Maxsee

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Maxsee
Maxsee 08-07-2010 06b.jpg
The Maxsee in July 2010
Geographical location Germany , Brandenburg
Tributaries Peat cutting Maxsee
Drain Mühlenfließ → Löcknitz → Spree
Places on the shore Hoppegarten
Location close to the shore Müncheberg
Data
Coordinates 52 ° 28 '20 "  N , 14 ° 0' 5"  E Coordinates: 52 ° 28 '20 "  N , 14 ° 0' 5"  E
Maxsee (Brandenburg)
Maxsee
Altitude above sea level 38.2  m above sea level NN
surface 68 ha
length 1560 mdep1
width 480 mdep1
Maximum depth 4.0 m
Middle deep 2.0 m
Template: Infobox See / Maintenance / EVIDENCE-MED-DEPTH

The Maxsee is a 68  hectares comprehensive polymictic and polytropher Flachsee southwest of Hoppegarten , a district of Brandenburg City Müncheberg in the district Oderland . The lake on the southern edge of Märkische Schweiz is traversed by the Löcknitz and drained into the Spree . With extensive swamp forest and swamp areas, adjacent reed beds , tall herbaceous meadows , sedge meadowsand with the near-natural Mühlenfließ outflow, the water area in the biotope network between Rotem Luch and Löcknitztal is designated as an FFH area . The largely forested lake is used as a bathing and fishing water.

Location and geomorphology

Upstream of the Maxsee to the north and connected to it is the so-called Torfstich Maxsee , which has an area of ​​around 30 hectares and is now a lake. The village of Hoppegarten is located immediately north of the Torfstichsee and is passed by the federal roads 1 and  5 that are combined here . To the south of the village, the upper reaches of the Löcknitz, also known as the Hoppegartener Fließ, reach the (former) peat cut. The Maxsee is almost completely enclosed by forests, in the west by the Hinter- and in the east by the Mittelheide .

Location of the Maxsee south of the Löcknitz - Stöbber channel

The body of water lies in the mouth of an eastern side valley of the glacial meltwater channel , which formed in the last two phases of the Vistula Ice Age between the dead ice- filled Oderbruch and the Berlin glacial valley (today's Spreetal) and separates the Barnimplatte from the Lebuser Platte . This approximately 30 kilometers long and two to six kilometers wide Buckower Rinne (also: Löcknitz-Stöbber-Rinne ) drains from the low moor and source area Rotes Luch via the Stobber to the northeast to the Oder and via Stobberbach / Löcknitz to the southwest to the Spree .

The side valley near the mouth of the Maxsee is separated from the gully by a ridge that is eight to over twenty meters high.

Despite the upper reaches of the Löcknitz (Hoppegartener Fließ), the Maxsee is likely to be fed directly by groundwater to a large extent. The Löcknitz, which flows off to the west, receives a slightly larger water input after 1.66 km through the Stöbberbach , which comes from the low moor area of ​​the Red Luch . It receives an equally large inflow after a further 665 m from the Lichtenower Mühlenfließ, which previously flowed through the four northern lakes of the Grünheider . The approximately 30 kilometers long Löcknitz meanders freely from Kienbaum to the Grünheid district of Fangschleuse and has retained natural riverbank structures for more than 20 kilometers, especially in the Löcknitztal nature reserve . From the Flakensee it is part of the federal waterway Rüdersdorfer Gewässer and flows into the Dämeritzsee of the Spree , so that it drains over the Havel and Elbe into the North Sea.

Topography and hydrology

Morphometry and Limnology

According to the data collected by the Brandenburg Institute for Applied Water Ecology in 2001, the following topographical , morphometric and limnological values ​​result for the Maxsee: the maximum depth of the water is four, the average depth around two meters. The narrow lake, which is elongated from northeast to southwest, has a maximum length of 1560 and a maximum width of 480 meters and describes an arc to the west in the southern area. Its area is 68 hectares. The theoretical epilimnion depth (Zepi), defined as the heated upper mixed water column with a relatively homogeneous temperature distribution during summer stagnation , is 5.8 meters. The depth gradient  (F) is 0.7.

