Vladimir Gelfand

Wladimir Gelfand, Germany, 1945

Vladimir Natanowitsch Gelfand ( Russian Владимир Натанович Гельфанд ;. Scientific transliteration Vladimir Natanovič Gel'fand * 1. March 1923 in Nowoarchangelsk , Ukrainian SSR ; † 25. November 1983 in Dnepropetrovsk ) was an officer in the Red Army in World War II . After the war he worked as a vocational school teacher until his death .

Gelfand recorded his experiences during his military service in a diary , which was published in unedited form under the title Germany Diary 1945-1946: Notes of a Red Army Soldier in Germany in 2005 . It is the first and only private diary of a Red Army officer that is available in German.

Life

Vladimir Gelfand was born into a Jewish family , his mother's name was Nadeschda Wladimirowna Gorodynskaja (1902–1982), his father Natan Solomonowitsch Gelfand (1894–1974). The Jewish family lived very modestly. Vladimir Gelfand's mother came from a poor background; she was one of eight children. As a young woman, she made some money with private lessons. Vladimir Gelfand's father had initially worked in a cement factory in Dniprodzerzhynsk and attended vocational courses after the October Revolution . While the father remained independent , the mother had belonged to the Bolsheviks since 1917, i.e. from a very young age . Apparently she did not hold party functions, but Vladimir thought it worth mentioning in a résumé that she had taken part in the civil war . She was expelled from the party in the 1920s. This ruined your career, but saved it from future repression .

Vladimir Gelfand's parents lived in a very typical milieu of the south of the Soviet Union , which was increasingly industrialized in the 1930s : that of the proletarianized Jewish minority that had found connection to the communist movement .

In search of lucrative work and family support, the young family came to the region around Kislovodsk in the Caucasus . In 1926 she lived in Essentuki , where her father's parents lived, but in 1928 she returned to the Ukrainian industrial area. Here the father worked as a brigadier in a metal works and was - according to the son's statements - distinguished as a " push worker ". The mother was employed as an educator in a company kindergarten, in which Vladimir was also looked after. After starting school in 1932, she took a position in the personnel administration of a large industrial company. In 1933 the family moved to the nearby industrial metropolis of Dnipropetrovsk .

The parents separated when Vladimir was still in school. The parents could not offer anything special in terms of clothing and food, but they did their best to support Vladimir's education. He was a typical representative of the “Soviet upper class” of the thirties: a committed Komsomolze , wall newspaper editor, ardent agitator and organizer of artistic recitation competitions. At a time when word art was ascribed an extraordinary importance in the construction of the socialist society and the development of the "new man", he too felt that he had to take up the intellectual, at the same time political "profession" of a writer . The schoolboy Gelfand hardly noticed that the country was shaken by the Great Terror , because it did not affect him or his family, and the school and the press seemed to provide the right explanation for the fight against “ traitors ” and “ class enemies ”.

It is not entirely clear why he moved from middle school to the Abitur class of the Dnipropetrovsk Faculty of Labor in 1940 or 1941 . At the new training center with additional vocational training, he completed “three courses”.

Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union prevented Vladimir graduating from school. When businesses and public institutions in the hometown were evacuated in August 1941, he and his mother made our way to Essentuki. Vladimir found accommodation with his aunt; his mother could not stay near him. The father also left Ukraine.

Gelfand was used in Essentuki and its surroundings at the beginning of the war for simple repair work. In April 1942 he reported to the front , on May 6, 1942 he was called up. The nineteen-year-old received basic training in a small artillery unit near Maikop in the western Caucasus . He was awarded the rank of sergeant , he took command of a grenade launcher crew . When the oil fields near Maikop became the direct target of German attacks in August 1942 and the Wehrmacht advanced into the Caucasus, Gelfand was no longer there. He fought since June on the left wing of the southwest front near Kharkov , which, however, was not up to the powerful attacks of the enemy.

