Bullfight
As bullfighting ( Spanish toreo , corrida de toros or tauromaquia of Greek ταυρομαχία ; Portuguese tourada , corrida de Touros or tauromaquia ) refers to the ritual killing of a fighting bull .
The most famous bullfights take place in Spain , but also in Portugal , southern France and in former Spanish colonies and Spanish-influenced regions in Latin America . A non-fatal version is maintained as a legacy of Portuguese past on the Tanzanian island of Pemba . Different rules apply depending on the region. Bullfights are controversial in terms of morality and animal welfare .
In Spanish bullfighting, the corrida (= "race"), the bullfighter is called torero (from toro = "bull"). The bullfight takes place in a bullring (Plaza de Toros) , which is mostly used exclusively for this purpose. The essential element of bullfighting is the form of execution, the ritual that goes with it. Usually three matadors (= "killers") and six bulls occur in a corrida . A fight lasts about 20 minutes. With around 1700 corridas (as of 2015) and usually 6 animals per event, the number of bulls killed in the process can be estimated at around 10,000 per year. In view of this high number of bulls killed in public and the entire bloody spectacle, there has been resistance to this type of spectacle for some time in Europe, but also in Spain itself.
history
It is conceivable that the animal baiting ( venationes ) of Roman antiquity served as a model. In the Middle Ages , the Corrida de Toros was a knight's game (juego de toros) in which the “bullfighter” competed with the bull on horseback. The oldest evidence dates back to 1215, when a synod of bishops led by the Bishop of Segovia prohibited priests in the cities of Cuéllar , Coca , Sepúlveda and Pedraza from participating in such events. A literary evidence of bullfighting can be found in the epic of the Siete Infantes de Lara (around 1280), which has only survived as a prose text . Remnants of the medieval corrida are still preserved in the Rejoneo .
The current type of bullfighting was developed in the early 18th century by Francisco Romero , the first stone bullring in Spain is located near the city of Béjar and was built between 1711 and 1714. Bullfighting was forbidden under King Charles IV , but his successor Ferdinand VII allowed it again. In 1796, in the text Tauromaquia by the matador José Delgado, the rules according to which the Spanish bullfight is essentially carried out until today were described for the first time. In 1830 Pedro Romero, a grandson of Francisco Romero, founded the first bullfighting school in Seville .
Economical meaning
Bullfighting is a billion dollar business in Spain with a total of around 200,000 jobs. In total, an annual turnover of 1.5 billion euros is generated.
In 2015 there were 425 bullring (plazas de toros) in Spain . In the majority of these arenas, one to two bullfighting events are held each year, six arenas are in the double-digit range. There are around 75 Corridas organizers in Spain. The largest arena is the Plaza Las Ventas in Madrid, whose operating company employs 400 people (as of 2006) and pays the city a concession fee of 5 million euros per year. The number of bullfights in Spain fell from around 3700 to around 1700 between 2007 and 2015.
In Spain there are around 1500 fighting bulls - mainly in Andalusia , Castile and León and Extremadura - organized in five umbrella organizations. Despite the high turnover of the Spanish bullring, only a few breeding farms are profitable. It costs around 3,500 euros to raise a bull. For the six bulls used in a corrida , large bullrings such as those in Madrid or Seville pay up to 150,000 euros. About 20 percent of the bulls that come onto the market each year are sold at these high prices. The remaining bulls, either unsuitable for their temperament or showing physical flaws, are either sold to smaller bullring in the province or to butchers.
The torero
Torero is a generic term for all participants in a corrida, i.e. matador or novillero , banderilleros and picadores .
The main character of the bullfight is the matador de toros (German: " bull killer"). A matador begins as a novillero (German: “Neuling”, “ Novize ”). During this time he fights with young bulls (Spanish novillos ). If he reaches a certain level and has contested enough corridas as a novillero , he is raised to the rank of matador de toros in a special ceremony (Spanish alternativa , "change") - from now on he is allowed to fight against adult fighting bulls. Every year, the Escuela de Tauromaquia in Madrid accepts around one hundred students for a four-year training course to become a torero. In Spain, the minimum age is 16 years. Mexican fighters can be considerably younger. Since 1968 (in Spain since 1979) some female matadors have also appeared. One of the most famous of them is Cristina Sánchez .
In the 18th and 19th centuries, economic hardship was often the reason young men faced the bull in the arena. They often came from the rural population or belonged to minorities such as Sinti or Roma . Toreros who appear in the big arenas today receive a fee of around 50,000 to 100,000 euros and some of them enjoy great social prestige. Individual toreros receive up to 180,000 euros for their appearance.