The Maxsee is classified as a polymictic body of water , taking into account its shallow depth and the resulting depth gradient of <1.5 with regard to the mixing of the water body . From the vegetation mean values ​​of chemical and trophy- relevant parameters, the lake was characterized as polytrophic ( trophy level IV ) in 1993 . The mean chlorophyll a concentration of 90 µg / l and the visibility depth of 0.3 meters contributed to this classification . The high concentration of plankton is due to the large supply of nutrients . The mean total nitrogen concentration was 2.0 mg / l, the total phosphorus concentration 72.8  µg / l . With a pH value of  8.5 the lake had weakly alkaline conditions and with a conductivity of 369 µS / cm (microSiemens per centimeter) low electrolyte conditions. However, according to the Department of Water Protection at the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus , the data collected was not sufficient to derive information about the natural trophy.

Lake runoff

Hydrological measurements showed that the upper course of the Löcknitz, which begins at Forsthaus Bienenwerder, through the Maxsee contributes slightly less to the discharge of the Löcknitz near Kienbaum than Stöbberbach and Lichtenower Mühlenfließ. However, at the mouth of the Stöbberbach the upper course is longer and at the mouth of the Lichtenower Mühlenfließ the Löcknitz is almost twice as rich in water. The annual mean 1979 to 1994 resulted in the following contributions from the three Löcknitz "sources":

The lake in July 2010
  • Löcknitz at the outflow of the Maxsee, gauge Neue Mühle: 0.15 m³ / s
  • Stöbberbach , Heidekrug gauge: 0.17 m³ / s
  • Lichtenower Mühlenfließ , Liebenberger See discharge level: 0.17 m³ / s.

The outflow of the Maxsee, originally a natural stream, was heavily straightened around 1950. The Löcknitz, traditionally called Mühlenfließ (no additional name) in this section , is around five to eight meters wide and around 0.5 meters deep. Its flow rate is 5 to 7 cm / s and it is densely overgrown with macrophytes ( aquatic plants visible to the naked eye ) for almost the entire course . Like the lake itself, the slightly shaded flowing water is also highly eutrophic; the Maxsee carries large amounts of phytoplankton or plankton- borne seston into the runoff. The Seston concentration (Seston defined as the particulate organic material of the water column) in the Maxsee in 1994 was around 15 mg / l as a daily mean. However, the phytoplankton carried in from the lake is already effectively eliminated after 1.8 kilometers of flow. In 1994 the Seston concentration decreased by 89% during the weeks of dense and vital macrophyte colonization; In the months before the growth of the macrophytes or after the decline of the macrophytes during the hot spell, the seston retention on this flow path was around 50%.

“The oxygen balance is extremely tense for the first one to two kilometers. Despite high primary production and release of oxygen by the water plant on the day the O2 concentration decreases at night quickly to values close to 0. The temporary low O2 concentrations and the large amount of organic substance in the Maxseeausfluß a high effect Saprobie and a small number of species in Mass development of a few species, e.g. B. the barnacle Bithynia tentaculata, which utilizes part of the deposited seston. "

- Michael Böhme: Oxygen balance, seston retention and the importance of macrophytes in a near-natural lowland river (Löcknitz) , 1996.

These poor conditions, largely caused by the Maxsee, are, according to Böhme, hardly tolerable for the ecology of the river and the Löcknitz. To remedy this, in 1996 he suggested, among other things, a reduction in the trophy of the feed water and / or a change in the (river) bed morphology.

Protective measures, flora and fauna

Fish ladder and FFH area

In the 1990s, fish ladders were built on the Löcknitz below the Maxsee as well as on the Lichtenower Mühlenfließ below the Liebenberger See to make the access to the lakes passable again for migratory fish species. In 2003 the fish migration aid from Mühlenfließ to Maxsee was extended by eleven pools over a length of 160 meters, so that the fish can overcome the height difference of one meter on a slope of 1: 160. Since 1414, the ecological continuity of the Maxsee outflow was hindered by the Mühlenstau. In addition, the Maxsee and parts of its surroundings have been designated as an FFH area with 350 hectares in the Natura 2000 network . The designation serves to maintain or develop the habitat types according to Appendix I and the species according to Appendix II of the Habitats Directive . The area is characterized as a polytrophic flat lake with extensive swamp forest and swamp areas and adjoining reed beds, tall herbaceous meadows, and sedge reeds . In addition, reference is made to the near-natural mill flow in the biotope network between Rotem Luch and Löcknitztal . The following quality is emphasized: the characteristic range of biotopes of the eutrophic silting series, very well defined moist tall herbaceous vegetation, forests with valuable orchid populations. Also noteworthy is the Åszug in the east, which is one of the largest and best developed Åsern in all of Brandenburg.