Gelfand experienced a chaotic retreat in the Rostov-on-Don area . In mid-July 1942, his unit was surrounded and partially wiped out. With a small group, he managed from the boiler to break and again after the 62nd Army under the command of Chuikov that for Stalingrad to find struggled. In early August, Gelfand was assigned to an elite unit, the 15th Guards Rifle Division, which fought near Stalingrad. A wound saved Gelfand from the worst of the carnage; in December 1942 he was taken to a hospital near Saratow , east of the Volga . In February 1943 he was written to health and assigned to a reserve rifle regiment near Rostov.

In the summer of 1943, Vladimir Gelfand reestablished correspondence with his mother, who had previously been evacuated to Central Asia . He learned from her that almost all of his relatives on his father's side had perished in the occupied Yessentuki during the extermination of Jews . Fascists killed Vladimir's grandmother, uncle, two of his aunts and two cousins ​​in Essentuki. Only the father and his brother had survived, who fled to Derbent via the Caucasian mountains before the Nazis invaded .

Gelfand completed a three-month training course in officers' courses as a second lieutenant . At the end of August 1943 he was transferred to the 248th Rifle Division, where, after a short stay in the reserve, he took over command of a grenade launcher platoon. The 248th Rifle Division already had an eventful history behind it. Twice completely wiped out and regrouped again, with the third formation in 1942 it received well-trained forces from various infantry non-commissioned officer schools and front-line hospitals. The highly motivated troops did a great job within the associations of the southern front. Gelfand joined her when southern Ukraine was liberated. The Red Army cut off the Crimea, which was still occupied by the Germans, and attacked the remaining German defense lines. Gelfand's grenade launcher train was deployed south of Melitopol . The 248th Rifle Division was integrated into a Guard Army of the 3rd Ukrainian Front in autumn 1943 . At the end of January 1944, Gelfand received the rank of lieutenant . Since November 1943 he was a full member of the CPSU (B) .

In early 1944, Gelfand's unit was involved in fighting on the southern Dnieper . Gelfand lived through them alternately on the battle line and in reserve. At the beginning of May 1944, his unit crossed the Dniester near Grigoriopol . He led a new offensive on the southern section of the front in August 1944 to Bessarabia . In the autumn of 1944 his division was in the area east of Warsaw . His diary was filled with notes on encounters with the Polish civilian population. At the end of November 1944 he had already been out of combat for over two months.

His strolling aroused repeated displeasure with superiors. Even the division commander Nikolaj Galaj noticed him. When Gelfand also began to adore his mistress at the front and - on friendly advice, not giving anything - pressured her in letters and poems, he attracted Galaj's personal anger. In December 1944 he had to explain his unauthorized removal from the troops to the military prosecutor. Before the end of the year, Gelfand returned to the 248th Division grenade launchers.

At the beginning of 1945 the Red Army was preparing for two massive offensive operations, the Vistula-Oder Offensive and the East Prussia Offensive . Units with a total of more than three million Soviet soldiers were re-formed, equipped and positioned for this purpose. The battle for Berlin was to follow the successful offensives . The Red Army was opposed by a still powerful enemy who was ready to stubbornly resist on the borders of their own settlement area. The Soviet attacks began on January 12th and 13th. They led to a dynamic battle.

Gelfand was transferred to the 1052nd Rifle Regiment of the 301st Rifle Division at the beginning of January 1945, which completed exercises in preparation for the offensive. The 301st Division had belonged to Colonel General Bersarin's 5th Shock Army since October 1944 within the 1st Belarusian Front under Army General Zhukov . Gelfand was again given command of a grenade launcher platoon in the 3rd Rifle Battalion, and this time it really went to the front line of battle. Perhaps it was a kind of parole transfer for him, because Gelfand's old division (also in the 5th Shock Army) occupied the staging area behind 301.

