Neustift Monastery
The Neustift Monastery (also Stift Neustift ) is a monastery of the Congregation of the Austrian Augustinian Canons in Neustift (municipality of Vahrn near Brixen in South Tyrol , Italy ).
history
The foundation
The history of the establishment of Neustift begins in 1140. In that year Hartmann , the provost of the Klosterneuburg monastery near Vienna, was appointed Bishop of Brixen by the Archbishop of Salzburg, Konrad . First of all, the fact that Hartmann had spent a large part of his life in regulated communities may have contributed greatly to his desire to found a men's monastery or monastery in the Brixen area, to which he could retire “ to do retreats " . In Brixen itself Hartmann was prevented by the canons' resistance from introducing the Augustine Rule with the Vita communis . Possibly to compensate for this he founded the Neustift Canon Monastery. In 1142 there was not a single monastery of the Augustinian canons in Tyrol , which Hartmann must have seen as a major shortcoming.
In addition, the condition of the diocese of Bressanone was not particularly good when it was taken over by Hartmann. Hartmann's predecessors were repeatedly involved in the disputes between Pope and Emperor, and so the diocese was often without spiritual direction. The formation of the clergy left a lot to be desired. Pastoral care was also badly deteriorated. Thus, the foundation of the Augustinian Canons' Monastery in Neustift was certainly based primarily on an improvement in education and pastoral care in particular and an upgrading of church life in the diocese in general. Hartmann's predecessor on the Brixen bishop's chair, Reginbert , had tried to promote the reforms by founding monasteries. He founded the Premonstratensian Abbey of Wilten near Innsbruck and the Benedictine Abbey of St. Georgenberg near Schwaz .
The monastery was built 3 km north of Brixen, not far from the road that leads into the Pustertal , in a then still unsafe and harsh place, "in wild solitude" . The location of the monastery at the northern end of the Brixen valley basin, "where the inhospitableness of the Eisack river, which created its own bed, seemed anything but inviting" , at the intersection of the important north-south connection across the Alps and the east-west traffic routes from the Pustertal was chosen for a reason. On the one hand the monastery was far enough away from disturbing settlements, on the other hand the Hospitalitas Augustiniana, the hospitality of the Augustinian Canons, could be practiced here. In addition to the monastery, a hospital was also founded. Here travelers, pilgrims, the sick and the poor were looked after. However, this was abandoned sometime between 1463 and 1557. “Around 1500 the great medieval pilgrimage had already faded away. So the hospice and its chapel in the Castel Sant'Angelo had their first duty. ” After that, the massive cells in the basement were used as prison cells.
Neustift was originally a double monastery . The sources often contain references to women in the monastery, but only up to around 1300.
Donors and foundations
The main donors to Neustift were Reginbert von Säben and his wife Christina. Reginbert was Ministeriale of the Bressanone Monastery and Burgrave of Säben. Possibly he was related to the Lords of Rodank . On the one hand, the Neustift building site is located in the area of the Rodeneck court . On the other hand, the gentlemen von Rodeneck-Schöneck were generous supporters of the monastery.
In addition to the building site and its surroundings, Reginbert also donated goods near the monastery, in Pockhorn under Heiligenblut in the Mölltal, in Elvas, Schrambach, Lajen, Schalders, Welschnofen, Sieghardshofen (near Augsburg?), Patsch near Innsbruck, Vahrn, Bozen, Villanders , Tulfes near Sterzing, Kolfuschg, Neunhäusern near Olang, Trens, Tiers, Oberhofen near Telfs in the Oberinntal, Wörgl, Voragin, Dorfen and Mattenhofen. The exact location of the last three goods is not known. They are probably in Bavaria . Reginbert also donated goods near Baumburg in Bavaria and on the Renon and in the Sarntal.
In Neustift's tradition book , which lists the donors and foundations, you can also find some goods that were donated by Hartmann. So he was not only the initiator of the monastery, but also contributed to its equipment. Other founders included the Counts of Gorizia and Tyrol and the Lords of Rodank, who owned the monastery.
