Villandro

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Villandro
(Italian: Villandro )
coat of arms
Coat of arms of Villandro
 map
Villanders in South Tyrol - Positionskarte.svg
State : Italy
Region : Trentino-South Tyrol
Province : Bolzano - South Tyrol
District community : Eisack Valley
Inhabitants :
(VZ 2011 / 31.12.2019) 		1,893 / 1,825
Language groups :
(according to 2011 census ) 		98.46% German
1.15% Italian
0.38% Ladin
Coordinates 46 ° 38 '  N , 11 ° 32'  E Coordinates: 46 ° 38 '  N , 11 ° 32'  E
Altitude : 483– 2509  m slm (center: 880  m slm )
Surface: 43.9 km²
Permanent settlement area: 6.3 km²
Parliamentary groups : St. Stefan , St. Moritz, St. Valentin
Neighboring municipalities: Barbian , Klausen , Laion , Renon , Sarntal
Postal code : 39040
Area code : 0472
ISTAT number: 021114
Tax number: 80009710213
Mayor  (2015): Walter Baumgartner ( SVP )

Villanders ([ fɪˈlandɐs ]; Italian Villandro ) is an Italian municipality with 1825 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2019) in South Tyrol . It is located in the Eisack Valley above Klausen .

geography

View of Villandro from NO

The municipality of Villandro is located in the Eisack Valley on the orographic right , western side of the valley. The municipal area stretches from the Eisack up to the peaks of the Sarntal Alps . The majority of the settlement area is in low mountain ranges . The three fractions St. Stefan, St. Moritz and St. Valentin are separated from each other by ditches cut deep by streams. The only village, the central capital St. Stefan, is 880  m above sea level. St. Moritz and St. Valentin consist of small settlement cores and scattered homesteads. The extensive Villanderer Alm stretches above this from an altitude of around 1750  m . There is also the headwaters of the Tinnebach , which flows into the Eisack after running through the Tinnetal in the city of Klausen , which is directly adjacent to Villandro . The municipality finds its highest point on the Villanderer Berg at 2509  m .

history

Surname

Villanders is ersturkundlich in the foundation records of pin Sonnenburg as in the Puster Valley in the year 1039 "Filandres" called. In 1085 it appears as "Filanders" , later as "Vilanders" or "Vylanders" .

The origin of the place name Villandro , also called Ulándres in Ladin , has not yet been fully clarified, but due to its suffix - as with Schlanders - it is traced back to pre-Roman origins (similar to the neighboring Verdings and Feldthurns ). Other linguists tried to locate Roman roots (e.g. "villa antrorum" or "valles antri"). In Villanders itself the story is circulating - which certainly belongs to the realm of legends - that the place was formerly also called "Schönberg", but was devastated by a landslide and looked "much different" afterwards.

Prehistory and early history

The sunny slope of Villanders probably attracted settlers very early on, who found good living conditions on the fertile moraine soil of Villanders. For the adjacent Sarntal it has already been proven that this and the surrounding mountains, which also include the Villanderer Berg and Villanderer Alm, have been visited by humans and also used economically since at least the Mesolithic Age . Also on the opposite side of the Eisack valley, on the Alpe di Siusi and in the Rasciesa area , finds prove the existence of Mesolithic hunting groups. These finds, as well as the landscape of the Villanderer Alm, which is an ideal pasture area for ibex, the preferred hunting animal of Mesolithic hunters, suggest that the entire Villanderer Alm was already used as a hunting ground in summer. In the Villandro village area, excavations in the archaeological zone on the Plunacker unearthed a Middle Stone Age cultural layer, the stone tools made of flint from the 8th and 7th millennium BC. Chr. Contained.

With the from the year 5000 BC The beginning of the Neolithic Age (Neolithic) dominated the now sedentary life in South Tyrol. The low mountain range in Villandro offered favorable conditions for this. The finds in the Plunacker archaeological zone in Villanders are among the most important of this epoch in the entire Alpine region. Finds from the Neolithic on the Villanderer Alm also confirm the presence of people at higher altitudes, but do not allow any conclusions to be drawn about agricultural use of the Alm in the narrower sense.

The finds from the Neolithic and the subsequent Copper Age are sparse. On the Plunacker in Villanders, the Copper Age is documented by a hut floor plan, one of the few finds of this type in the Alpine region. Due to a deterioration in the climate that began in the 4th millennium, the focus shifted to animal husbandry in forest and alpine pastures. In addition to economic use, the mountains were also given a supernatural and cultic character.

In the Bronze Age (2200 - 800 BC) a further improvement in the climate made agriculture easier, even in higher elevations. Although relatively few finds were made in Villanders from this epoch (the fire sacrifice sites on Seeberg are an exception), finds in surrounding communities ( Brixen , Saubach, Barbian ) suggest a continuous settlement history. Mining was probably already being carried out and the copper obtained was sold to the south, to Lake Garda and the Po Valley. The Mediterranean influence on the southern Alps can now also be seen in the spiritual world: after the Etruscan model, the script was introduced and the idea of ​​the world of gods was similar to the Greek or Italian / Etruscan.

Roman times

The Roman era in what is now South Tyrol begins with the emperor Augustus (31 BC - 14 AD) at the latest and goes back to the 5th and 6th centuries AD. The area around Villandro was continuously populated at that time, but still bare selectively. The only finds so far have been made on the Plunacker. The remains of a large and magnificently furnished Roman villa were discovered here. The area between the Ritten and Villanders was at the time in the border area between Trient / Tridentum, Noricum and Raetia , but due to a lack of finds, a specific attribution is not possible.

middle Ages

As in other areas of South Tyrol, traces from the early and high Middle Ages (approx. 500–1350 AD) are also very rare in Villandro. Settlement continuity can be assumed, but so far it has not been possible to prove the uninterrupted occupancy of a farm from late antiquity to the high Middle Ages.

The Lords of Vilanders

The title "Lords of Vilanders" referred to one of the most powerful noble families in the Tyrol in the Middle Ages, which had its home in Villanders. They were originally large farmers who lived in large, residence-like farms in Villanders, such as the Pardell residence , the Gravetsch residence or the Steinbock residence (today an inn), and then endeavored to expand their property and gain political influence .

The first mention of the Lords of Vilanders can be found in church documents from the first half of the 12th century. The addition "von Vilanders" became more and more common in the course of the 13th century and was used by different families who were not related to one another. Nonetheless, the members of the various lines of the von Vilanders addressed each other as "cousins" and set each other up as heirs. They combined a great sense of tradition and a close sense of togetherness. The main line of the lords of Vilanders begins with Ekkehard I. von Villanders (1176-1183) and is then divided into twelve sidelines.

First, the Lords of Vilanders established themselves as ministers of the Bressanone and Trento bishops and in the court of Villanders, which formed its own court district within the county of Bolzano . They were entrusted with castles to monitor strategically important points, such as B. the Trostburg , which was handed over by Count Meinhard to the judge of Villanders, Randold von Vilanders zu Pradell, who then became the progenitor of the Counts of Wolkenstein and thus also the ancestor of the great medieval singer Oswald von Wolkenstein .

The political ascent of the lords of Vilanders began under the Tyrolean Count Meinhard II (1258–1295). They increasingly held offices as judges, carers, canons and deans and looked after the interests of the nobility in the Tyrolean state parliaments . Under the sons of Meinhard II, Otto, Ludwig and Heinrich, the Lords of Vilanders were finally able to consolidate their position and even move up to higher social classes. Their possessions now stretched from Sterzing to Bolzano , Pustertal , Villnöß and Val Gardena , but they also owned castles and courts in Tramin , Buchenstein ( Livinallongo ), Feltre and Belluno . The two most important representatives of the Lords of Vilanders were Engelmar and Tegen von Vilanders. They acquired the funds for these many possessions mainly in the Italian military campaigns, for example they fought alongside the Scaliger of Verona against Padua .

Between the Bavarian Duchy of the Wittelsbachers , the Habsburgs and the Luxembourgers , who had just come into possession of Bohemia , a bitter struggle for Tyrol developed in the 14th century, from which the Luxembourgers ultimately emerged victorious: the Tyrolean Prince Heinrich von Tirol-Görz gave the Luxembourg Prince Johann Heinrich his heir Margarete , who would later go down in Tyrolean history with the nickname “Maultasch”. Since Tyrol was of great importance as a passport between north and south, both the Bavarians and the Habsburgs disliked the fact that the Luxembourgers wanted to establish themselves in Tyrol. The connection between the Tyroleans and Luxembourgers made them forget their old enmity and concluded a treaty with the aim of preventing the rule of the Luxembourgers in Tyrol. Since the marriage between Margarethe and Johann Heinrich was not happy and remained childless and also the Tyrolean aristocrats were increasingly dissatisfied with the rule of the Luxembourgers, Emperor Ludwig (with the surname "the Bavarian") was able to prevail and his son, the widower Margrave Ludwig of Brandenburg to marry Margarethe. Due to the fact that Margarethe was already married, this wedding resulted in a serious ban on the church in Tyrol . Engelmar von Vilanders played an inglorious role in the subsequent attempts at recapture by the Luxembourgers, which initiated the decline of the Lords of Vilanders.

Engelmar von Vilanders, who in the meantime had become governor, believed he could capitalize on the feud between the Wittelsbachers and the Luxemburgers. His lack of political instinct, however, was his undoing. At first he conducted negotiations with the Luxembourgers and the allied Bishop of Trento to the brink of treason, but then backed down when the defeat of the Luxembourgers became apparent. At the beginning of April 1347 he again swore allegiance to the Tyrolean sovereign. Although he received forgiveness, he had to give up the office of governor and lost many of his possessions. After the failed arms fights, the Luxembourgers tried to get the Tyrolean nobility on their side through material temptations. The lords of Vilanders could not withstand this and once again entered into a quarrel with the enemies of the country. Engelmar von Vilanders also concluded a treaty with the Bishop of Trento in October 1347 for mutual aid in the event of an attack.

In the autumn of 1347, Ludwig led the decisive battle against his enemies, defeated the Bishop of Trento and took revenge on the former governor Engelmar von Vilanders. He was found guilty of high treason in court and sentenced to death. He was then beheaded in front of his brother's castle. As a result, the von Vilanders lost most of their possessions. Only Ekkehard von Vilanders-Trostburg was able to regain some political influence, but could not prevent the once powerful family of the Lords of Vilanders from finally extinguishing in 1547.

politics

Municipal Council (2015)
15th
15th 
A total of 15 seats

Mayor since 1952:

  • Johann Rabensteiner: 1952–1956
  • Johann Winkler: 1956–1974
  • Sepp Kusstatscher : 1974–1985
  • Johann Winkler: 1985–1990
  • Josef Krapf: 1990-2010
  • Walter Baumgartner: since 2010

Culture and sights

Villanders is one of the most popular holiday and relaxation destinations in the Eisack Valley . The traditional Törggelen is also widespread. The area is ideal for hiking, both in the valley area and on the alpine pastures.

Hand-cut side tunnels from the Elisabeth tunnel

Villandro is also famous for its publicly accessible mine. The Villandro mine was one of the most important mining areas in Tyrol in the Middle Ages. After it was shut down in the early 20th century, it was forgotten. Thanks to the work of the Villanders Culture and Museum Association, the mine on the Pfunderer Berg has been renovated in recent years and is now one of the few mines in South Tyrol that can be visited by the public.

The cemetery at the parish church of St. Stephan with its wrought-iron crosses facing away from the burial mound is also well known.

There is also a village book, which is divided into two parts. In the first part, more scientific topics such as B. Excavations explained, the second part touches on folklore and contemporary history topics.

Web links

Commons : Villanders  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Martin Bitschnau , Hannes Obermair : Tiroler Urkundenbuch, II. Department: The documents on the history of the Inn, Eisack and Pustertal valleys. Volume 1: By the year 1140 . Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck 2009, ISBN 978-3-7030-0469-8 , p. 174-182, No. 201 (f) .
  2. ↑ See Kofler, Erich: Barbian-Villanders. The old court of Villandro. Publishing house Athesia, Bozen 1980, p. 76f.
  3. ↑ See Kofler, Erich: Barbian-Villanders. The old court of Villandro. Publishing house Athesia, Bozen 1980, pp. 103-105.
  4. ↑ Demetz, Stefan: Villanders in prehistoric times. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 82.
  5. ↑ Demetz, Stefan: Villanders in prehistoric times. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 84.
  6. ↑ http://www.gemeinde.villanders.bz.it/gemeindeamt/download/220461536_1.pdf
  7. ↑ http://www.gemeinde.villanders.bz.it/gemeindeamt/download/220461536_1.pdf
  8. ↑ Demetz, Stefan: Villanders in prehistoric times. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 86.
  9. ↑ http://www.gemeinde.villanders.bz.it/gemeindeamt/download/220461536_1.pdf
  10. ↑ Demetz, Stefan: Villanders in prehistoric times. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 86.
  11. ↑ Demetz, Stefan: Villanders in prehistoric times. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 87.
  12. ↑ http://www.gemeinde.villanders.bz.it/gemeindeamt/download/220461536_1.pdf
  13. ↑ Demetz, Stefan: Villanders in prehistoric times. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 88.
  14. ^ Stefan Demetz: Villanders in prehistoric times. In: Villanders: Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 89.
  15. ↑ From the end of the 15th century can also be found with the spelling -ll- ("Villanders").
  16. ↑ Summerer, Thomas: The Lords of Vilanders. History of one of the most powerful noble families in Tyrol in the 14th century. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 152.
  17. ↑ Summerer, Thomas: The Lords of Vilanders. History of one of the most powerful noble families in Tyrol in the 14th century. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 153.
  18. ↑ Summerer, Thomas: The Lords of Vilanders. History of one of the most powerful noble families in Tyrol in the 14th century. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 155.
  19. ↑ Summerer, Thomas: The Lords of Vilanders. History of one of the most powerful noble families in Tyrol in the 14th century. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 156.
  20. ^ Forcher, Michael: Tyrol's story in words and pictures. 2nd edition, Haymon Verlag, Innsbruck 1984, p. 34.
  21. ^ Forcher, Michael: Tyrol's story in words and pictures. 2nd edition, Haymon Verlag, Innsbruck 1984, p. 36.
  22. ↑ Summerer, Thomas: The Lords of Vilanders. History of one of the most powerful noble families in Tyrol in the 14th century. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 157.
  23. ↑ Summerer, Thomas: The Lords of Vilanders. History of one of the most powerful noble families in Tyrol in the 14th century. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 158.
  24. ↑ The Lords of Vilanders. History of one of the most powerful noble families in Tyrol in the 14th century. In: Villanders. Portrait of an Eisack valley community. 2nd edition, Athesia Druck, Brixen 2002, p. 161.
  25. ↑ The mayors of the South Tyrolean municipalities since 1952. (PDF; 15 MB) In: Festschrift 50 Years of the South Tyrolean Association of Municipalities 1954–2004. Association of South Tyrolean municipalities, pp. 139–159 , accessed on November 16, 2015 .