On January 14, 1945, after 25 minutes of artillery preparation, the order to attack in a north-westerly direction came south of Warsaw on the Pilica River . The 1052nd Rifle Regiment encountered German infantry and tanks, but the Soviet troops made unexpectedly rapid progress in this section after a few days of trench warfare. Within two weeks they reached the German border, which was overrun by the Wehrmacht in 1939.

At the end of March 1945, Gelfand was called to the staff of the 301st Division to keep the " diary of the fighting " ( Журнал боевых действий ). In the run-up to the Berlin operation , a new clerk had been chosen from Antonov's division staff - Vladimir Gelfand. So he sat while the 301st Rifle Division attacked Berlin near Küstrin in mid-April , first in Küstrin, then west of the city and finally in an eastern suburb of Berlin, and wrote the official division diary.

Gelfand experienced the first peace weeks as a staff officer in various deployments in and near Berlin. At the beginning of July 1945 he was transferred to a reserve officer regiment near Rüdersdorf . After Bersarin was killed in a traffic accident in Berlin in mid-June 1945, the 5th Shock Army was brought out of Berlin. At the same time, the troops converted. A new location had to be found for Gelfand, too, and he hoped for interesting employment and qualification opportunities. So he tried to get a job as a political officer and imagined he would be used in the reconnaissance after taking language courses, for example during prisoner interrogations. With the prospect of a career as a political officer - and only in this way - even an assignment in the Far East seemed conceivable to him in August 1945 after the USSR declared war on Japan .

In October 1945 he applied unsuccessfully for service in a unit southeast of Berlin, then as secretary in Kremmen , and finally a position as a Komsomol functionary seemed to be in prospect somewhere. Gelfand was pushed back and forth, partly because, as he himself could see, his personnel file contained bad references. The bad evaluation probably had to do with his refusal to give his full support to the looting of the German library. When in October 1945 a position in a material base was offered that was sufficiently attractive with a basic salary of 700 to 750 rubles , he agreed. Gelfand's base was a technical supply base (База материалов и оборудования) near Kremmen, northwest of Berlin, which was subordinate to the 21st Independent Trophy Brigade . He served there until he was demobilized in September 1946. Your transport department initially employed three officers and then six in early 1946, as well as technical personnel from the lower ranks. Lieutenant Gelfand arranged and accompanied the deliveries of goods and materials to Soviet units, and organized the transport of dismantling and reparation goods. In his work, he always commuted between Nauen , Potsdam , Velten , Kremmen, Hennigsdorf , Schönwalde , Fürstenberg and Berlin. At the beginning of 1946 he was briefly employed in a Kremmen sawmill as production manager, where he was subordinate to six soldiers and two horse-drawn carts. At the base he always had to take on guard duties. In the spring of 1946 Gelfand was assigned entirely to Berlin for three months.

The demobilization order is dated September 10, 1946. In September 1947, he began studying at the Dnepropetrovsk State University .

In 1949 he married Berta Dawidowna, nee Koifman. Her parents soon moved to Molotov (now Perm ). In 1950 the son Alexander was born. From August 1952 Vladimir worked as a teacher of history as well as Russian language and literature at the Railroad Technical School No. 2 in Molotov . The marriage with Berta soon got into a crisis. In 1954 Gelfand left his wife and son and returned to Dnipropetrovsk. He accepted a position as a teacher at a city technical college.

In 1952, Vladimir Gelfand graduated from Molotov University. He wrote a diploma thesis on Ilya Ehrenburg's novel "Sturm" from 1947. Vladimir was received by Ehrenburg in Moscow for an interview.

In 1957 he met Bella Jefimovna Schulman know. He offered her to go to Dnepropetrovsk with him. Bella agreed and was accepted into the one-room apartment of Vladimir's mother, where, in addition to Vladimir, his father now lived again. He divorced his first wife. The marriage to Bella had two sons. Gennadi was born in 1959 and Vitali in 1963. The parents worked hard, but due to strong anti-Semitism, neither of them got any ten-grade teaching positions.