In 1500 the monastery owned a considerable amount of goods. In total there were 542 farms alone. In addition, 49 houses, at least 25 farmsteads, five mills, at least 82 vineyards, at least 58 meadows and 76 fields, at least 26 (fruit) gardens and 70 tithe belonged to the monastery.
Legal Status
From the beginning, Bishop Hartmann was anxious to have the monastery confirmed by the Pope and Emperor. On April 9, 1143, under provost Heinrich (I), Neustift with all of its possessions was confirmed and recognized by Pope Innocent II under canon law and was declared exempt . Neustift received the right to bury outsiders and the right to freely choose provost and bailiff. The fact that the free election of provost was not so easy to enforce became apparent as early as 1164. Hartmann's successor on the bishopric, Otto von Andechs , prevailed against the wishes of the deceased provost Heinrich despite the free election of provost. In 1177 Neustift received a second papal protection and confirmation letter from Pope Alexander III. This includes an exemption from public taxes and a certain legal immunity . In fact, Neustift was initially still under the jurisdiction of the bailiff. Only gradually did the monastery at least succeed in enforcing court jurisdiction for the closed manorial rule in the area.
Neustift was also confirmed by the imperial side. At Hartmann's request, Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa issued a certificate of protection for the monastery at the Reichstag in Bamberg in 1157. Hartmann himself also confirmed rights and ownership in a document from the same year and also handed over the parish of Natz to the monastery . In 1177 the imperial letter of protection was renewed and the old rights were confirmed, especially the ownership of the silver mines of Villanders .
In the year 1190 the first big fire occurred. At that time it was already clear that the monastery had to be legally stable, because Provost Konrad II was soon able to initiate the generous reconstruction.
The rights of the Bishops of Bressanone remained up to the founding of the Congregation of the Austrian Canons in 1907. They had the right to hold visitations, preside over the election of the provost, and ordain the chief. In the election of the provost, the bishops and the sovereign were quite influential. In fact, some provosts were chosen because of episcopal influence. On the other hand, it was also the Brixen bishops who repeatedly improved the position of the monastery through donations and entrusted Neustift canons with important offices.
Neustift chose the counts of Morit-Greifenstein, who were also bailiffs of the Brixen monastery, as bailiffs, since the confirmation document of 1143 had given the right to freely elect the provost. After the sex became extinct, the Andechser took over this function. With the ostracism of the Andechs margrave Heinrich , Albert III. von Tirol Vogt of the Hochstift Brixen and thus also that of Neustift. The bailiwick with the sovereign protection also brought a certain dependency. The rulers of Neustift were in a positive mood throughout, as the numerous donations attest.
Neustift was also affected by the dispute between the sovereign and the bishops of Brixen and Trient . As a positive consequence, the peace treaty of 1271 Neustift brought the judicial clearance , which was confirmed by Emperor Sigismund in 1434 .
Further development
With the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453, and especially when the Turks came to Klagenfurt in 1474 and invaded Carinthia again in 1476 , fears increased in Neustift. The pen writer's report writes about the Turks:
- ... and not only that they devastated everything accessible and carried it with them, they also abducted many Christian people from these countries into slavery. They were so close that the immediate vicinity was open to them and our monastery was already in great danger. Our caring provost only tried to counter their sudden idea with a bulwark, so that we at least not have to leave them our people and their property.
There was enough building material for the Turkish wall, because the building of the Gothic church was being demolished. From 1483 the new provost Lukas Härber from Swabia had the fortification of the monastery expanded. During this time, the Castel Sant'Angelo acquired its present appearance when it was expanded into a fortified castle. The Turkish threat was not the only threat to the pen. At the beginning of the 16th century a cattle epidemic broke out, in 1520 there was a bad harvest, the Eisack ravaged the bridge and parts of the inn and a fire destroyed parts of the farm buildings.