Animals

The forests come close to the lake

Annex II of FHH Directive of the territory of loud is among the worth protecting fish the Red List in Brandenburg endangered loach noted, mainly living in the sandy outlet region of the fish ladder at Maxsee. In the lake in Brandenburg , eels and pikeperch are in decline . In 2004, the following fish species were also found on the fish ascent to the Maxsee: roach , lead , white bream , gudgeon , grass carp , perch , tench , ruff , bleak , rudd , pike and carp . An invertebrate animals of Appendix II lists the Schmale- and Desmoulins' whorl snail on. The narrow diaper snail in Brandenburg is no longer considered to be endangered, while the bellied diaper snail is still listed as endangered (hazard level 3). In mammals, Appendix II of the FHH guideline emphasizes the occurrence of otters , which are still highly endangered in Brandenburg . There are also clear beaver tracks on the north-western bank.

plants

The lake and its surroundings were declared an FFH area mainly because of the occurrence of the swamp yarrow and the creeping Günsel , which are designated as FFH species that are particularly worthy of protection according to Appendix II. In Brandenburg, however , the two herbaceous plants are “only” classified as endangered . Of habitat types which raises Federal Agency for Nature Conservation following worth protecting communities out: natural and semi-natural nutrient-rich pond with Laichkraut- or frogbit societies, rivers with flood forming aquatic vegetation, steppe grass, purple moor-grass meadows , humidity Hochstaudenfluren , lean Lowland hay meadows , old acidophilous oak forests on sandy soils with English oak , subcontinental base-rich sand lawns. Large areas of reed have been developed in some cases .

Etymology and settlement

etymology

In 1405, the Lebuser monastery register recorded a later desolate settlement under the name Maxze . 1460 named the settlement as Maxsee , likewise the bishopric of Lebus . The first known mention of the water is from 1573 under the name Maxsee , and all other documents, measuring table sheets and documents use the current name. The Brandenburg name book considers it very likely that the original name of the water body was Maxse , goes back to the Slavic period and was transferred to the settlement. The etymological derivation is unclear. There are two options:

  • Maxse of the root can pre-Slavic Mok = wet belong
  • or, as a mythologically motivated name, Mokoš = pagan deity ( probably fertility deity at the same root ).

The name was later associated with the personal name Max in folk etymology . The Maxsee settlement exists today as a residential area in Hoppegarten and is located west of the lake.

In the area of ​​tension between Zinna and Lebus

With the exception of the Grünheider area, the catchment area of ​​the Löcknitz is relatively sparsely populated. While the neighboring Liebenberger See with the then important Liebenberg as well as Kienbaum and Klosterdorf belonged to the Zinna monastery since 1247 , Hoppegarten was first mentioned in 1352 when Elector Ludwig the Roman gave the village to the city of Müncheberg. It is assumed, however, that the region around the Maxsee was settled much earlier and a Slavic settlement may have been settled here; There are no solid sources for this assumption, which is not shared by all historians. Hoppegarten does not seem to have benefited from the nearby trade route between Berlin and Frankfurt , which led over the small height of the Löcknitz Pass between Löcknitz and Stobberbach (Köpernitz) near Liebenberg. The fact that the village was only able to afford its own church in 1714 indicates that Hoppegarten was one of the poorer villages of the Mark Brandenburg . However, it cannot be ruled out that there was a previous church. Kienbaum, on the other hand, was a customs and post office. Most likely the vast moor between the maximum and the Liebenberger lake formed a natural boundary between the jurisdictions of Zinna Abbey and the Bishopric of Lebus, what speaks that Müncheberg since 1225 the Cistercian monks of lying in Wroclaw Lubiąż Abbey and the Cistercian nuns of the monastery Trebnitz belonged . The Maxsee settlement, described as desolate in 1405, also came to the city of Müncheberg in 1410. It is certain that the mill that gave the Mühlenfließ its name was built at the Maxsee outflow in 1414 at the latest.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the banker and chairman of the supervisory board of Deutsche Bank Max Steinthal owned 170 hectares of property in the Maxsee settlement, which stretched from the settlement to the lake. Steinthal and his wife furnished the “Neue Mühle” estate with parts of the largely lost art collection of Max and Fanny Steinthal .