Battleground
The arena (ruedo) , the floor of which is covered with sand, is round and, according to the regulations, must have a diameter between 45 and 60 meters. It is surrounded by the barrera , a 1.60 meter high border made of wooden boards. This has several gates, usually there are four: the main gate (puerta grande) , the puerta de toriles (through which the bulls enter the round), the puerta de arrastre (through which the dead bulls are pulled out) and the puerta de caballos ( through which the picadores ride into the arena). In addition, the barrera usually has four open passages, each of which is protected by a board wall (burladero) in front of it , behind which the bullfighters can flee from the bull. In order to be able to jump over the barrera when fleeing from the bull , it has a foot bar at a height of 40 cm.
Between the barrera and the spectator stands there is a narrow corridor (callejón) , in which bullfighters and other people (e.g. the managers of the toreros, reporters, etc.) who are not actively involved are staying during the corrida .
Course of the "Corrida de toros"
At the beginning of the event, the participants move into the arena and present themselves to the audience. They are these: the matador ( bull-killer ), the picadores (lancers, literally "tusk, engraver") and the banderilleros (from banderilla , "decorated lance"). This first phase is called the paseillo . Each matador has two picadores and three banderilleros , which together with the matador form his cuadrilla .
Two horsemen, the alguacilillos , symbolically request the key to the Puerta de los Toriles , the gate of the fighting bulls, from the praesidium. This, whose president has been given the authority to carry out bullfights, watches over the fight. According to the regulations, this should be the city's president, mayor, or police chief; however, this position is unpopular, so that another official often takes over the office. The President represents the highest authority in the arena and decides on the procedure, evaluation and possible penalties. The President is advised by a veterinarian and a "technical advisor" ( asesor técnico en materia artístico-taurina ), who must be a former bullfighter or someone who is otherwise particularly familiar with bullfighting.
If a bull shows obvious ailments in the arena or shows behavior that makes the normal course of the corrida impossible, the President orders that it be returned to the stables ( corrales ). This is done by driving a herd of oxen into the arena, with which the bull usually returns to the stables of its own accord. In this case, the bull is replaced by a replacement bull, the sobrero . If the bull cannot return to the stables (e.g. because he has been seriously injured), he is killed in the arena by a stab in the neck. In this case, no sobrero is used.
The actual fight consists of three parts, the tercios (thirds), which are separated from each other by horn signals.
First part
The first third ( Tercio de varas ) begins with the bull entering the arena. Usually he walks around in the empty area before the matador enters the arena. Sometimes, however, the matador immediately receives the bull running into the arena, kneeling with the capote (a large cloth, usually purple on the outside and yellow on the inside) and uses this to guide the attacking bull past him ( porta gayola ).
In the further course the matador uses the capote to quote the bull, to record it and to moderate its onslaught. His main task is to “read” the bull, that is to study the individual behavior of the bull in terms of attack and movement sequence and to determine his own approach for the third part of the fight accordingly. Already at this early stage the capabilities ( capacidades ) of the bull and the possibilities ( posibilidades ) of the actual fight between the bull and the matador are revealed in the last third of the encounter. After a few capotazos (attacks by the bull on the capote ) a horn signal sounds, with which the arrival of two lancers (the picadores ) is announced.
Now banderilleros lure the bull with the capote in front of a burladero and hold it there with movements of the cloth so that the picadores can ride in safely. When the picadores have taken the designated places, the bull is positioned by further maneuvers with the capote in such a way that it is likely to attack the horse of the rider who is next in line.
The job of the picadores is to wound the bull in the neck area with a lance thrust ( puyazo ). The horses have been protected by padding called peto since 1928 . Depending on the bullfight, only one picador can be used. The distance between the bull and picador before the attack is marked by two concentric chalk circles drawn in the sand at a distance of two meters. The first third is about showing the bravery and aggressiveness of the bull, who is supposed to attack several times, although he is punished in the process. The wounded neck and shoulder muscles force the bull to lower its head, which only enables the later killing by the matador with the sword. The audience often accompanies the work of the picadores with whistles and boos when a bull judged to be poorly or mediocre capable is overly stressed. While the neck is wounded, the picadores are not allowed to block the bull's way out to the center of the arena, otherwise the president threatens to punish him.
If the bull does not let go of the horse on his own, he will be lured away by a bullfighter with further maneuvers with the capote ( quites ) and positioned for a new attack on the horse.
The decision about the end of the tercios and the move to the next rests with the president. As a rule, the change in large arenas of the first category takes place after the bull has been wounded by two puyazos .
Second part
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In the second part, the so-called banderilleros appear, whose task it is to stick a pair of long skewers with colored ribbons ( banderillas ) in the back of the bull so that they get stuck. For this purpose, the banderillas are barbed. The colocación ( e.g. fitting, attaching) of the skewers is decisive for the success or failure of the Banderilleros . The aim is to injure and weaken the muscles between the bull's shoulder blades, but without blocking access for the matador's final fatal blow.