The peasants had to pay large fees at the end of the Middle Ages, and its dissatisfaction with the nobility and clergy was great. The privileges and prosperity of the monasteries also provoked peasants' indignation. As early as 1520, a peasant uprising could just be prevented. The uprising in Germany in 1524 then spread to Tyrol, although the part north of the Brenner Pass was hardly affected. Michael Gaismair , the secretary of the Bishop of Brixen from Tschöfs near Sterzing , quickly became a central figure and leader. The uprising in Bolzano was directed against Jews, the Fuggers and the Gries monastery. Of course, the prosperous Neustift was also the target of the rebellious farmers. After unsuccessful negotiations, the farmers stormed the monastery, which was badly damaged by the looting. A decisive turning point in the history of Neustift came with Napoleon's conquest, as a result of which Tyrol was connected to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1805 . Two years before that, the Bavarian monasteries had been secularized and in 1807 the monasteries of Tyrol were hit. After the Congress of Vienna , however, the monastery was resumed in 1816, but initially only a small group of canons moved to a looted and run-down monastery. It was not until the middle of the 19th century that the pen fully recovered.
From 1907, with the establishment of the Austrian Congregation for Canons, Neustift was granted full exemption and was no longer subordinate to the diocese of Brixen .
During the First World War , parts of the monastery were confiscated by the military, but things got worse during the Nazi era . Initially, after the German invasion , Neustift was misused as a supply warehouse. Some canons of Italian descent even had to flee. In March 1945 Allied bombs caused massive damage to the entire pen, but by 1949 it was largely restored.
The monastery today
Neustift Monastery today runs a student hostel and a private school (middle school: 6th-8th grade), a cellar and an educational center with the following areas:
- Environmental center
- Bible Center
- Tourism center
- Computer center
The canons also run a wine cellar in Neustift, in which their own wine , especially the exquisite white wines, is offered.
The canons also look after several parishes in South and East Tyrol .
Monastery building
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The Neustift monastery complex is considered to be the largest in all of Tyrol and includes all epochs of art history from the Romanesque to the Rococo .
Collegiate church
The collegiate church of Our Lady goes back to a Romanesque building erected after the collegiate fire of 1190 . The tower and nave date from this time. The late Gothic choir was added in the second half of the 15th century . Its roof, which was covered with green glazed roof tiles, clearly towers over the roof of the nave and almost reaches the height of the tower.
Joseph Delai from Bolzano redesigned the interior of the church in baroque style in 1734–38. He succeeded in merging the Romanesque nave and the Gothic choir inside into a harmonious unit. The Rocaille - stucco give the church its cheerful note. They come from Anton Gigl , a representative of the Wessobrunn school . The frescoes were created by Matthäus Günther from Augsburg in 1735–36 . One of the frescoes shows the founding history of Neustift: Bishop Hartmann von Brixen unfolds the plan of the monastery for the two co-founders of the monastery, the burgrave Reginbert von Säben and his wife Christina. Their little son, the four-year-old Ulrich, lies dead at their feet, because the parents only decided on this foundation after his death.
On the north side of the nave is the Marienkapelle, which was built in 1655 by JB and S. Delai.
The collegiate church was elevated to a minor basilica in 1956 .
Central nave of the collegiate church
Presbytery and high altar
Frescoes and gallery in the central nave
Ceiling frescoes in the central nave
Right aisle
Organ in the collegiate church
The organ work was recreated in 2014 by the Metzler Orgelbau workshop using historical prospect pipes and built into the existing organ case from 1759 to 1761. The slider chest instrument has 42 sounding stops (plus 3 transmissions ) on three manuals and pedal. The game actions and stop actions are mechanical.
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- Coupling : II / I, III / I, I / P, II / P, III / P
- Tremulants : Channel tremulant for HW, channel tremulant for Pos + BW
- Playing aids (steps): mixture 1 1 / 3 'HW, Trumpet 8' HW, trombone 16 'Ped, Trumpet 8' Ped
- Voice pitch : a 1 = 440 hearts at 18 ° C
- Remarks:
- (P) = prospectus, old
- (Ev) = Gospel page
- (Ep) = epistle page
Stiftsorgan epistle page
Stiftsorgan Gospel page
Play table of the monastery organ
Play table of the monastery organ
Stephan Wenzel plays on the Metzler organ in Neustift JS Bach: Sinfonia from: BWV 29
Cloister
The cloister connects to the church in the south and was built around 1200. In the 14th century, the Gothic ribbed vault was drawn in. The late Gothic frescoes by Michael Pacher are particularly worth seeing , as are numerous gravestones, including that of Oswald von Säben († 1465) made of white marble.
Inner courtyard of the cloister
Cloister
Vault frescos in the cloister
Fresco Annunciation in the cloister
A second fresco Annunciation of Christ
refectory
In the refectory there is a well-known picture by the Tyrolean baroque painter Stephan Kessler entitled Gastmahl im Haus des Simon , which stretches across the baroque breast paneling on the north wall of the refectory. It measures 10.20 meters in width and is 2.35 meters high. During the restoration in 1961, Simon's chair was made to date of 1660. The artist's initials (SK) can be seen on a dog collar.
archive
The Neustift monastery archive is considered to be the most important religious archive in the Tyrolean region. It includes thousands of original documents (the oldest from 1143), an important traditional book , land records and copial books . The archive holdings have been systematically organized since the 15th century. Lesser losses can be attributed to the peasant revolts of 1525, which also affected the monastery. The archive has survived the temporary secularization of the monastery in the early 19th century and includes i. W. the main, the convent and the administrative archive ("woodruff archive").
Library
The library contains an excellent collection of approximately 92,000 books, manuscripts and maps. The large library hall in the Rococo style was built in 1771–1778 according to plans by Antonio Giuseppe Sartori , who had previously created several altars for the collegiate church.
Courtyards and gardens
The octagonal fountain house in the abbey courtyard in front of the library shows pictures of the seven wonders of the world together with the Neustift monastery as the eighth wonder of the world . These pictures were painted by Nikolaus Schiel in 1670 . The Michael's chapel, known as Castel Sant'Angelo, in the outer courtyard is an original, two-storey, crenellated rotunda. It was built around 1200 and is now used for exhibitions .
The monastery also includes the historic monastery garden, the aforementioned winery and an electricity company. The entire monastery complex and some surrounding buildings are heated by a district heating plant that is operated with wood chips .
Parish church
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The parish church of St. Margareth is located in the northern area of the monastery area between the collegiate church, cemetery and the Oswald-von-Wolkenstein house. It was not raised to an independent parish until the middle of the 15th century; until then it was a branch church of the parish of Naz during the Middle Ages . The first chapel, which is first mentioned in 1293, also dates from this time.
Parish Church of St. Margarethen in Neustift (interior perspective)
Parish church St. Margarethen in Neustift (fresco)
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Organ in the parish church
In 1905 the organ building company Anton Behmann from Schwarzach in Vorarlberg built a pneumatic organ with a register shutter for the parish of Neustift. The 4 'registers are excerpts, i.e. H. Transmissions from the 8 'registers. The octave coupling is also fully developed beyond the f 3 . In 2004 a general overhaul was carried out by the South Tyrolean organ builder Oswald Kaufmann.
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- Coupling : Man- (super) octave coupling, Man-Ped
- Playing aids : 0 (= trigger), I (= piano), II (= mezzoforte), III (= forte)
Behmann organ from 1905
The console of the Behmann organ
from: Morceaux religieux by Charles Gounod, No. 7, played by Stephan Wenzel
from: Morceaux religieux by Charles Gounod, No. 4, played by Stephan Wenzel
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Toast
- Heinrich I, 1143-1164; Rudiger 1164
- Degenhard, 1165–1174 (?)
- Konrad I., 1174 (?) - 1178 (?)
- Conrad II of Rodank , 1178 (?) - 1200
- Hermann (Herrand), 1200–1210 (?)
- Ulrich I, 1210 (?) - 1220
- Sybottus, 1220-1225
- Henry II, 1225-1247
- Friedrich, 1247-1248
- Conrad III., 1248-1252
- Seyfried, 1252
- Henry III. von Perchheim, 1252–1276
- Ingrams, 1276-1292
- Peter, 1292-1298
- Albertus, 1298-1314
- Berthold I., 1314-1326
- Conrad IV., 1326-1342
- Berthold II., 1342-1346
- Nicholas I, 1346-1360
- Berthold III. Ziegler, 1360-1366
- Konrad V. Ramunkh, 1367-1379
- Nicholas II, 1379-1412
- Berchtold IV., 1412-1419
- Heinrich IV. Millauner, 1419–1427
- Ulrich II. Weingartner, 1427–1439
- Nicholas III Scheyber, 1439-1449
- Kaspar Aigner, 1449-1467
- Leonhard Pacher (Waffner), 1467–1482
- Lukas von Harber von Ringelsperg, 1483–1503
- Heinrich V. Lechner, 1503–1504
- Christoph I. Nidermayr, 1504-1519
- Augustine I. Posch, 1519–1527
- Ulrich III. Prischwitzer, 1527–1542
- Hieronymus I. Piesendorfer, 1542–1561
- Gallus Gasteiger, 1561–1569
- Augustine II. Schabl, 1569–1581
- Adam Lang, 1581-1585
- Augustine III Goldfinch, 1585-1589
- Jakob Fischer, 1589–1621
- Markus Hauser von Weißenstein, 1621–1665
- Hieronymus II. Von Rottenpuecher, 1665–1678
- Fortunat Troyer, 1678–1707 (first also to bear the title of abbot)
- Augustine IV. Pauernfeind, 1707–1721
- Alfons von Rost in Kelburg and Aufhofen, 1721–1728
- Christoph II. Von Pach, 1728–1737
- Antonius Steigenberger, 1737–1767
- Leopold I of Zanna zu Königstein, 1767–1787
- Leopold II. Erlacher, 1790–1832
- Ludwig Mair, 1832–1851
- Dominikus Irschara , 1851–1879
- Maximilian Mayr , 1879–1883
- Remigius Weißsteiner , 1883–1913
- Bernhard Haller, 1913–1931
- Ambros Giner , 1931-1965
- Conrad VI. Lechner , 1965-1969
- Chrysostomus Giner , 1969-2005
- Georg Untergaßmair , 2005–2015
- Eduard Fischnaller , since 2015
literature
- Augustinian Canons 'Monastery Neustift (Ed.): 850 years of Augustinian Canons' Monastery Neustift Brixen 1992.
- Josef Gelmi : The Brixen bishops in the history of Tyrol . Bolzano 1984.
- Ambros Giner (Ed.): Festschrift for the 800th anniversary of the Novacella monastery . Bressanone 1942.
- Theobald Innerhofer: The Augustinian Canons' Monastery in Neustift . In: Cathedral and Collegiate Pencils in the Tyrol - South Tyrol - Trentino in the Middle Ages and Modern Times , ed. by Hannes Obermair , Klaus Brandstätter and Emanuele Curzel. Innsbruck: Wagner 2006 (Schlern-Schriften 329), ISBN 3-7030-0403-7 , pp. 223-238.
- Martin Peintner: Canon monastery Neustift . Neustift Abbey, undated
- Ders .: Neustift . In: Florian Röhrig: The existing monasteries of the Augustinian Canons in Austria, South Tyrol and Poland . Klosterneuburg, Vienna, 1997.
- Ders .: Neustift Monastery. Augustinian Canons in South Tyrol . Bolzano 1985.
- Josef Pfeifhofer: The relationship between the Neustift monastery and the Tyrolean principality up to 1595 . Phil. Diss., Innsbruck 1976.
- Anselm Sparber: The Neustift Canon Monastery in its historical development . OO, 1953.
- Anselm Sparber: Neustift as a place of art In: Der Schlern 1922, pp. 173–180. (on-line)
In overall work:
- Josef Riedmann : History of Tyrol . 3rd edition, Vienna 2001.
- Josef Gelmi: The Middle Ages from 1000 to 1500 (history of the dioceses of Bozen-Brixen and Innsbruck 2) . Kehl am Rhein 1995.
Details:
- Wilfried Astner: The saints of the Order of the Augustinian Canons according to the calendar of Neustift Abbey from 1717 and its revision in 1957 . Phil. Mag. Thesis, Innsbruck 1990.
- Anselm Sparber: Blessed Hartmann. Bishop of Brixen and founder of the Neustift canon monastery . Bressanone 1910.
- Rudolf Flotzinger : Neustift. In: Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon . Online edition, Vienna 2002 ff., ISBN 3-7001-3077-5 ; Print edition: Volume 3, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-7001-3045-7 .
- Knaur's cultural guide in color - South Tyrol . Munich / Zurich 1981.
Web links
- Neustift Monastery
- Entry in the monument browser on the website of the South Tyrolean Monuments Office
- A video and audio presentation of the Metzler Orgelbau AG monastery organ can be found on YouTube
Individual evidence
- ↑ Sparber, Canon Monastery Neustift 1
- ↑ a b c Peintner, Neustift 196
- ↑ Gelmi, The Brixen Bishops 52
- ↑ Sparber, The blessed Hartmann 37
- ↑ a b c d Peintner, Neustift 197
- ↑ a b Peintner, Neustift 199
- ↑ a b c d e Innerhofer 60
- ↑ In the literature the first name can also be found as Reimbert
- ↑ Innerhofer 62
- ↑ Martin Bitschnau , Hannes Obermair : Tiroler Urkundenbuch, II. Department: The documents on the history of the Inn, Eisack and Pustertal valleys. Vol. 2: 1140-1200 . Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck 2012, ISBN 978-3-7030-0485-8 , p. 29-30 no. 407 .
- ↑ a b Pfeifhofer 4
- ↑ Pfeifhofer 19th
- ↑ Peintner, Neustift 196–197
- ↑ Pfeifhofer 6
- ↑ Pfeifhofer 15
- ↑ Pfeifhofer 16-18
- ↑ from: Peintner, Neustift 198
- ↑ a b Peintner, Canons' Monastery Neustift 23
- ↑ Riedmann 100
- ^ Peintner, Chorherrenstift Neustift 23–24
- ↑ Peintner, Neustift 203
- ^ Peintner, Neustift 204-205
- ↑ Parishes of the Neustift Monastery ( Memento of the original from January 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the homepage of the monastery, accessed on December 27, 2013.
- ↑ More information and documentation of the Metzler organ at SWO Records ( Memento of the original from February 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , as well as their predecessor buildings by Stephan Wenzel ( Memento of the original from February 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Leo Andergassen: Stephan Kessler - The sacred commissioned work . In: Stephan Kessler (1622–1700). A Tyrolean painter from the Rubens period . Brixen 2005
- ↑ In detail on the archive and inventory history Martin Bitschnau, Hannes Obermair: Tiroler Urkundenbuch, II. Department: The documents on the history of the Inn, Eisack and Puster valleys. Vol. 2: 1140-1200 . Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck 2012, ISBN 978-3-7030-0485-8 , p. XXIV-XXVI .
- ↑ Andrea Bacchi, Luciana Giacomelli (ed.): Scultura in Trentino. Il Seicento e il Settecento: volume secondo . Provincia Autonoma di Trento, Trient 2003. ISBN 88-86602-55-3 , p. 308
- ↑ More information on and documentation of the Behmann organ at SWO Records ( Memento of the original from February 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. and Stephan Wenzel ( Memento of the original dated February 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
Coordinates: 46 ° 44 ′ 39 ″ N , 11 ° 38 ′ 54.5 ″ E