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Maxsee  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Brigitte Nixdorf, Mike Hemm u. a .: Documentation of the condition and development of the most important lakes in Germany . … Chapter Maxsee , pp. 72–74.
  2. ↑ Claus Dalchow, Joachim Kiesel: The Oder reaches into the Elbe region - tension and predetermined breaking points between two river regions (PDF; 2.9 MB). In: Brandenburg Geoscientific Contributions , Ed .: State Office for Mining, Geology and Raw Materials Brandenburg, Kleinmachnow Issue 1/2 2005, ISSN  0947-1995 , p. 81.
  3. ^ LAG Märkische Schweiz e. V .: Natural area Märkische Schweiz.
  4. ↑ Please provide proof of direct groundwater input!
  5. ↑ a b Jörg Gelbrecht, Gerhard Ziebarth: The NSG "Löcknitztal" . ...
  6. ↑ Michael Bergemann: Complete list of flowing waters in the Elbe catchment area . Authority for Environment and Energy, Hamburg July 1, 2015 ( PDF; 802 kB [accessed on November 29, 2015]).
  7. ↑ Brandenburg-Viewer, digital topographic maps 1: 10,000 (click on the menu)
  8. ↑ Eva Driescher: The Löcknitz and their catchment area ... , p. 12.
  9. ↑ Michael Böhme: oxygen balance, seston retention and [...] , pp. 60, 66.
  10. ↑ Michael Böhme: oxygen balance, seston retention and […] , p. 66.
  11. ↑ Michael Böhme: oxygen balance, seston retention and […] , pp. 66, 68.
  12. ↑ a b Frank Friedrich: Fish fauna and ecological continuity in small flowing waters. Lebus, April 2011.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 5.7 MB)@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.mugv.brandenburg.de  
  13. ^ Federal Institute for Economics and Nutrition. FFH area Maxsee. Location details.
  14. ↑ a b c 3549-303 Maxsee.  (FFH area) Profiles of the Natura 2000 areas. Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation . Retrieved November 20, 2017.
  15. ↑ Entire species list and red list of fish and lampreys (Pisces et Cyclostomata) from Berlin: p. 87 – p. 91 in Fish in Berlin - Balance of Species Diversity ", published by the Fisheries Office Berlin
  16. ↑ Eva Hackenberg, Volker Herdam: Red List of Endangered Molluscs - Snails & Mussels (Mollusca - Gastropoda & Bivalvia) in Berlin. ( Memento from February 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 236 kB) Processing status December 2003. In: The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (ed.): Red Lists of Endangered Plants and Animals of Berlin. (Also includes the listing for Brandenburg.)
  17. ^ Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food: Achillea ptarmica .
  18. ↑ Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food: Ajuga reptans .
  19. ^ Rüdiger Prasse, Michael Ristow: List of wild growing vascular plants of the state of Berlin with red list. (PDF; 10.2 MB) The State Commissioner for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management / Senate Department for Urban Development (Ed.). Kulturbuch-Verlag, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-88961-137-0 , p. 19. Note: The list of Berlin also contains the classifications in Brandenburg.
  20. ^ Herbert Ludat : The Lebuser Stiftsregister from 1405: Studies on the social and economic conditions in the central Oder region at the beginning of the 15th century. Volume 9 of Eastern European Studies at the Universities of the State of Hesse. Verlag Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1965, ISBN 978-3-428-03807-7 , p. 10, note 92, p. 94. (The entry reads: Maxze habet XXIII mansos decimates. Tenetur solvere VIII solidos gr. )
  21. ↑ Brandenburg name book. Part 10. The names of the waters of Brandenburg . ..., 1996, p. 179.
  22. ↑ Eva Driescher: The Löcknitz and their catchment area ... , p. 10.
  23. ^ Stephan Warnatsch: History of the Lehnin Monastery 1180–1542. Studies on the history, art and culture of the Cistercians. Vol. 12.1. Freie Universität Berlin, Diss. 1999. Lukas, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-931836-45-2 , pp. 337, 399.
  24. ^ City of Müncheberg: Hoppegarten district. History and tourism .
  25. ↑ Grünheide community: Kienbaum
  26. ↑ Melissa Müller, Monika Tatzkow: Lost Pictures, Lost Lives. Jewish collectors and what became of their works of art, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-938045-30-5 , pp. 131–141.