For this purpose, the Banderilleros draw the bull's attention with shouts and movements. This is the only situation in which the Taurus is directed towards the appearance of a person in its aggressive behavior. When rearing the bull, care is taken that such a situation does not arise in any case.
The bull's attack is used by the banderillero by letting his body, stretched backwards, jump forward at the right moment and pushing the banderillas held in his raised hands into the neck of the bull. Then he flees from the direction of the bull's attack and hides behind the wooden barrier of the arena to prevent the bull from attacking again.
The three banderilleros of the cuadrilla always make only one attempt, then they take turns until they have succeeded in injuring the bull with four banderillas .
If the bull in the first tercio not attack the horse and therefore no him puyazos could be moved, the president orders that in him tercio de banderillas first a pair of banderillas negras (black banderillas) or banderillas de castigo (Strafbanderillas) are set. These banderillas have barbs eight centimeters long and are stung deep into the bull.
Third part ("Faena")
In the third and most important part of the bullfight, the faena (like work), only the matador, equipped with a smaller dark red cloth, the muleta , and a sword, and the bull in the arena.
This tercio often begins with the matador dedicating the imminent death of the bull to someone ( brindis ). This is usually a person present in the arena. He then goes to the edge of the battlefield, speaks a few words and throws his hat, the montera , to the person concerned. Often the bull is also dedicated to the audience as a whole ( brindis al público ). To do this, the matador steps into the middle of the arena, takes off the montera , holds it in the hand of the outstretched right arm and turns once around its own axis. Then he drops the montera on the floor of the arena. Today, unlike in earlier times, it is no longer customary for spectators to rise from their seats during the brindis al público . Another form of brindis is dedication to a deceased person (brindis al cielo) . During brindis is (as with the breaking in of picadores ) the task of banderilleros the bull before the burladeros to keep.
The goal of the matador is to use the bull and its individual characteristics to prove one's own courage, respect, but also one's own superiority. If the badly injured bull actually puts the matador in a dangerous situation, helpers rush over to distract the bull.
The matador incites the bull to attack with the muleta , avoiding the bull himself. Here, traditional figures and movements are performed by the matador. Bullfighters compare this part of the fight with a human dance, to which the music often played during this phase, the Paso Doble , also contributes. The movements and figures are set in the bullfighting tradition. The aim is to provoke several attacks by the injured bull on the cloth. The matador continues this phase until either the bull's condition is exhausted or a horn signal sounds after ten minutes (primer aviso) , which reminds the bullfighter that the bull is to be hunted down.
The bull is killed. If the exhausted bull stands with its front hooves in a parallel position, it is again distracted with the muleta . The matador lowers the muleta so that the bull attacks with his head bowed low. The aim is to push the rapier, up to 88 centimeters long, from above to the hilt between the bare shoulder blades of the bull, and injure the heart or the aorta.
This maneuver is repeated until the sword has penetrated deep enough. If the rapier is completely in the bull, the banderilleros with their capotes stimulate the bull to swift back and forth movements of the head in order to exhaust him further and to ensure that the rapier stuck in the bull causes further damage. Eventually the sword falls to the ground or is pulled out again. The matador and his banderilleros then wait until the bull is so weak due to the loss of blood that it sinks to the ground. Then a banderillero comes up to him and releases the animal from its torments with a stab in the neck.
If the bull stays on its feet longer after the estocada and there is no telling that it will collapse, this death blow is given by the matador . He steps in front of the animal and tries to stab it in the neck with a special sword ( estoque de descabellar ). It is not uncommon for this not to succeed on the first attempt, but several stitches are necessary, which the audience regularly honors with whistles and boos.
Three minutes after the primer aviso , another horn signal ( segundo aviso ) sounds as a warning if the bull is still not dead. The third signal ( tercer aviso ) occurs very rarely two minutes later . At this moment the matador has to leave the arena with his banderilleros . Depending on the state of the bull, it is brought back to the stables or killed in the arena.
Honors for bull and "matador"
Any honors for Taurus and matador depend largely on the reaction of the audience. A total of six behavior patterns of the audience are important: Displeasure is most clearly expressed with whistles ( pitos ), followed by murmuring and silence ( silencio ). Approval is expressed with light clapping ( palmas ), ovations ( ovaciones ) and finally ovations while standing ( ovaciones de pie ). The desire for honors for Taurus or matador is expressed by waving scarves.
The bull is rarely pardoned ( indulto ). According to the regulations, this happens when his appearance and behavior have shown throughout the fight that he can contribute to the improvement of the breed as a breeding animal. The prerequisite for the president ordering a pardon is that a majority of the audience and the matador request it and that the breeder agrees. In the event of a pardon, the final sword thrust is simulated by the matador putting a banderilla on the bull .
Another form of honoring the bull is the lap of honor through the arena ( vuelta al ruedo ), if the majority of the audience requests it. In this case, the dead bull hitched behind horses is not dragged out immediately, but only after a round through the arena.
Honors for the matador are the greeting to the audience (saludo) , the lap of honor and the presentation of one or both cut ears of the dead bull. The matador himself decides whether to greet the audience from the arena or do a lap of honor depending on the applause of the audience. He receives an ear (oreja) if the majority of the audience (by waving cloths) requests this and signals the president becomes. The president decides whether the matador gets both ears, taking into account the wishes of the audience. He can also grant him the bull's tail (rabo) for very exceptional achievements .
If a matador has received at least two bull ears during a corrida , he is carried out of the arena on the shoulders of his banderilleros through the open main gate at the end of the event (salida a hombros , salida por la puerta grande or simply puerta grande) . The puerta grande in the Arena Las Ventas (Madrid) is considered to be the greatest thing a bullfighter can achieve in his career.
"El rejoneo"
In the corrida de rejones or short rejoneo is a Corrida, which will be played entirely on horseback. The name is derived from the Rejón , a kind of lance with which the rejoneador (= counterpart to the matador) kills the bull. The process roughly corresponds to that of a regular corrida and is also divided into three thirds (tercios) . However, all tercios are completed by a single rejoneador who only changes horses. In the first third longer rejones are placed on the bull , in the second third shorter banderillas and in the last third it is to be killed by a lance blow between the shoulder blades.
The bull horns are sanded down in the rejoneo to avoid injuries to the horses, which have to be very agile and therefore, unlike those of the picadores in the regular corrida, cannot be protected by padding.
Bullring
In Spain the bullring (plazas de toros) are divided into three categories. Certain requirements must be met for each category. The first category currently includes the following nine arenas: Las Ventas in Madrid , Real Maestranza in Seville , Vista Alegre in Bilbao , Plaza de Toros de Valencia , La Misericordia in Saragossa , Plaza de Toros de Pamplona , La Malagueta in Málaga , Los Califas in Cordoba and Illumbe in San Sebastián .
Music ("Paso Doble")
The well-known bullfighting music, the Paso Doble , is played on the following occasions:
- when the toreros march in ,
- if the matador places the banderillas himself in the second third,
- when the Faena inspires the audience in the last third. The music should animate the matador here ,
- when the matador does a lap of honor,
- when the corrida is over.
The practice differs from arena to arena. In the arena of Las Ventas (Madrid), for example, no music is played during the last third.
Bullfighting in France ("Courses de taureaux" = bull racing)
In the south of France there is also bullfighting according to Spanish rules. Bullfights take place in over 60 cities in the south of France, in which the bulls are killed. The French animal welfare law prohibits the torture of animals, but allows the courses de taureaux as an exception.
In addition, bull races ( courses de taureaux ) are held in southern France , in which the bull or the cow are not killed and in which it is bloodless. In Provence and Languedoc , the Courses Camarguaises (synonyms: Course à la cocarde , Course libre ) and in the area around Bordeaux ( Landes and Gers ) the Course Landaise are popular.
The strongholds of the Provencal and Camarguian bull races are Nîmes, Béziers or Céret, where bull festivals take place once or twice a year for a week, for example during the grape harvest. The Courses à la Cocarde are a traditional drama that is subject to strict rules, where the term "bullfight" would be a bit misleading - it is more of a "measuring" with the bull, outwitting, tricking, which requires a lot of skill and empathy are, in order to achieve success, the trophies attached to the horns, cockades or tassels ( cocarde ), which were previously attached with threads or cords between the horns. The white-clad razeteurs try to snatch the cockade from the bull with a blunt hook, the so-called crochet .
A bull race takes about two hours in total. The razors have 15 minutes per bull to snatch the cockades and tassels (the cocarde , the glans on the two horns, the frontal and the ficelles , i.e. the cords wound tightly around both horns). During the fight there is a bull in the arena, five to eleven razors and the tourneurs , whose job it is to get the bull into the best position for the razors . For every cockade and every tassel that the razor can steal from the bull, he receives a cash prize, which can be increased from a few hundred to thousands of euros in the course of the fight. The belligerent bulls, Barra Diers called, are following raseteurs often to the edge of the arena, where the young men only can still save by jumping over the boards wall. Bulls are feared that simply jump after them. If the bull manages to defend its trophies, it leaves the arena as the winner after 15 minutes and it is the turn of the next bull. If the bull has done well, it is celebrated like a hero and traded high for the next mission, because the bulls are paid per combat mission, and the more famous the bull, the higher its price. How highly the bulls are respected is shown by the posters, on which the names of the bulls are always much larger than those of the raseteurs . Some of the Taurus have up to a hundred appearances in their life, and the longer the Taurus is “there”, the more difficult it will be to fight him. He learns new things every time and becomes an increasingly difficult opponent for the Raseteurs .
Seldom does a fighting bull leave the arena voluntarily, in this case specially trained bulls ( Simbeu ), sometimes simply cows, are used to move the stubborn fighter to the exit, because the herd instinct prevails even with the wildest bull and he runs behind them Conspecifics. When the game is over, La Bandido follows - the bulls are returned to their pastures. The bulls of the Camargue breed are bred for these races, they are black, raw, resilient, frugal, strong, of average size and agile and nimble in their movements on their thin legs. The horns are long and usually lyre-shaped. The " Course Landaise " are much more athletic .
Bullfight in Portugal ("Corrida de touros", nordport. "Corrida de toiros")
The Portuguese style of bullfighting differs in many ways from the Spanish or French bullfighting.
The first part of a Portuguese bullfight is called the Cavaleiro . A rider from the horse sets arrows with barbed hooks ( bandarilhas ) in the shoulder area. These riders used to come from noble families.
In the second part, the Pega , a group of eight men, the Forcados , go directly against the bull without weapons or means of defense. These forcados are amateurs. They line up in a row opposite the bull, and the man in front teases the bull with shouts and provocative movements. He then jumps on the head of the charging bull, called pega de cara or pega de caras (catch in the face), in order to grab him by the horns. Strictly speaking, however, he holds on to the animal's neck. Six other members of a group also grab the storming bull by the head and another by the tail to make him stop. Although the bull's horns are often sanded down or padded in this type of bullfight, serious injuries to the forcados can occur.
After the bullfight, depending on the degree of injury, the bull is either left alive and used for breeding or killed and cut up by a professional butcher outside the arena.
"Muleta" - the red cloth
Contrary to popular belief, the bulls do not react aggressively to the color red , but to the fast movements that are carried out with the cloth. The eyes of bulls, like those of all cattle, have no cones for red light and are accordingly "red color blind".
Originally the cloth called muleta was white. Since the bull's blood discolored the muleta during the faena , the last third of the corrida , its color was adjusted to that of the blood.
Controversy
Arguments against bullfighting
Four arguments against bullfighting are put forward: animal cruelty to the bulls, to the picador horses and risks for the spectators and the toreros.
Bullfighters regard this as cruelty to animals. This begins even before the corrida , when the bulls in Spain are locked up in the dark for days and their horns are ground off ( afeitado ). The inclusion into the arena and the permanent irritation of the sides entrenched Picadores block the natural flight instinct of the animal. When the bull lies on the ground, its tail and ears are cut off as a trophy without its death being reliably established.
The suffering of the picador horses used in Spanish bullfighting , which are often blindfolded to prevent their natural flight instinct , continues to be criticized . Despite protective padding, they still suffer frequent deaths or serious injuries, including deep flesh wounds and broken ribs. Ernest Hemingway thought that the protective padding was nonsensical. Its sole purpose is to appease bullfighting critics, but in reality it leads to far more complicated injuries in the horse. B. wounds caused by the horns of the bull would be easier to treat than the now more frequent crushing and broken debris.
At a bullfight in the city of Tafalla in August 2010, an irritated bull injured around 40 spectators during a fight. The incident was used by animal rights activists to criticize the bullfight. A similar event occurred in Peru in October 2015 .
Toreros rarely die in bullfighting in Spain. Two matadors died in 1984 and 1985 ( Francisco Riviera Perez , * March 5, 1948 in Zahara de los Atunes , † September 26, 1984 in Pozoblanca and Jose Cubero Sanchez , * April 16, 1964 in Bordeaux , Gironde , † 30. August 1985 in Colmenar Viejo ), in 1992 two Banderilleros died in bullfights in Spain ( Manolo Montoliu , born January 5, 1954 in Valencia , † May 1, 1992 in El Arenal, Seville and Ramón Soto Vargas , born March 6, 1951 in Camas , Seville, † September 13, 1992 in El Arenal, Seville). On July 9, 2016, the 29-year-old Víctor Barrio (born May 29, 1987 in Grajera, Segovia ) was thrown into the air by the bull Lorenzo during a corrida in Teruel in Aragon and the horn pierced his heart.
Arguments for bullfighting
Four arguments are put forward in favor of bullfighting: the argument against cruelty to animals does not apply, bullfighting is an art form , ensures the continuation of the breed of fighting bulls , and the continuation of the ecologically valuable dehesas in which they are kept.
Bullfighting advocates counter the allegation of animal cruelty that fighting bulls only suffered a short time in the arena, whereas they spent their whole life in the wild in a species-appropriate manner - which is not the case for most breeding animals (be they cows, pigs or chickens). A study from 2007 also indicates that the pain perception of bulls in the arena is severely limited by the release of high amounts of beta-endorphins .
Fighting is called an art form. The audience would not delight in torture, but on the contrary punish the actors with whistles if, in their view, the animal was unnecessarily injured and not killed quickly at the appropriate moment.
Fighting bulls cannot be bred without bullfighting . A breeder can receive around 25,000 euros for a good fighting bull between the ages of four and five. Organic slaughter cattle with a slaughter weight of around 300 kg, on the other hand, only generate around 10 euros per kilo. It has to be maintained for around 10 months until it is ready for slaughter. In feedlots, it can be ready for slaughter in three to four months. A budget of different sizes is available for rearing the cattle, depending on the intended use.
The natural rearing of fighting bulls still plays a major role for the Dehesas today. Nevertheless, the dehesas are endangered today, as the traditional grazing animals are being replaced by modern, more productive breeds whose feed requirements must be met by imported feed. Even bull farming is on the decline due to ongoing protests from animal rights activists . Unused dehesas can be recognized by the emerging bush growth.
Controversy in Spain
Proponents of the Corrida de toros in Spain point to its part in the cultural identity of Spain. The majority of Spaniards are not prepared to give up this tradition. Opponents deduce from a Gallup poll from 2006, according to which 72% of the respondents are not interested in bullfighting and interest is declining, that bullfighting is not worth preserving from a cultural perspective. A survey by the Ipsos MORI institute for the animal welfare organization World Animal Protection in 2015 found that 19% of adult Spaniards strongly support or tend to support bullfighting, while 57% tend to disapprove or strongly disapprove of it.
The Canary Islands were the first in Spain to ban bullfighting. The corresponding Animal Welfare Act was passed on April 30, 1991.
In November 2008, a referendum (with 180,000 signatures) introduced a bill to amend the Catalan Animal Welfare Act in Catalonia with the aim of banning bullfighting in this region . This was discussed by the Catalan Parliament and adopted on July 28, 2010 with slight changes by 68 votes to 55 with nine abstentions. The cruelty of the events was cited as one of the main reasons for the decision. The ban was in force in Catalonia since January 1, 2012. In October 2016, it was declared unconstitutional and invalid by the Constitutional Court of Spain.
In January 2011, discussions were held as to whether the Spanish state television broadcaster Televisión Española (TVE) should no longer broadcast bullfights in its evening programs, as many children were watching television at this time. But it should continue to be reported in the news and in specialty programs. Except for the bull run in Pamplona , which should continue to be broadcast live. On September 5, 2012, however, a bullfight was broadcast live on TVE. Three to four live broadcasts were planned for 2013.
After 29-year-old Matador Víctor Barrio was fatally injured by the fighting bull during a corrida on July 9, 2016 in Teruel in Aragon , opponents of bullfighting from home and abroad showered the short message service Twitter and the Barrio Facebook page with hate postings , in where the deceased was insulted and his death was celebrated. Other contributions referred to the misfortune as occupational risk or karma .
Controversy in France and Portugal
The French bullfighting organizers refer to a cultural tradition, the characteristics of which are of Spanish origin.
In Portugal, too, there are controversial television debates and protest demonstrations against bullfighting. Proponents, in turn, point to the number of jobs (from bull farming to the event itself) that are at stake.
Famous bullfighters (matadores célebres)
Honored with the title "Califa" ("Kalif"):
- 1. “ Lagartijo ” Rafael Molina Sánchez, active 1865–1893
- 2. " Guerrita " Rafael Guerra Bejarano, active 1887–1899
- 3. “ Machaquito ” Rafael González Madrid, active 1900–1913
- 4. “ Manolete ” Manuel Rodrígez Sánchez, active 1939–1947
- 5. " El Cordobés " Manuel Benítez Pérez, active 1960–2000
Other:
- Pedro Romero (1754–1839), who is said to have been the first to understand bullfighting as an art form. At the time of his death, he is said to have killed more than 6,000 bulls. He was the model for Hemingway's character of the same name, Pedro Romeroas.
- Luis Miguel Dominguín , active 1947–1973
- Antonio Barrera , active since 1997
- “Joselito”, José Gómez Ortega , active 1912–1920
- Cristina Sánchez , active 1993–1999
- Francisco Rivera Pérez "Paquirri", active 1948–1984
- José Cubero Sánchez "El Yiyo", active 1964–1985
- Juan Belmonte , active 1913–1936
Historical fighting bulls
- " Gordito "
- " Civilón "
- " Islero "
- " Murciélago "
Bullfighting in literature, art and film
Representations of confrontations between humans and Taurus are very old and can be traced back to the Stone Age. The best known very old representations include those of the Minoan culture . The British Museum exhibits, among other things, the bronze figure of a Minoan bull knight dating from 1700 to 1450 BC. BC and shows how a person jumps over a bull. Arthur Evans , who is considered to be the discoverer of the Minoan culture and who was responsible for the excavations of the Minoan palace of Knossos in the first half of the 20th century , considered this form of conflict between man and bull to be part of a religious festival in honor of a mother goddess. It is speculated that the bull will be sacrificed during this festival. Francisco de Goya's etchings La Tauromaquia are among the best-known examples of modern portrayals of bullfights . The series consists of a total of 33 sheets. They stand out in the largely misanthropic work of Goya for their journalistic neutrality. Bullfighting also plays a major role as a subject in Pablo Picasso's work . It transports dynamism and emotions that are illuminated from different angles. Stress, triumph, pride, suffering and defeat are closely linked.
Ernest Hemingway , who saw bullfighting as a conflict between life and death, processed the subject in his novels, short stories, reports and essays such as Fiesta , Death in the Afternoon and Dangerous Summer . In his poem Llanto por Ignacio Sanchez Mejías, Federico García Lorca created a literary memorial to a matador who was killed in battle . Pierre Imhasly uses the bullfight as a leitmotif in his book Rhone Saga , which runs through the entire poetry. A well-known children's book on bullfighting is Munro Leaf's Ferdinand the Bull , published in 1936 . It is about a much too peaceful Spanish fighting bull.
The 1956 film Red Dust ( The Brave One ) by Irving Rapper , in which a Mexican boy campaigns for the life of the bull he raised, contains in its final part a long bullfighting scene in the Plaza de Toros in Mexico City , which with a "Pardon" the bull ends. The story for the film was written under the pseudonym of Dalton Trumbo .
In his film Matador, Pedro Almodóvar uses the bullfighting environment for a story about lust and death. In Hable con ella ( speak to her ) Almodóvar touches on the subject again. In her music videos Take a Bow and You'll See, Madonna uses the eroticism attributed to the toreros. Her partner in the videos is the bullfighter Emilio Muñoz .
literature
- Dominique Aubier: Fiesta in Pamplona. With photographs by: Galle, Chapestro, Nisberg and Inge Morath. Manesse, Zurich 1955.
- Karl Braun : The death of the bull. Festival and ritual in Spain. Beck, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-406-42823-1 / As paperback: Karl Braun: ¡Toro! Spain and the bull. (Original title: ¡Toro! Translated by Karl Braun). Wagenbach Taschenbuch 383, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-8031-2383-6 . (The author is a German ethnologist who is looking for a discussion of bullfighting that is characterized by understanding and understanding; this on the background of extensive theoretical knowledge, but also knowledge gained from personal experience).
- Hans Glarner, Patrick Roppel: bullfighting, introduction to the Fiesta brava. editions demimondaines, Paris 2015, ISBN 978-3-95239570-7 .
- Pierre Imhasly : Corrida. The Spanish bull and its festival. Erpf, Bern 1982, ISBN 3-256-00015-0 .
- Alison L. Kennedy: Bullfight. Novel and presentation. (Original title: On bullfighting. Translated by Ingo Herzke). Wagenbach, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-8031-3157-X . (Personal view of encounters with the death of a Scottish author - between experience report, with extensive glossary of Spanish terms.)
- Rolf Neuhaus: The bullfight. A little cultural history. In: Insel taschenbuch 3252. Insel, Frankfurt am Main / Leipzig 2007, ISBN 978-3-458-34952-5 .
- Antonio Miguel Nogués-Pedregal: Tauromaquia. A controversy over bulls and identities. The mediation role of the tourism area in the negotiation is important. In: Johannes Moser, Daniella Seidl (Hrsg.): Dinge auf Reisen (= Munich contributions to folklore. Volume 38). Material culture and tourism. Waxmann, Münster / New York, NY / Munich / Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-8309-2203-2 .
- Lorenz Rollhäuser; Toros, toreros. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1990, ISBN 3-499-18254-8 ( Rowohlt non-fiction book. Rororo 8254).
- Larry Collins, Dominique Lapierre: ... or you will bear grief. The fantastic life of El Cordobés. Herrnberger, Munich, 1967 (title of the original French edition Ou tu porteras mon deuil. German translation: Wolfgang Teuschl).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Pictures from the bullfight on Pemba on Flickr
- ↑ Prohibition of participating in bullfights (1215)
- ↑ Andrew Rimas and Evan DG Fraser: Beef - The Untold Story of How Milk, Meat, and Muscle Shaped the World. HarperCollins e-books, 2008, ISBN 978-0-06-170785-8 , p. 34.
- ↑ Estadísticas (“Statistics”) on mundotoro.com, accessed on July 11, 2016.