Gelfand remained a teacher in vocational schools throughout his life, first in the 12th, from 1977 in the 21st technical college in the city of Dnipropetrovsk. He founded a history circle, invited contemporary witnesses and built a small museum with students from memorabilia from war veterans in the region. His subjects included ethics and political economy . For additional income, he occasionally took on lectures on behalf of an educational association during the school holidays . He remained an active party member and also took on functions in the school's party group. At times there were tough arguments there. Anti-Semitic abuse in the teaching collective and even on the part of the history teacher colleagues was not uncommon.

At the end of the 1960s, his wife, with petitions and applications, fought for a rental apartment for the family of the war veteran and teacher. After more than ten years, the four Gelfands came out of their ten square meters of living space. They took Vladimir's mother into the three-room apartment; his father was no longer alive then.

But time worked against him, and the social environment offered less and less space for critical review. When he finally got the opportunity to publish fragments of his war memories in the 1970s, Gelfand couldn't help but feel the scissors in his own head. He never quoted the original verse again, which he left behind on the Reichstag in 1945 and on the Victory Column in 1946 . Instead, in his full-page article Der Sieg in Berlin in the Sowetski Stroitel of April 25, 1975, there is a verse allegedly left in Berlin, in which the original lines "And look and spit on Germania - I spit on Berlin, the defeated, I spit" were through the harmless "Look here, here I am, winner over Germany - I won in Berlin."

The self-created collection of articles includes seven articles from 1968, 20 from 1976, 30 from 1978. They appeared in Ukrainian and Russian in the local party and Komsomol newspapers as well as in newspapers for construction workers.

Gelfand's mother died in 1982, his father in 1974.

Reviews

“They are very private, uncensored testimonies to the experiences and moods of a Red Army soldier and occupier in Germany. Nevertheless, it is revealing how the young Red Army soldier saw the end of the war and the German collapse society. We get completely new insights into the combat community of the Red Army and its moral constitution, which has all too often been glorified in Soviet representations. The Gelfand diaries also contradict the frequently held thesis that the military successes of the Red Army are primarily due to systemic repression . Furthermore, it becomes clear what is meant by the increased self-confidence of the generation of front-line fighters that Stalin so feared. Gelfand stands for a certain group among the winners, for young officers who derived the right from their probation at the front to ridicule a boring speaker, to ward off denunciations, to contradict a high-ranking party official without further ado and - in occupied Germany also - their own Ways to go. From Gelfand's experiences with women it can be seen that in 1945/46 there could also be loving relationships between male victors and female conquered. The reader is credibly demonstrated that German women also sought contact with Soviet soldiers, and not just for material reasons or out of a need for protection. "

- Elke Scherstjanoi

“A Soviet soldier's diary contains a description of reality that has long been suppressed and the everyday circumstances of which have never been described. Despite all the horrors described, it is an exciting read that has finally been published after many years. It is extremely gratifying that the diary has been made available to a wide range of readers, even if only in German and with a 60-year delay, as we lacked this perspective. For the first time, the Red Army's war winners are portrayed as human beings, and it allows a glimpse into the interior of a Soviet soldier. Putin and his post-Soviet supporters will not find it easy to lock this diary in the poison cabinet for anti-Russian propaganda . "

- By Landin

“The 'Germany Diary 1945–1946' is noteworthy in many ways. An eyewitness describes the liberation of Poland and East Germany by the Soviet Army from an unusual perspective . The fact that this book even exists is reason enough to be grateful to its author, because in the Red Army it was forbidden to keep a diary for security reasons. The Ukrainian lieutenant Gelfand bravely disregarded this ban. Notwithstanding its imperfection, this diary stands in certain contrast to the opinion held by numerous historical revisionists that the great victory of humanity over Hitler was an attack by Stalin's hordes on Western civilization. "

- Stefan Lindgren

“In addition to many eyewitness reports about the end of World War II in Germany, the diary of a young lieutenant in the Red Army who was involved in the assault on Berlin and who stayed in the city until September 1946 was published in 2005. Wladimir Gelfand's Germany Diary caused a great response in the mass media , whose comments put the existing German reports on the fall of Berlin and the relationship of the Soviet occupiers to the German civilian population in a new light. "

- Anne Boden

Others

• Various items from Vladimir Gelfand's personal collection : letters, documents, the original of the diary of the combat operations of the 301st Rifle Division (Журнал боевых действий 301 стрелковой дивизии) , spoils of war and others (approx. 150 exhibits of the German ) are in Russian Museum Berlin-Karlshorst .
• A play, 2007 The German-Russian Soldiers' Dictionary - Two Rooms in Dialogue and Русско-немецкий солдатский разговорник. История одного диалога using excerpts from: Wladimir Gelfand: Deutschland-Tagebuch 1945–1946. Records of a Red Army soldier . Establishment of the publishing group.
• All the originals of the diaries (1941–1946), letters (1941–1946), photos and other items from the family's private collection were given to the Jewish Museum and Center for Tolerance .

expenditure

• Wladimir Gelfand: Diary 1941–1946. bbb battert-Verlag 2002, ISBN 3-87989-360-8 .
• Wladimir Gelfand: Germany diary 1945-1946: Notes of a Red Army soldier. Aufbau-Verlag 2005, ISBN 3-351-02596-3 .
• Vladimir Gelfand: Tysk dagbok 1945–1946. Replacement 2006, ISBN 91-88858-21-9 .
• Wladimir Gelfand: Germany Diary 1945–1946. Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag 2008, ISBN 3-7466-8155-3 .
• Vladimir Gelfand: Tysk dagbok 1945–1946. E-book. Replacement 2012, ISBN 978-91-86437-83-1 .
• Владимир Гельфанд: Дневник 1941–1946 . Rosspen ISBN 978-5-8243-1983-5 Moscow , Russia ; Knizhniki Moscow, Russia ISBN 978-5-9953-0395-4 , 2015.
• Владимир Гельфанд: Дневник 1941–1946 . Rosspen ISBN 978-5-8243-2023-7 ; Knizhniki ISBN 978-5-9953-0437-1 , 2016.

bibliography

Several sections from Gelfand's diary and his photos of Germany after the war were used in the books:

Web links

• Wladimir Gelfand website
• Doris Meierhenrich: Declare war on war . In: Berliner Zeitung , 2007
• Irina Parfjonow: Есть ли правда у войны? (PDF; 470 kB) In: Argumenty i facty ( ru )
• Price of victory. Lieutenant Vladimir Gelfand's Diary . Echo Moskwy ( ru )
• The rape of Berlin . BBC News ( en )

