ( Anacamptis pyramidalis × Neotinea ustulata )
× Neotinacamptis franzonii ( M. Schulze ) B.Bock ( Anacamptis coriophora × Neotinea ustulata )

× Neotinarhiza labbei (C.Bernard) B.Bock ( Dactylorhiza maculata × Neotinea ustulata )

As "var. alba ”described whites are taxonomically meaningless.

There are numerous synonyms that have arisen from new descriptions:

Orchis amoena Crantz
Orchis columnae F.W.Schmidt
Orchis parviflora Willd.
Orchis hyemalis Raf.

Orchis imbricata Vest
Orchis ustulata var. Leopoliensis Zapal.
Orchis ustulata f. leopoliensis ( Zapal. ) Pauca

ecology

The fire orchid in the biotope, a mountain meadow in the Hohe Rhön

Heyday

Due to the considerable ecological and geographical variance, the flowering period of the species in Central Europe extends from April to August. It is Neotinea ustulata var. Ustulata early flowering, Neotinea ustulata var. Aestivalis late flowering. The single plant blooms for about three weeks. At locations in mild areas of flowering can Neotinea ustulata var. Ustulata begin in the last third of April; in the Alps, on the other hand, it often does not bloom until June. Since Neotinea ustulata var. Aestivalis appears to be more in the middle, it blooms somewhat more uniformly from July to August.

Pollinators

As pollinators for Neotinea ustulata . Var ustulata is the Raupenfliege ( Echinomyia magnicornis called); for Neotinea ustulata var. aestivalis the longhorn beetle Leptura livida and various bumblebee species. The fruit set is usually relatively high.

Locations

The fire orchid grows in Central Europe on dry and semi- arid lawns , litter meadows , rough meadows and mountain mats up to 2000 m , less often in light pine or deciduous forests and in drier areas of wet meadows . According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 93–1900 meters, France 0–2300 meters, Switzerland 250–2300 meters, Liechtenstein 430–1990 meters, Austria 50–1500 meters, Italy 20–2100 meters, Slovenia 50-1500 meters. In Europe, the species rises up to 2500 meters in Spain and up to 2700 meters above sea level in the Caucasus.

This type of plant needs changing moist, alkaline , rarely also lime-free soils with a pH value of 6.0 to 8.0.

The species is considered to be very heliophile and mostly occurs in fully sunny locations with lighting intensities of over 80,000 lux .

In Central Europe it occurs in the following associations of the plant sociological system:

Mesobromione. Trespen (semi) dry grassland, or sub-oceanic calcareous grassland,
Cirsio Brachypodion. Kratzdistel-Zwenkenrasen, or subcontinental limestone grasslands
Geranion sanguinei. Blood cranesbill - fringing societies rich in limestone
Arrhenatherion. Smooth oat meadow (only lean, low-nitrogen variants)

(For a breakdown see: Plant sociological units according to Oberdorfer )

distribution

The distribution area of the orchid orchid stretches from northern Spain across central Europe , the Alpine countries , southern Scandinavia and eastern Europe to central Siberia and the Caucasus . In the Mediterranean region including North Africa the fire orchid is rare. It is classified as Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean and Atlantic according to its distribution and classified as a floral element of the meridional / montane , submeridional and temperate Florence zones.

Germany

In Germany, it is found widespread on the edge of the Alps , scattered in the rest of Bavaria ( Altmühltal , Lechtalheiden , Franconian Alb , Main Valley , Spessart ). It is also scattered in Baden-Württemberg , especially on the Upper Rhine and the Swabian Alb . It is less common in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland ( Moselle - Eifel region ). It is rarely to very rarely found further north, for example in the extreme southwest of North Rhine-Westphalia , in Hesse , Thuringia and only occasionally in Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony . In Brandenburg and now apparently also in southern Lower Saxony , the species has become extinct; no occurrences are known from the other countries.

Austria

In Austria , the species occurs scattered in all federal states, with a focus on the alpine limestone areas.

Switzerland

In Switzerland , too , it can be found almost in the entire area. However, the finds accumulate in the Jura , in Central Switzerland , in the Rhine Valley and in the Southern Alps , whereas it has become very rare in the Central Plateau.

Conservation and endangerment

Like all orchid species found in Europe, the orchid orchid is under the strict protection of European and national laws.

