Brenner (municipality)

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burner
(Italian: Brennero )
coat of arms
Brenner coat of arms
map
Brenner in South Tyrol - Positionskarte.svg
State : Italy
Region : Trentino-South Tyrol
Province : Bolzano - South Tyrol
District community : Wipptal
Inhabitants :
(VZ 2011 / 31.12.2019)
2,089 / 2,252
Language groups :
(according to 2011 census )
80.86% German
18.64% Italian
0 0.50% Ladin
Coordinates 46 ° 56 '  N , 11 ° 27'  E Coordinates: 46 ° 56 '  N , 11 ° 27'  E
Altitude : 1057– 3267  m slm (center: 1098  m slm )
Surface: 114.30 km²
Permanent settlement area: 6.1 km²
Parliamentary groups : Brennerbad , Gossensaß , Pflersch , Pontigl
Neighboring municipalities: Gries am Brenner ( A ), Gschnitz ( A ), Neustift im Stubaital ( A ), Obernberg am Brenner ( A ), Pfitsch , Ratschings , Sterzing
Partnership with : Hechendorf am Pilsensee ( D ) with the Gossensaß fraction
Postal code : 39041
Area code : 0472
ISTAT number: 021010
Tax number: 81006650212
Mayor  (2015): Franz Kompatscher

Brenner ([ ˈbrɛnɐ ]; Italian Brennero ) is a municipality with 2252 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2019) in northern Italy . The place belongs to South Tyrol and lies on the border with the Austrian state of Tyrol . The main town of the community is Gossensaß ; also include fractions Pflersch , Brennerbad , Pontigl and the settlement on the eponymous Brenner Pass to the municipality.

geography

The municipality of Brenner is located in South Tyrol in the far north of Italy on the Italian-Austrian border . The municipal area with its total area of ​​114.30 km² can be divided into two roughly equal parts: a section of the Wipptal on the south side of the Brenner Pass ( 1370  m slm ) and the Pflerschtal with the surrounding mountain areas.

The capital of the municipality, Gossensaß (1060- 1130  m ), located in the Wipptal at the mouth of coming from the west Fleres Valley - near the southern neighboring town of Sterzing . The Giggelberg fraction extends above Gossensaß . The last ascent to the Brenner Pass , which separates the South Tyrolean from the North Tyrolean part of the Wipptal, begins here in a north-easterly direction . In this narrow section of the valley are the village Giggelberg and the two factions Pontigl and Brennerbad . The top of the pass itself provides space for the pass village, which mainly belongs to the municipality of Brenner, and also bears the border to the neighboring Tyrolean municipality of Gries am Brenner . Finally, the Pflersch valley branching off to the west at Gossensass contains the Pflersch fraction .

View from Gossensaß into the Pflersch Valley: in the background from left to right Agglsspitze, Feuerstein, Schneespitze, Weißwandspitze and Hoher Zahn

The two main valleys of the municipality are framed by high mountain regions. The mountains west of the Wipptal are counted as part of the Stubai Alps , those east of the Wipptal as part of the Zillertal Alps . The mountain range, which stretches from the Brenner Pass to the west and forms the northern municipal and thus national border, is part of the main Alpine ridge . The ridge is relatively gentle on its first stretch, where it drops in the north into the Obernbergtal and the Sattelberg ( 2113  m ) rises, among other things , but increases significantly in height to the west towards the tribulaunas; the section that separates the Pflerscher Tal in the south from the Gschnitztal in the north carries the Black Wall ( 2917  m ), the Gschnitzer Tribulaun ( 2946  m ), the Pflerscher Tribulaun ( 3097  m ), the Goldkappl ( 2793  m ), the Pflerscher Pinggl ( 2767  m ), the Hohe Zahn ( 2924  m ), the Weißwandspitze ( 3017  m ) and the Schneespitze ( 3178  m ) before the community of Brenner am Feuerstein ( 3268  m ) reaches its highest and most westerly point. A side ridge (Aggls-Rosskopf-Ridge) branches off at the Feuerstein, which shields the Pflersch Valley on its south side from the Ridnaun Valley . The most important peaks of the section, which forms the border between the municipalities of Brenner and Ratschings , are the Agglsspitze ( 3196  m ), the Wetterspitze ( 2706  m ) and the Telfer Weißen ( 2588  m ). The eastern boundary of the municipality towards Pfitsch is formed by the Tux ridge of the Zillertal Alps, which rises on the east side of the Wipptal. The Wolfendorn ( 2776  m ), the Flatschspitze ( 2570  m ), the Rollspitze ( 2776  m ) and the Hühnerspiel ( 2790  m ) are among the highest elevations in this chain, in which the Schlüsseljoch ( 2212  m ) forms a transition into the Pfitscher Valley . .

The most important bodies of water in the municipality of Brenner are the Eisack , which rises at the Brenner Pass, and the Pflerscher Bach , which meet at Gossensaß. There are also several smaller mountain lakes above the Pflersch valley head, including the Sandessee ( 2370  m ), the two Stuben lakes ( 2399  m and 2649  m ) and the Grünsee ( 1999  m ).

Surname

The municipality of Brenner owes its name to the Brenner Pass , or Brenner for short. Its name goes back to the late Middle Ages . In 1288 the farm of a Prennerius de Mittenwalde is documented (today's pass village of Brenner was still called Mittenwald at that time ), in 1299 the man who works at the farm is called Chunradus Prenner de Mittenwalde . Prenner can be interpreted as a name for a man who clears and burns .

history

Historical view of the pass village on the Brenner

The Brenner Pass has been known to have been used since the Bronze Age, and the Brenner area was permanently settled around 1000 AD. Around 1400, the Brennerbad was first mentioned in a document, which was built at an alkaline iron-containing thermal spring. The operation was closed 150 years later due to destruction caused by mudslides and avalanches. In 1607 the spring was reactivated and Zacharias Geizkofler donated two bathhouses and a chapel. It was only with the connection to the Brenner Railway in 1869 that the bathhouse was also mechanized.

The Brennerbahn was completed in 1867, which resulted in a renewed upswing in transit over the pass. The engineer behind this project, Ing.Karl von Etzel , was erected in the train station.

The municipality of Brenner was part of the judicial district of Sterzing , which extended to the hamlet of Brennersee north of the pass . Customs stations were in the north of the Luegg, in the south of Lurgge, which makes it clear that historically the pass never served as a border.

For the first time in 1848, Italian nationalists led by Giuseppe Mazzini raised the demand for the Brenner border. As a result of the Italian unification, territorial claims were postulated under the catchphrase “from Brenner to Trieste”.

Gossensass is characterized by two economic periods over the centuries: mining in the 15th century. and noble tourism, stimulated by the construction of the railway (1863–1867).

The Pflersch Valley has shaped agriculture for centuries, and mining brought work and prosperity to the valley in the Middle Ages.

In 1910 the community had an area of ​​5494 ha and 461 inhabitants.

After the First World War

Landmark between Italy and Austria

Although Italy was allied with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary at the beginning of the First World War , the Italians initially behaved neutrally towards the warring countries. That changed only in 1915 with a secret treaty in London between the Entente and Italy. Its most important point for Italy in the event of a victory of the Entente was the annexation of the areas of the County of Tyrol up to the main Alpine ridge . After the armistice of Villa Giusti in 1918, the Brenner was occupied by Italian troops. When the Treaty of Saint-Germain came into force in 1920, the Brenner Pass also became a border pass at the newly drawn Italian-Austrian border under international law .

Due to a government decree, the previously independent municipalities of Brenner, Gossensaß and Pflersch were merged to form the municipality of Brenner with its seat in Gossensaß.

During the Second World War, the Brenner Pass and the railway line were heavily bombed in order to cut off German troops in Italy from their supplies.

Structural change since the 1990s

The 1990s brought radical changes to the burner. With the end of the Cold War and the settlement of the South Tyrolean conflict , military interest in the Italian northern border disappeared. Thanks to Austria joining the EU in 1995, the customs stations became superfluous. With the Schengen Agreement , the systematic border controls also came to an end on April 1st, 1998. All of these developments resulted in a loss of profitable business opportunities and a population decline. In the meantime, the municipality is increasingly trying to position itself in the tourism and service sector .

population

year population Language groups
German Italian Ladin
1900 1,598 99.62% 0.38% -
1921 1,955 - - -
1931 2,246 - - -
1936 2,276 - - -
1951 2,414 - - -
1961 2,645 - - -
1971 2,600 57.28% 42.68% 0.04%
1981 2,443 66.92% 32.96% 0.12%
1991 2,242 70.49% 29.23% 0.28%
2001 2,066 79.39% 20.29% 0.31%
2011 2,089 80.86% 18.64% 0.50%

Attractions

economy

Market day on the Brenner

On the 5th and 20th of every month (if this falls on a Sunday: on Saturday) there is a large market on the market square of the Passdorf, where mainly textiles are offered.

On November 30, 2007, a factory outlet center was opened at the top of the pass, directly at the state border , with space for around 60 shops.

traffic

Important transport infrastructures run through the municipality of Brenner and connect the Italian peninsula to Central Europe via the Brenner Pass in a north-south direction. The A22 and the SS 12 cross the community as does the Brennerbahn , which offers two access points here: the Brenner station and the Gossensaß station . The last ascent of the railway line from Gossensaß to the top of the pass is made easier by the Pflersch tunnel, which replaces the old Aster tunnel . The Eisack Valley cycle route also crosses the municipality.

education

The German-language educational offers of the community include two primary schools in Gossensaß and Pflersch as well as a middle school in Gossensaß. These three institutions together the school district of the neighboring community Sterzing I connected.

In Gossensaß there is also the Italian-speaking primary school "San Giovanni Bosco", which is administered by the Sterzing - Wipptal school district.

politics

Municipal Council (2015)
1
9
1
4th
4th 
A total of 15 seats

Mayor since 1952:

  • 1952–1956 Ludwig Groebner
  • 1956–1965 August Gröbner
  • 1965–1977 Emil Egartner
  • 1977–1995 Alfred Plank
  • 1995-2008 Christian Egartner
  • 2009– 0000Franz Kompatscher

literature

  • Engelbert Auckenthaler: History of the farms and families of the uppermost Eisack valley (Brenner, Gossensass, Pflersch). Wagner University Press, Innsbruck 1953.
  • Günther Ennemoser: Gossensass, Brenner, Pflersch. Publishing house Athesia, Bozen 1984, ISBN 88-7014-344-9 .
  • Hermann Wopfner : The settlement of the high mountain valleys, represented by the settlement history of the Brenner area. In: Journal of the Austrian Alpine Club. 51, 1920.
  • Alois Trenkwalder: Brenner. Mountain village and alpine pass - Brennero. Storia di un paesino e di un valico internazionale . Brenner 1999 ( online ).

Web links

Commons : Burner  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Brenner  travel guide

Individual evidence

  1. Peter Anreiter : The burner . In: onenological information / NI 109/110 (2017), pp. 9–29 ( PDF, 364 kB ).
  2. ^ Egon Kühebacher : The place names of South Tyrol and their history. The historically grown names of the municipality, parliamentary groups and hamlets . Athesia, Bozen 1995, ISBN 88-7014-634-0 , p. 59 .
  3. ^ EZ of the communities of Brenner, Gossensaß and Pflersch - Community encyclopedia VIII, Tyrol and Vorarlberg 1900, pp. 28–30
  4. The official number of citizens and the language groups in South Tyrol by municipality and district - 1981 census, p. 24
  5. South Tyrol in Numbers (Bozen 1994), p. 14
  6. 2001 census. Calculation of the population of the three language groups in the province of Bolzano-South Tyrol, p. 6
  7. Schulsprengel Sterzing I. South Tyrolean Citizens' Network , accessed on October 25, 2014 .
  8. ↑ School district Sterzing - Wipptal. South Tyrolean Citizens' Network, accessed on October 25, 2014 .
  9. The mayors of the South Tyrolean municipalities since 1952. (PDF; 15 MB) In: Festschrift 50 Years of the South Tyrolean Association of Municipalities 1954–2004. Association of South Tyrolean municipalities, pp. 139–159 , accessed on November 16, 2015 .