Werlsee

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Werlsee
20-04-23-Fotoflug-Ostbrandenburg-RalfR- DSF6657.jpg
Geographical location Oder-Spree district , Brandenburg , Germany
Tributaries New Löcknitz :
Möllensee → Peetzsee
Drain New Löcknitz → Löcknitz → Spree
Islands Lindwall, 1.5 ha (today mostly: Love Island)
Places on the shore Grünheide (Mark) , catch lock
Location close to the shore Erkner
Data
Coordinates 52 ° 25 '12 "  N , 13 ° 48' 39"  E Coordinates: 52 ° 25 '12 "  N , 13 ° 48' 39"  E
Werlsee (Brandenburg)
Werlsee
Altitude above sea level 32.4  m above sea level NN
surface 60 ha
length 1215 mdep1
width 647 mdep1
volume 2.75 million m³dep1
Maximum depth 17.0 m
Middle deep 5.0 m
Catchment area 4474 hadep1
Template: Infobox See / Maintenance / EVIDENCE-MED-DEPTH
View from the east bank of the Lindwall (island)

The Werlsee is a 60  hectare lake in the Brandenburg municipality of Grünheide in the Oder-Spree district .

The lake is located in the Berlin glacial valley at the southern end of the glacial Buckower channel , which separates the Barnim and Lebuser Land plateaus . In this channel, it forms the southernmost link of a three-part chain of lakes, which are connected by short stretches of the Neue Löcknitz and into which the Löcknitz are drained, a tributary to the Spree . A part of the Löcknitz and the Neue Löcknitz together form the so-called other inland waterway of the federal Löcknitz (Lö) ; The Berlin Waterways and Shipping Office is responsible . In 2004, the profile according to the EC Water Framework Directive (EC WFD) characterized the Werlsee, a maximum of seventeen meters deep, as a lime-rich, unstratified lake with a relatively large catchment area and classified its overall ecological and chemical condition as moderate (level three of five). Finds in the Grünheid district of Fangschleuse indicate that the lake was already around 1000 BC. Was settled. In the Middle Ages it belonged to the Cistercian monastery of Zinna . Around 1543, Elector Joachim II ("Hector") had a small hunting lodge built on the lake island of Lindwall (today Love Island ) for his hunting trips in the green heath , which is rich in game. Today around two thirds of the bank areas of the water are built up.

Location and geomorphology

The Werlsee lies east of Berlin and Erkner. About 1.6 kilometers to the west of the federal highway 10 (Berliner Ring) passes with the connection point Erkner. The entire west bank and parts of the north and south banks belong to the Grünheide district of Fangschleuse, the east bank and parts of the north and south banks belong to Grünheide itself.

Werlsee (Barnim)
 
 
Werlsee (light blue) in the southwest of the Löcknitz - Stöbber -Rinne

The body of water is located at the south exit of Buckower channel (also: Loecknitz - Stöbber -Rinne ), a glacial melt gutter , which in the last two phases of the Weichselian glacial between that of dead ice -filled or break and the Berliner glacial valley has (today Spreetal) emerged and separates the Barnim plate from the Lebuser plate . West of the Löcknitzlauf, two chains of lakes ( Grünheider chain of lakes ) are lined up from northeast to southwest in the meltwater channel .

The southern chain of Möllensee , Peetzsee and Werlsee drains south over the Neue Löcknitz into the Löcknitz. The upper four-part chain, on the other hand, forms the lower course of the Lichtenower Mühlenfließ , which it drains - slightly opposite to the dominant flow direction of the channel and the river - in an easterly direction further up into the Löcknitz. This rises from an elongated pond near the forester's house Bienenwerder and flows from there through the Maxsee in western and southwestern directions. The approximately 30-kilometer-long river flows freely meandering from Kienbaum to Fangschleuse next to the chain of lakes and has retained natural bank structures for more than 20 kilometers, especially in the Löcknitztal nature reserve . From the Flakensee it is part of the federal waterway Rüdersdorfer Gewässer and then flows into the Dämeritzsee of the Spree , so that it drains over the Havel and Elbe into the North Sea.

Water profile and fish

According to an inventory in 2004, the profile according to the EC Water Framework Directive (EC WFD) for the Werlsee (water body no. 8000158278659) indicates an area of ​​60 and a catchment area of 4474 hectares. The volume of the lake is 2,753,564 m³. The maximum depth is 17 meters, the greatest length of the stretch of water from east to west is 1215 and the greatest width is 647 meters. The LAWA trophy index is given on a five-point scale with two (= environmental goal of 'good status' of the WFD is achieved ). The trophic index according to LAWA (1999) summarizes four trophic parameters (TP during the spring full circulation as well as the vegetation means of chlorophyll a , visibility depth and TP ) in one number. The individual parameters are weighted differently. The phosphorus concentration is given with two and the quality component phytoplankton with three. The combined quality component macrophytes / diatoms received a two, of which macrophytes accounted for a three and the diatoms with a higher weighting in the overall assessment received a two. The chemical status is rated with two, the ecological status with three (= environmental target of the WFD is just missed, […] moderate status ), resulting in an overall rating of three. The body of water is characterized as a lime-rich, unstratified lake with a relatively large catchment area (residence time> 30d), type 10 .

The lake is a fishing water , fishing from a boat and at night is allowed. There is a slipway for boats in Grünheide . According to the Brandenburg Red List , pikeperch and, in isolated cases, eels are found in the lake . Occasionally, pike also live in the water; The main fish species are carp , bream , gustern , perch , asp and various other white fish species such as the roach .

history

First mentions and etymology

As far as is known, the lake was first mentioned in writing in 1574 in the Rüdersdorf register of inheritance with the entry a see Die Werle genandt . In 1702 there is the spelling Werle , 1784/85 Werll See . The Brandenburg name book refers the name to the old Polish basic form Vorl - = place where there are eagles to vorel = eagle . An expert from the Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries , however, comes up with a completely different conclusion. Then the name goes back to the island in the lake, the Lindwall. Werl , Werdel , Werder are synonyms for the Germanic root for island. A linguistic peculiarity that is limited to the Löcknitz and the lowest Spree region is the name "Wall" for island. It is obvious to see Werl's pronunciation variant here.

Early history and monastery ownership

Beach on the north bank

During an excavation on Lindwall Island in 1927, a resting place from the younger Stone Age was found . An artistically crafted cylinder ax that was found west of the lake comes from the same era . The finds of a burial ground in the catch sluice and the remains of a pottery workshop with eight kilns at the Peetzsee prove the immigration of Illyrians , who began around 1000 BC. Came to the region from the Balkan Peninsula . Around 500 BC The Illyrians were probably displaced by the Elbe-Germanic tribe of the Semnones , who in turn moved south during the migration of the peoples . From the 5th century onwards, West Slavic tribes moved into the largely deserted areas east of the Elbe. A dense Slavic settlement on the lakes can be proven for the 6th century. In the course of the German East Settlement and after the founding of the Mark Brandenburg in 1157 by Albrecht the Bear , the region around the lakes came into the possession of the Zinna Monastery in 1247 , which had already been mining limestone in the neighboring Rüdersdorf limestone quarry since 1230 . With their extensive water management and hydraulic engineering measures, which included the construction of numerous water mills on the rivers and lake drains, the Cistercian monks made a significant contribution to the development and settlement of the Mark, but the Grünheider chain of lakes and heath remained until the planned settlement under Friedrich II in the 18th century. Sparsely populated in the 19th century. The places Grünheide, Alt Buchhorst, Bergluch, Gottesbrück and Fangschleuse were not built until the middle of the century. The Church of the Good Shepherd on the Kellerberg directly above the eastern shore of the lake was inaugurated in 1892.

Hunting lodge, mill and timber transport

After the Lutheran reform of the Mark in 1539 by Elector Joachim II ("Hector") , the monastery property was confiscated in the course of secularization . The game-rich “Green Heath” was subordinated to an electoral “Heidereuter”. Like the comparatively very late first mention of the lake in writing in 1574 (see above), the also late documentary evidence of the green Heyde from 1563 shows that the chain of lakes with its forests remained untouched by the economic development of the Mark for a long time despite the nearby Berlin. It was not until 1662 that the Great Elector granted his construction clerk and his wife's body tailor the right to set up a cutting mill on the Kleiner Wall on the Löcknitz . Around 1700 a lock keeper and lumberjack laid the watercourse between Werlsee and Löcknitz - at the time Faule Forth , called Mielenz in Slavic times ; today Neue Löcknitz or Löcknitzkanal - a needle weir and built a house there. The weir was supposed to hold up the water of the chain of lakes so that, after opening, it would enable the transport of tree trunks to the Löcknitz and on to the Spree. The drifting trunks “caught” each other in traffic jams and named the place fishing lock .

Canal construction, shipping and tourism

Historic boathouse in catch lock

The opening of the Berlin-Frankfurter Eisenbahn in 1842 with the Fangschleuse station south of the Werlsee was the first step in liberating the heath villages from their seclusion. During the early days , when the booming Berlin needed large amounts of building material, the neighboring towns of Rüdersdorf and Herzfelde became the main suppliers of lime and bricks. The Grünheider chain of lakes was made navigable between 1873 and 1875 with a connection to the Spree for transport by water. The construction of the Löcknitz Canal shortly before the First World War made it possible to transport gravel with larger barges from a gravel pit that was connected to the Möllensee by a branch canal. This development led to the boom in the shipping trade in Grünheide and on the Werlsee. Around 1900 there were around 70 families of sailors in the village. After the end of this period, the increasing local recreational tourism offered economic replacement, which began in 1882 with the connection of Erkner to the Berlin suburban traffic and with the opening of the passenger steamboat traffic on the waters surrounding Berlin. The attraction that the Grünheid lake and forest landscapes exert on Berliners remained unbroken in the 2010s. The two beaches on the lake (north and south banks) are fine sand, while on the north beach a large area of ​​sand stretches from a slope down to the lake. A climbing forest ( high ropes course ) was created over the north beach . In Fangschleuse there is a boatyard founded in 1893 at the outlet of the Löcknitz Canal, which today operates a boathouse with a marina . As of 2007, around 3500 people lived around the lake.

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Werlsee  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Brandenburg State Environment Agency. Profile Lakes EC Water Framework Directive: Werlsee ( Memento from 13 May 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 201 kB) In addition: Reading aid and explanation of the parameters
  2. ↑ Directory F of the Chronicle ( Memento of the original from July 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsv.de
  3. ↑ Claus Dalchow, Joachim Kiesel: The Oder reaches into the Elbe region - tension and predetermined breaking points between two river regions (PDF; 2.9 MB). In: Brandenburg Geoscientific Contributions , Ed .: State Office for Mining, Geology and Raw Materials Brandenburg, Kleinmachnow Issue 1/2 2005, p. 81, ISSN  0947-1995 .
  4. ^ LAG Märkische Schweiz e. V .: Natural area Märkische Schweiz.
  5. ↑ Jörg Gelbrecht, Gerhard Ziebarth: The NSG "Löcknitztal" . ...
  6. ↑ Michael Bergemann: Complete list of flowing waters in the Elbe catchment area . Authority for the Environment and Energy, Hamburg July 1, 2015 ( fgg-elbe.de [PDF; 802 kB ; accessed on November 29, 2015]).
  7. ↑ Brandenburg-Viewer, digital topographic maps 1: 10,000 (click on the menu)
  8. ↑ Jacqueline Rücker: 10 years of water research in the Scharmützelsee area - trophic and phytoplankton development 1994 to 2003. ( Memento from November 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 883 kB) Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus, BTU Current Series 3/2004, p. 11 .
  9. ↑ Entire species list and red list of fish and lampreys (Pisces et Cyclostomata) from Berlin: p. 87 – p. 91 in Fish in Berlin - Balance of Species Diversity ", published by the Fisheries Office Berlin
  10. ↑ Fish hit parade. German Angler Forum. Werlsee near Grünheide.
  11. ↑ Brandenburg name book. Part 10. The names of the waters of Brandenburg . Founded by Gerhard Schlimpert, edited by Reinhard E. Fischer . Edited by K. Gutschmidt, H. Schmidt, T. Witkowski. Berlin contributions to name research on behalf of the Humanities Center for History and Culture of East Central Europe. V. Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Successor, Weimar 1996, ISBN 3-7400-1001-0 , p. 304.
  12. ^ Eva Driescher: Settlement history and anthropogenic changes in the waters [...] . P. 17.
  13. ↑ a b c Grünheide community: Grünheide (Mark)
  14. ↑ a b c Günter Nicke: The story of Grünheide . Chapter from: What times! Childhood in the Third Reich and youth in the workers 'and farmers' state of the GDR. BoD-Verlag , 2009, ISBN 978-3-8370-1112-8 .
  15. ^ German Water History Society e. V., Communications No. 15, September 2010, p. 38f (PDF; 9.9 MB)
  16. ^ Eva Driescher: Settlement history and anthropogenic changes in the waters [...] . P. 16f. Here also the reference to the Slavic name Mielenz .
  17. ↑ Grünheide climbing forest. Homepage.
  18. ↑ Heimatverein Grünheide (Mark) e. V. (Ed.): Reinhard Große, Walter Martins, Lothar Runge: History, historical points, recommendations for excursions. Grünheide 2009, p. 108. (Grünheider Hefte 2, 2009)