Red lists

Red List Germany: 2
Red list federal states: Baden-Württemberg : 2, Bavaria : 3, Berlin : -, Brandenburg : 0, Bremen : 0, Hamburg : -, Hesse : 2, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania : -, Lower Saxony : 0, North Rhine-Westphalia : 3, Rhineland-Palatinate : 1, Saarland : 2, Saxony-Anhalt : 1, Saxony : 1, Schleswig-Holstein : -, Thuringia : 2

Red List Switzerland: NT (Near Threatened - potentially endangered)
Red list Austria: no information available.

The species is sensitive to changes in the biotope and disappears faster than, for example, the orchid , with which it is often associated.

Orchid of the year

The A rbeitskreise H egg mixer O rchideen (AHO) in Germany, which have made the domestic orchid flora mission in all states to protect the care measures of habitats, mapping and scientific support, the burnt orchid selected for " Orchid of the Year " 2005. The election was intended to draw attention to the severe endangerment of this orchid species, which threatens to disappear from the Central European landscape. The causes of the decline are, on the one hand, the land consumption due to development, intensive meadow cultivation, fertilization and too frequent mowing , but on the other hand also the complete abandonment of cultivation and thus the fallowing of the growing areas.

Picture gallery

Neotinea ustulata
habitus
Neotinea ustulata
inflorescences
Neotinea ustulata
rosette of leaves
Neotinea ustulata
Orjen - Montenegro

Sources and further information

literature

Standard literature on orchids: * Working groups local orchids (ed.): The orchids of Germany. Working groups of domestic orchids, Uhlstädt-Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1 .

Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele: The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8 .
Karl-Peter Buttler : Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae (original title: The Orchids. Natural History and Classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. Et al. 1981). Translated by Guido J. Braem with the assistance of Marion Zerbst. Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-413-8 (good work on the subject of systematics).
Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids. 2nd Edition. Brücke, Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .
John G. Williams, Andrew E. Williams, Norman Arlott: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor (= BLV determination book. 25). Translated, edited and supplemented by Karl-Peter Buttler and Angelika Rommel. BLV, Munich / Bern / Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-405-11901-4 .

Special literature

RM Bateman, PM Hollingsworth, J. Preston, Y.-B. Luo, AM Pridgeon, MW Chase: Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected habenariinae (Orchidaceae). In: Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 142, No. 1, 2003, ISSN 0024-4074 , pp. 1-40, doi: 10.1046 / j.1095-8339.2003.00157.x , PDF file ( Memento from February 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive ).

Special literature on fire orchid

S. Hammel: The cinderella herb (Orchis ustulata L. 1753) - the orchid of the year 2005 in Germany. In: Journal of European Orchids. Volume 37, No. 1, 2005, AHO Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, ISSN 0945-7909 , pp. 3-46.
S. Hammel: The cinderella herb (Orchis ustulata L. 1753) in Baden-Württemberg. In: Journal of European Orchids. Volume 37, No. 1, 2005, AHO Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, ISSN 0945-7909 , pp. 47-88.
E. Henke: Orchis ustulata in the Peloponnese. In: Reports from the working groups for domestic orchids. Volume 1, No. 1, 1984, Friedberg, ISSN 0176-2745 , p. 92.
Kadri Tali, Michael JY Foley, Tiiu Kull: Biological Flora of the British Isles. No. 232. Orchis ustulata L. In: Journal of Ecology . Volume 92, No. 1, 2004, ISSN 0022-0477 , pp. 174-184, doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-2745.2004.00858.x .
Dietrich Bergfeld: Neotinea ustulata var. Aestivalis in comparison to the nominee clan - a summary of the current state of knowledge . In: Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchideen Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart (Hrsg.): Journal European Orchids . Vol. 50 issue 1 May 2018. fut müllerbader gmbh, Filderstadt, 2018, ISSN 0945-7909 , p. 3-42 .

Individual evidence

↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 941 ( digitized ).
↑ RM Bateman, AM Pridgeon, MW Chase: Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto. In: Lindleyana. Volume 12, 1997, ISSN 0889-258X , pp. 113-141.
↑ ^a ^b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Neotinea ustulata. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 9, 2020.
^ MJ Godfery: Monograph and Iconograph of Native British Orchidaceae. Cambridge 1933.
↑ W. Voeth: Echinomyia magnicornis Zett. Pollinators of Orchis ustulata L. In: The orchid. Volume 35, No. 5, 1984, pp. 189-192.
↑ ^a ^b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. 1st edition Volume 8, page 381. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
^ Karl-Peter Buttler: Orchids. The wild growing species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (= Steinbach's natural guide. 15). Mosaik, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .