St. Elisabeth Church (Westrum)

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St. Elisabeth Church Westrum

The St. Elisabeth Church in Westrum is the church of what was once the smallest parish in Jeverland . Parts of it probably date from the middle of the 13th century. In 1420 the church was largely destroyed and then rebuilt in a different form. Since 1532 it has served as a place of worship for the Evangelical Lutheran community in the Warfendorf Westrum. Today it is one of the two churches of the Evangelical Lutheran parish of Waddewarden- Westrum, which belongs to the Oldenburg regional church , and one of thirteen stations on the Wangerland pilgrimage route .

It was not until 1999 that the church in Westrum was given the name St. Elisabeth by resolution of the parish council . It is reminiscent of Elisabeth of Thuringia , who, as an exemplary benefactor, is also accorded a certain veneration in Protestant circles. Nothing is known about an older patronage of the church.

Building description

Apse of the St. Elisabeth Church
North and west side of St. Elisabeth's Church with windows and a bell tower ajar
Art Nouveau altar

The St. Elisabeth Church was built as a rectangular hall church with an apse facing east . The relatively small bell tower leans on the west side, and its floor plan represents the typical parallel wall type in the country . The west wall of the church serves him as a third wall. The gable of the church building towers above the gable roof of the tower. The north wall of the building has two small Romanesque windows located in the upper third of the wall. They were exposed during the extensive repairs from 1986–1988. It is not clear how old the large window in the north wall and the five south wall windows are. They are also Romanesque in shape. The church originally had three apse windows, of which the northern one was later walled up. During the repair work mentioned, the middle window was closed, but the northern one was opened again. During the renovation in 1912, the north and east sides of the church were covered with new masonry. In the masonry of the north and south walls, granite ashlars can still be seen in the lower area . They are reminiscent of the previous buildings. The entrance portal is on the south side. The outlines of another portal, which was let in on the north side, are visible inside the church.

Furnishing

The rectangular interior (without the apse) is 19.4 meters long and 8.1 meters wide. A triumphal arch, which architecturally emphasized the separation between the chancel and hall, was removed during the renovation in 1912.

The floor is covered with brick tiles in the corridors and with wood in the area of ​​the chairs. The ceiling of the church building was made as a simple wooden beam ceiling. An organ loft that protrudes in the middle is built into the rear. Below it is the church museum, separated from the worship room by wooden walls and grids, as well as the sacristy , from which a staircase leads to the gallery.

Altar, pulpit and baptismal font

The cafeteria of the altar , which is made of stone and clad with wood, is 1.10 meters high and measures 1.75 and 0.85 meters in width and depth. An earlier reredos from 1847 hangs on the north wall of the church and shows a quote from the 1st letter of John ( 1 Jn 4,16b  EU ) and to the right and left of a simple cross the words of the institution of the Lord's Supper ( 1 Cor 11 : 23-26  EU ). Today's Art Nouveau essay is a work by the Danish artist Wilhelm Larsen (1861–1913) who later worked in the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg . It shows Jesus crucified in the center and two of the four New Testament evangelists on the right and left . The two inscriptions come from the Old ( Ps 23.1  EU ) and the New Testament ( Rev 2.10  EU ).

On the south wall to the right of the apse is the pulpit, which can be reached by stairs . It has a hexagonal floor plan. Its conversion consists of neo-Gothic bar filling. There is also a hexagonal sound cover above . A standing desk, which is used for church readings, stands in front of the apse. It was only made after 1988 from a no longer used door of the church stalls.

The baptismal font on a wooden stand is to the left of the apse. His foot is on the Romanesque stone slab of an older baptismal font. A baptismal lid hangs over it. The wooden stand bears the inscription: Gerhardus Backhusius, Pastor zu Westrum - Frederick Iben, Hilgenmann [ holy man = church jury ]. Anno 1648 . The details include the founders and the date of foundation.

Stalls and offering stock

The church stalls now offer space for around 100 people attending church services and are located to the right and left of the central aisle. The doors and side walls of the Westrumer stalls date from the middle of the 17th century and are still in their original form. The seats originally belonged to the court owners and were entered with the associated rights in the relevant land registers. A side part of the stalls still bears the name of its original owner: Mensse Arens . Next to it is the year 1658.

A lockable offering box, which is set up in the entrance area of ​​the church, served the poor in the village in earlier times. It probably dates from the same time that the church stalls were made. At its core, it consists of a hollowed-out piece of beam that is surrounded by sturdy iron bands. The small door has two locks. Originally it was probably attached to the wall, today it is in a lockable wooden cupboard, which is kept in the colors of the church pews. In the records of the community there is a reference to a lost second offering box, which was inscribed in Danish.

organ

In 1796 Pastor Ludwig Schween applied to the Jever consistory to equip the Westrum church with an organ . The application was rejected. The reason given was that “the smallest congregation already has three clergy and older buildings to maintain”. Follow-up costs (organist, Kalkanten ) as well as the general "religious decline" should also be considered. An organ for Westrum is “exaggerated luxury”, all the more so “as this congregation has already performed its devotion through many saecula even without church music.” It was only 66 years later that Westrum congregational singing was accompanied by an instrument. A harmonium acquired in Stuttgart was consecrated during the Christmas service in 1866.

1891 West Rumer was for the sum of 70 Reichsmark the old organ of Sandeler St. Jacob's Church acquire. Before its use in Sandel, this small instrument had served as the organ of a passenger ship. In 1918 Westrum Church received an organ made especially for it. Its builder was the Oldenburg company Johann Martin Schmid . The organ loft had been built shortly before. About 20 years later, the Wilhelmshaven organ builder Alfred Führer created the current instrument. It is his masterpiece and has two manuals , nine registers and an independent pedal . At the beginning of the 1960s and 1996 the organ was completely overhauled.

Führer organ from 1938 on the gallery of the Westrum church
I Manual C – f 3
Principal 8th'
recorder 4 ′
Principal 2 ′
Krummhorn 8th'
II Manual C – f 3
Dumped 8th'
Praestant 4 ′
Fifth 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′
Pedal C – d 1
Sub-bass 16 ′
Gemshorn 8th'

Further church equipment

Old reredos

The church also features a sculpture of Saint Elisabeth of Thuringia . It was created in the late 1990s and is a replica of a figure by Tilman Riemenschneider from 1492. It is located on the north side of the apse.

A memorial plaque with the fallen of the First and Second World Wars is on the north wall. The panels are framed by the outline of the former north exit.

A sarcophagus , estimated to be 900 years old, is placed near the baptismal font. It was found in 1986 during dredging work in the cemetery and then restored. Its lid still shows a lecture cross and shepherd's staff .

Church museum Waddewarden-Westrum

Below the organ gallery, a small permanent exhibition on the history of the church was set up in 2007 under the name of the Waddewarden-Westrum Church Museum . Above all, religious printed matter is on display, including old Bible editions from the 16th century, hymn books and edifying literature from centuries past. Originally, the exhibits were on the organ floor of the Protestant church in Waddewarden.

Bell tower

Originally, the bell tower of the Westrum Church, built around 1760, was a free-standing structure. In 1761, the Burhafer bell foundry Claude and Mammeus Fremy made a bell for this tower. The material from older bells was used. Towards the end of the 1790s, the gap between the tower and the west wall of the church was closed, creating space for another bell, which was cast in 1798 by the aforementioned bell foundry. The older bell, which is also the smaller one, was hung in the newly erected part of the bell tower. It is dedicated to Prince Friedrich August of Anhalt-Zerbst . The younger bell, which takes the original place of the older one, bears the name of the Russian Tsar Paul I. Both bells are reminiscent of two of the numerous "distant princes" under whose rule Jeverland was for several centuries.

The electric bell was installed in the 1960s. The larger bell calls to prayer three times a day. The full bell is reserved for the Sunday service.

Churchyard

The beginnings of the Westrumer Kirchhof, which surrounds the St. Elisabeth Church , go back to the turn of the Early Middle Ages to the High Middle Ages . Significant evidence of the age of the burial place are two sarcophagus covers, the ornaments of which date back to the 11th / 12th centuries. as well as referring to the 13th century. They are placed on the west wall of the church building.

A grave register from 1865, which the pastor Anton Renken Engelbarts started at the time, shows that the church, school and the larger farms of the community had a certain share of the cemetery. The graves belonging to the farms were acquired either through payment or through manual and clamping services and were entered in the land registry on the farm. To this day, stone steles can still be found in the Westrum cemetery, which bear the name of the grave owner or the farm and mark the boundary of the respective grave complex. Based on these steles, the width of the graves (3 feet each ; 1 foot = 31.4 centimeters) was measured. Most of the graves at Westrumer Friedhof are 18 feet wide, i.e. six graves. Until the 1960s, graves could be inherited, sold privately or sold with the respective farm. It was only after a landmark ruling by the Federal Administrative Court in 1964 that there was no private ownership of graves and that the use of a grave was only granted for a limited period of time by the parish of Westrum-Waddewarden that the old cemetery statutes, which had been valid up until then, were only amended in the 1980s of case law. Thereafter, the buyer of a grave site acquires the right of use for a certain period of time, with extensions being possible. After that, the right of use reverts to the parish as cemetery owner.

Since 2007 the Westrumer Friedhof also has an urn field , on which there is also a section for anonymous urn graves. The latter is characterized by a special stone. With reference to a passage from the Bible ( Lk 12.6  EU ), it bears the inscription: "No one is forgotten by God!"

Church history

Former rectory of the St. Elisabeth Church

The beginnings of the formerly independent parish Westrum and its church are in the dark. Archaeological excavations, which were carried out between 1986 and 1996, found high and late medieval graves in the heating shafts . Old remains of the foundation also came to light. These finds gave rise to the assumption that at least two previous buildings had stood on the Kirchenwurt, a wooden church from the 11th century and a stone church built with granite blocks and bricks from the 12th century. The municipality of Westrum originally belonged to the Archdiocese of Bremen and was initially assigned to the dean's office in Östringen . By 1495 at the latest, the Westrum Church was part of the Wangerland deanery.

The church experienced an eventful history. From the late 14th to the early 15th century it appears in the Frisian chieftain wars as a fortified church to have served. In a directory of the archdeaconate of the Bremen cathedral dean from 1420, it is listed as destructe (Latin; German: destroyed ), but was rebuilt in the decades afterwards as the “East Frisian apseus church”.

Around 1532 the Reformation was introduced in Westrum as in the other communities in Jeverland. For Westrum it is connected with the name of the clergyman Cornelius Falconissa . It is said of him: "[Cornelius, Westrum] discussed his opinion on the interim extensively in 1548 and, as he admits, for the first time publicly known this teaching." The number of souls in the Westrum community was 88 at this time.

Around 1754, the Jever consistory applied to Friedrich August , Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst and Lord von Jever , for the Westrum parish to be dissolved and the church building to be deedicated and demolished. The main reasons were the desolate condition of the church, but also the small number of parishioners. The sovereign, who was represented in Jever by the regent Johanna Elisabeth von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf , approved the application and transferred the local pastor to another position. The fact that the church did not break down is thanks to a petition from Westrum citizens in which they campaigned for the continued existence of their church. After a secure financing of the necessary renovation measures could be credibly proven, Friedrich August revoked his cancellation order. The transferred pastor Anton Ulrich Grell was able to return to his position in Westrum.

Loss of independence

Towards the end of the 19th century, the number of Westrum parishioners decreased so much that after the retirement of the last clergyman in 1904, the pastorate of the Wurtendorf was not filled again. On April 1, 1925, the parishes of Westrum and Wiefels were combined to form a single parish. In 1934, however, the connection fell into a serious crisis. The reason for this was the pastor's office candidate Heinz Lübben, who belonged to the Confessing Church and took up a position as a vacant preacher in Wiefels in 1934. While the Wiefels parishioners mostly sided with Lübben in the disputes with the Nazi- oriented German Christians , the Westrum church council, which stood by the German Christians , opposed the candidate for the pastorate. Lübben stayed in Wiefels until 1940. The union of the parishes of Westrum and Wiefels was canceled with effect from April 1, 1936, on September 3, 1936 the parishes of Westrum and Waddewarden merged to form the parish of Waddewarden-Westrum .

Westrum pastors from 1514 to 1904

The 27 clergy who looked after the parish during the period mentioned came, as far as their origin was concerned, mainly from the vicinity of West Rum. Many of them worked in Westrum for more than ten years. In addition to their pastoral office, they also served as teachers at the Westrum School and partly at the Mariengymnasium in Jever . The following list follows the list of Oldenburg preachers.

Clergy Period Remarks
Mr. Johann around 1514
Cornelius Falconissa † 1548 Introduction of the Reformation sermon. - Falconissa was one of the 21 pastors from Jeverland who, in 1548, at the instigation of Miss Maria, took a written position on the Augsburg Interim . The statements ("confessions") can be found in the library of the Jeverschen Mariengymnasium .
Hero Ricklefs ?
Johann Stapserus von Eimbeck around 1586 Von Eimbeck died on January 2, 1603.
Gerhard Alvius ?
Gerhard Backhusius the Elder 1606-1643 Backhusius came from Barenburg ( County Hoya ), was self-taught and, before his appointment to the parish office, he was a schoolmaster in the Butjadinger and Jeverland (Minsen, Neuende, Jever) for many years . He died in Westrum in 1646.
Gerhard Backhusius the Younger 1644-1678 Backhusius d. J. was the son of his predecessor and master of theology. He died in Westrum.
Ummo Ummius 1678-1694 Ummius was previously assistant preacher under Backhusius. He was also active as a poet and died in Westrum.
Friedericus von Büttel 1694-1721 Sandel came from Büttel . It is said of him that he delivered his sermons in a singing tone. He died in Westrum.
Friedrich C. Hausmann 1717-1718 Hausmann was assistant preacher under von Büttel and at the same time a teacher at the Mariengymnasium Jever .
Johann Anton Lingius 1721-1734 Lingius was born in Wiefels and was married to a daughter Friedericus von Büttels. In 1734 he moved to the pastorate in Wüppels .
Wilhelm August Klepperbein 1734-1738 Klepperbein was born in Jever and moved to the pastor's post in Oldorf in 1738 . From there he moved to Amsterdam , where he died in February 1786.
Christian D. von Büttel 1738-1739 Christian von Büttel was born in Westrum as the youngest son of Friedricus von Büttel. In 1739 he moved to the pastorate in Oldorf .
Gerhard Gerdes 1739-1743 Gerdes was born in Schortens . When he took up his position in Westrum he was 28 years old. In addition to his pastoral work in Westrum, he was rector of the Mariengymnasium in Jever . In 1743 he moved to the pastorate in Waddewarden .
Popke Bernhard Raging 1743-1745 Raging was a native of Hooksiel.
Anton Ulrich Grell 1745-1757 Grell was born in Hohenkirchen . During his term of office, the Westrum Church was to be broken off and the congregation dissolved, but this did not happen due to a submission by the residents of Westrum. After a short service in Oldorf , he returned to Westrum.
Friedrich August Janssen 1758-1777 Janssen was born in Neuende and in 1777 moved to the pastorate in St. Joost .
Robert Gottfried Rittershausen 1777-1784 Rittershausen was born on November 23, 1748 in Schortens .
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Urban 1785-1788 Urban was born in Zerbst , was initially a vacancy administrator and was then appointed pastor in Westrum.
Carl Gustav Mitscherlich 1788-1790 Mitscherlich then went to Neuende as a pastor . His sons, the pharmacologist Karl Gustav Mitscherlich and the chemist Eilhard Mitscherlich , were born there.
Ludwig August Schween 1790-1805 Schween was born in Wiefels . He was also a teacher at the Mariengymnasium in Jever . In 1805 he moved to Cleverns .
Johann Georg Anton Kirchhoff 1805-1814 Kirchhoff was born in Jever and in 1814 moved to the pastor's office in Oldorf .
Jürgen Christian Gottfried Chemnitz 1814-1826 Chemnitz was a native of Jever . His designation as pastor in Westrum was made by Emperor Napoleon I , and he received his appointment as pastor on February 8, 1814 from Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig . In 1826 Chemnitz moved to the pastor's office in Oldorf .
Karl Ernst Ludwig Gerken 1826-1828 Gerken was born in Delmenhorst .
Heinrich Arnold Groninger 1829-1843 Groninger was a native of Elsfleth . In 1843 he moved to the pastorate in Oldorf .
Anton Renken Engelbarts 1843-1880 Engelbarts was born in Neuende . In addition to his pastoral office, he was also an assistant teacher at the Mariengymnasium in Jever . After the end of his Westrum service, he retired on July 1, 1880.
vacancy 1880-1892
Johann Friedrich Christoph Teerkorn 1892-1904 Tarerkorn was a native of Warfleth and initially a pastor in Middoge . From there he took care of Westrum as a vacancy preacher and was appointed pastor in 1892, as there were no other applicants for the Westrum pastor. In 1904 he was retired.