- ↑ Bullfight: Bloody billion dollar business. In: Die Welt , July 6, 2006.
- ↑ Figures from the Spanish organization of bullfighting organizers Asociación Nacional de Organizadores de Espectáculos Taurinos (ANOET), quoted in bullfighting for everyone (weblog), entry from 7 July 2016.
- ↑ Andrew Rimas and Evan DG Fraser: Beef - The Untold Story of How Milk, Meat, and Muscle Shaped the World. HarperCollins e-books, 2008, ISBN 978-0-06-170785-8 , p. 34.
- ↑ http://www.bild.de/BILD/news/vermischtes/2009/01/25/mini-torero/elfjaehriger-stierkaempfer-michelito-toetet-sechs-bullen-guinness-buch-rekord.html
- ↑ Andrew Rimas and Evan DG Fraser: Beef - The Untold Story of How Milk, Meat, and Muscle Shaped the World. HarperCollins e-books, 2008, ISBN 978-0-06-170785-8 , p. 34.
- ↑ http://www.focus.de/panorama/welt/stierkampf-bulle-verletzt-dutzende-zuschauer_aid_542864.html
- ↑ Revenge of the Tortured Beast.
- ↑ Bull jumps over the barrier during a fight. In: FAZ.net . Retrieved October 13, 2018 .
- ↑ Biografia de Paquirri [Francisco Rivera]. Retrieved August 1, 2020 .
- ↑ PeoplePill: José Cubero Sánchez: Spanish matador and torero (1964-1985) (1964-1985) | Biography, Facts, Career, Wiki, Life. Retrieved August 1, 2020 .
- ↑ PeoplePill: Manolo Montoliu: Spanish torero (1954-1992) (born: 1954 - died: 1992) | Biography, Facts, Career, Wiki, Life. Retrieved July 31, 2020 (American English).
- ↑ TheBiography.us, TheBiography.us: Biography of Ramón Soto Vargas (1951-1992). Accessed July 31, 2020 (English).
- ↑ Biografía de Víctor Barrio. In: mundotoro.com. July 9, 2016, accessed July 31, 2020 (Spanish).
- ↑ The death of the torero is celebrated
- ^ Cuatro años sin Víctor Barrio: el "torico" sigue de luto. July 8, 2020, accessed July 31, 2020 (Spanish).
- ↑ Juan Carlos Illera, Fernando Gil, Gema Silván: Regulación neuroendocrina del estrés y dolor en el toro de lidia (Bos Taurus L.): Estudio Preliminar. In: Revista Complutense de Ciencias Veterinarias, No. 2, 2007, pp. 1-6.
- ↑ We're not lying - but maybe stupid and forgetful , Paul Ingendaay, Frankfurter Allgemeine , March 6, 2010
- ↑ No bulls without bullfighting , Leo Wieland, Frankfurter Allgemeine , February 27, 2008
- ↑ The bullfight is in crisis , Martin Dahms, Berliner Zeitung , 11/10/13
- ↑ slaughter weight statistics
- ↑ Guide prices for organic cattle , organic current
- ^ Bullfighting adiós . NZZ, 23 August 2007
- ↑ Bullfighting in Spain ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ipsos-mor.com (PDF file, 222 kB)
- ↑ 591 - LEY 8/1991, de 30 de April, de protección de los animales. In: gobiernodecanarias.org. May 13, 1991, Retrieved February 1, 2010 (Spanish).
- ↑ Dieciocho años sin toros. In: canariasaldia.com. April 30, 2009, Retrieved February 1, 2010 (Spanish).
- ↑ Catalonia prohibits bullfighting. In: Die Zeit , July 28, 2010
- ↑ The bullfight is back in Catalonia. In: Tages-Anzeiger , October 20, 2016.
- ↑ Spain's television bans bullfighting. In: Tages-Anzeiger from January 8, 2011
- ↑ Toros, en TVE: una reválida sumarísima. In: El País of September 4, 2012 (Spanish).
- ↑ The death of the torero is celebrated. Tages-Anzeiger from July 11, 2016.
- ↑ Andrew Rimas and Evan DG Fraser: Beef - The Untold Story of How Milk, Meat, and Muscle Shaped the World. HarperCollins e-books, 2008, ISBN 978-0-06-170785-8 , p. 32.
- ^ Neil MacGregor: A History of the World in 100 Objects . Penguin, London 2011, ISBN 978-0-14-196683-0 , p. 111
- ↑ Andrew Rimas and Evan DG Fraser: Beef - The Untold Story of How Milk, Meat, and Muscle Shaped the World. HarperCollins e-books 2008, ISBN 978-0-06-170785-8 , p. 33
- ↑ http://stockpress.de/2010/09/05/hemingway-und-der-stierkampf/