See also

literature

  • Hans Saebens, Christel Matthias Schröder : The churches of Jeverland. Verlag CL Mettcker & Sons, Jever 1956, pp. 13, 35.
  • Günter Müller: The old churches and bell towers of the Oldenburger Land. Kayser-Verlag, Oldenburg 1983, p. 175 f.
  • Robert Noah, Martin Stromann: God's houses in Friesland and Wilhelmshaven. Verlag Soltau-Kurier-Norden, Norden 1991, ISBN 978-3-922365-95-2 , p. 109 f.
  • Wilhelm Gilly: Medieval churches and chapels in the Oldenburger Land. Building history and inventory. Isensee Verlag , Oldenburg 1992, ISBN 3-89442-126-6 , p. 170 f.
  • Rolf Schäfer (Ed.): Guide through the churches of Waddewarden and Westrum , Oldenburg o. J. (published in connection with the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kunst der Oldenburgische Landschaft ), pp. 20–24
  • Chronicle Community Westrum: Westrum - once the smallest municipality in Jeverland , Wangerland-Westrum 2008, pp. 61–85
  • Fritz Schild: Organ atlas of the historical and modern organs of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg , Florian Noetzel Verlag, Wilhelmshaven 2008, ISBN 3795908949 , pp. 250, 415 (Fig. 381)
  • Hermann Haiduck: The architecture of the medieval churches in the East Frisian coastal area . 2nd Edition. Ostfriesische Landschaftliche Verlags- und Vertriebs-GmbH, Aurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-940601-05-6 , p. 41 .
  • Axel Bürgener , Klaus Siewert: Saalkirchen im Wangerland , Verlag "Auf der Warft", Münster - Hamburg - Wiarden 2015, ISBN 978-3-939211-97-6 , p. 104 ff.

Web links

Commons : Elisabethkirche (Westrum)  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Rolf Schäfer (ed.): The Jeverschen pastor confessions 1548 on the occasion of the Augsburg interim . Mohr Siebeck Verlag . Tübingen 2012. ISBN 978-3-16-151910-9 . P. 8 f .: "[...] that in 1532 the Reformation was carried out for the whole of Jeverland."
  2. ↑ Data and facts from the following sections are - unless otherwise stated - taken from: Rolf Schäfer (Hrsg.): Wegweiser durch die Kirchen von Waddewarden and Westrum , Oldenburg o. J., pp. 20–24.
  3. ↑ Website of the municipality of Wangerland: Wangerland pilgrimage route , accessed on May 17, 2019.
  4. ↑ Chronicle Community Westrum: Westrum - once the smallest community in Jeverland . sina edition: Jever 2012. p. 71
  5. ↑ Rolf Schäfer (Ed.) In connection with the East Frisian landscape : signposts through the churches of Waddewarden and Westrum . no year P. 24
  6. ↑ Rolf Schäfer (Ed.): Guide through the churches of Waddewarden and Westrum , Oldenburg undated, p. 24 ( dates of the St. Elisabeth Church in Westrum ).
  7. ↑ Chronicle Community Westrum: Westrum - once the smallest community in Jeverland , Westrum 2008, p. 71f.
  8. ↑ Chronicle Community Westrum: Westrum - once the smallest community in Jeverland . sina edition: Jever 2008, p. 69
  9. ↑ Chronicle Community Westrum: Westrum - once the smallest community in Jeverland . sina edition: Jever 2008. pp. 68f
  10. ↑ Chronicle Community Westrum: Westrum - once the smallest community in Jeverland . sina edition: Jever 2008. pp. 73f.
  11. ↑ Quoted from Chronikgemeinschaft Westrum: Westrum - once the smallest community in Jeverland , Westrum 2008, p. 74f; the other information in this section is also taken from this source.
  12. ↑ Dorfkirche Westrum, organ , accessed on July 27, 2016.
  13. ↑ Fritz sign: Organ Atlas of historical and modern organs of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg. Florian Noetzel Verlag, Wilhelmshaven 2008, pp. 250, 415 (Fig. 381).
  14. ↑ The original is on the high altar of the Roman Catholic parish church of St. Maria Magdalena in Münnerstadt near Bad Kissingen ; Rolf Schäfer (Ed.): Guide through the churches of Waddewarden and Westrum , Oldenburg undated, p. 23.
  15. ↑ Rolf Schäfer (Ed.): Guide through the churches of Waddewarden and Westrum , Oldenburg o. J., p. 21.
  16. ↑ Chronicle Community Westrum: Westrum - once the smallest community in Jeverland , Westrum 2008, p. 75.
  17. ^ Klaus Homola (Nordwestzeitung from July 7, 2007): Church museum relocated to Westrum ; accessed on January 2, 2014.
  18. ^ This is the title of an exhibition in the Jever Castle Museum (2004); see also Antje Sander (ed.): Ferne Fürsten. The Jeverland in Anhalt-Zerbster time , volume 2 in the series Der Hof, die Stadt, das Land , Oldenburg 2004, ISBN 3-89995-100-X .
  19. ↑ Gabriele Dittrich, Wilfried Schneider: Bell atlas. A documentation of the bells of Protestant churches in the Oldenburger Land. Ev.-luth. Oberkirchenrat of the Ev.-luth. Church in Oldenburg, Oldenburg 2016, p. 50 ( digital library , accessed on December 22, 2017).
  20. ↑ Chronicle Community Westrum: Westrum - once the smallest community in Jeverland , Westrum 2008, p. 73.
  21. ↑ Data and facts come from this section, unless otherwise noted, are taken from the following text: Westrum - once the smallest municipality in Jeverland (Chronikgemeinschaft Westrum), Westrum 2008, p. 86ff.
  22. ↑ Friesland-Jever.de (archived page): Westrum ( Memento from July 10, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ); accessed on December 26, 2013.
  23. ↑ Oldenburger Verein für Altertumskunde und Landesgeschichte (Hrsg.): Oldenburgisches Urkundenbuch , Volume VI ( Jever and Kiphausen ; edited by Gustav Rüthning), Oldenburg 1932, p. 43 (Certificate No. 89: The Archdeaconate of the Cathedral Dean of Bremen in Östringen and Wangerland in the Stader Kopiar [from 1420]).
  24. ↑ Oldenburger Verein für Altertumskunde und Landesgeschichte (Hrsg.): Oldenburgisches Urkundenbuch , Volume VI ( Jever and Kiphausen ; edited by Gustav Rüthning), Oldenburg 1932, p. 159 (Certificate No. 335: Report on the homage of Wangerland parishioners to the East Frisian Count Edzard I. ).
  25. ↑ On Falconissa see Rolf Schäfer (Hrsg.): The Jeverschen Pastor Confessions 1548 on the occasion of the Augsburger Interim , Volume 168 in the series Contributions to Historical Theology , Tübingen 2012, ISBN 978-3-16-151910-9 , pp. 73-78.
  26. ↑ Johannes Ramsauer ; quoted from Hugo Harms: Events and shapes of the history of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg. 1520 to 1920 , Oldenburg 1966, p. 51.
  27. ↑ Rolf Schäfer (Ed.): The Jeverschen Pastor Confessions 1548 on the occasion of the Augsburg Interim , Volume 168 in the series Contributions to historical theology , Tübingen 2012, p. 24 (table). - This information is a number calculated from various factors.
  28. ↑ Chronicle Community Westrum: Westrum - once the smallest community in Jeverland , Westrum 2008, p. 69f.
  29. ↑ Law of February 24, 1925, regarding the connection of the parishes of Wiefels and Westrum to form a single parish (Law and Ordinance Gazette for the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Oldenburg region in the Free State of Oldenburg of March 5, 1925, p. 33).
  30. ↑ On the so-called Wiefelser Kirchenkampf and Heinz Lübben see Alfred Fleßner: Wiefels - a village in the Kirchenkampf , Oldenburg 2000 (PDF-online) ; accessed on December 27, 2013
  31. ↑ Law of September 3, 1936 on the abolition of the Wiefels-Westrum parish and the formation of the Waddewarden-Westrum parish (Law and Ordinance Gazette for the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Oldenburg region in the Free State of Oldenburg of September 5, 1936, p. 360).
  32. ↑ Chronicle Community Westrum: Westrum - once the smallest community in Jeverland , Westrum 2008, p. 70 f.
  33. ↑ Hans Warntjen: The Preachers of the Duchy of Oldenburg from the Reformation to the Present (edited on behalf of the Oberkirchenrat), Volume 3: From 1940 - Present , Oldenburg 1980, p. 45 in the appendix, Sp I and II.
  34. ↑ Hülfsverein for the Provincial School (ed.): Contributions to the special history Jever country , Jever 1853, p CXXXI
  35. ^ Auxiliary association of the provincial school: Contributions to the special history of Jeverland , Jever 1853, p. XLIX.
  36. ↑ Auswanderer-oldenburg.de: Klepperbein, Wilhelm August ; accessed on November 28, 2017
  37. ^ Emigrant-Oldenburg.de: Family: Rittershausen, Anton Günther / Porbecken, Juliana (F9448) ; accessed on November 28, 2017
  38. ↑ Internet presence of the Evangelical Lutheran parish Tettens-Middoge: Pastors in Middoge ; accessed on December 28, 2013.

Coordinates: 53 ° 36 ′ 11 ″  N , 7 ° 55 ′ 2 ″  E