Individual evidence

1. ↑ The astonishing memories of a Soviet lieutenant in occupied Germany. The first , culture report
2. ↑ Stefan Schmitz: Of winners and vanquished . ( Memento of the original from June 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Stern 
3. ↑ Bella Gelfand. How the wife of a Red Army soldier, Vladimir Gelfand, was killed in Berlin
4. ^ Elke Scherstjanoi ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) - Institute for Contemporary History
5. ↑ Per Landin : Det oändliga kriget . In: Dagens Nyheter sv
6. ↑ Stefan Lindgren : Dagbok kastar tvivel över våldtäktsmyten ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: sv
7. ^ Anne Boden: Bradford Conference on Contemporary German Literature , Trinity College (Dublin) en
8. ^ Gregor Thum : Dreamland East. German images of Eastern Europe in the 20th century . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht ISBN 3-525-36295-1 , 2006, Germany, Göttingen
9. ^ Paul Steege : Black Market, Cold War: Everyday Life in Berlin, 1946-1949 . Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978-0-521-86496-1 , 2007, US , New York , ISBN 978-0-521-74517-8 , 2008
10. ^ Roland Thimme : Red flags over Potsdam 1933–1989: Paths of life and diaries . Verlag Hentrich & Hentrich ISBN 978-3-938485-40-8 , 2007, Germany, Berlin
11. ↑ Sven Reichardt , Malte Zierenberg : Then after the war: A history of Germany - 1945 to 1949 . Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt ISBN 978-3-421-04342-9 , 2008, Germany, Munich ; Goldmann Verlag ISBN 978-3-442-15574-3 , 2009, Germany, Munich
12. ^ Lothar Gall , Barbara Blessing : Historical magazine . R. Oldenbourg Verlag ISBN 978-3-486-64460-9 , 2008, Germany, Munich
13. ^ Ingeborg Jacobs : Freiwild: The fate of German women 1945 . Propylaen Verlag ISBN 978-3-549-07352-0 , 2008, Ullstein Verlag ISBN 3-548-60926-0 , 2009, Germany, Berlin
14. ↑ Ingo von Münch : Frau, komm !: the mass rapes of German women and girls in 1944/45 . Stocker Verlag ISBN 978-3-902475-78-7 , 2009, Austria , Graz
15. ^ Roland Thimme: Black Moon Night: Authentic Diaries Report (1933–1953). Nazi dictatorship - Soviet arbitrary occupation . Verlag Hentrich & Hentrich ISBN 978-3-938485-96-5 , 2009, Germany, Berlin
16. ^ Heinz Schilling : Annual reports for German history: New series. 60th year 2008 . R. Oldenbourg Verlag ISBN 978-3-05-004590-0 , 2009, Germany, Berlin
17. ↑ Alexander Häusser , Gordian Maugg : Hungerwinter: Germany's humanitarian catastrophe 1946/47 . Propylaen-Verlag ISBN 978-3-549-07364-3 , 2009, Germany, Berlin; Weltbild Retail ISBN 978-3-8289-3247-0 , 2010, Germany, Augsburg ; List ISBN 978-3-548-61005-4 , 2010, Germany, Berlin
18. ↑ Jan Maria Piskorski : WYGNAŃCY: Migracje przymusowe i uchodźcy w dwudziestowiecznej Europie . Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy ISBN 978-8306032727 , 2010, Poland, Warsaw
19. ↑ Jürgen W. Schmidt : When the home became a stranger . Publishing house Dr. Köster ISBN 978-3-89574-760-1 , 2011, Germany, Berlin
20. ↑ Frederick Taylor : Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and denazification of Germany . Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978-1-59691-536-7 , 2011, E-Book 2011, ISBN 978-1-4088-1238-9 , 2011, ISBN 978-1-4088-2212-8 , 2012, United Kingdom , London
21. ^ Michael K. Jones : Total War: From Stalingrad to Berlin . John Murray ISBN 978-1-84854-229-7 , 2011, ISBN 978-1-84854-231-0 , 2012, United Kingdom, London
22. ↑ Frederick Taylor: Between War and Peace: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany 1944-1946 . Berlin Verlag ISBN 978-3-8270-1011-7 , 2011, Germany, Berlin
23. ↑ Michael K. Jones: El trasfondo humano de la guerra: con el ejército soviético de Stalingrado a Berlin . Editorial Crítica ISBN 978-8498923223 , 2012, Spain , Barcelona
24. ↑ Michael David-Fox , Peter Holquist , Alexander M. Martin : Fascination and Enmity: Russia and Germany As Entangled Histories, 1914-1945 . University of Pittsburgh Press ISBN 978-0-8229-6207-6 , 2012 Pittsburgh , US
25. ^ Raphaelle Branche , Fabrice Virgili : Rape in Wartime (Genders and Sexualities in History) . Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-0-230-36399-1 , 2012, United Kingdom, London
26. ↑ Beata Halicka : Poland's Wild West. Forced migration and the cultural appropriation of the Oder region 1945–1948 . Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh ISBN 978-3-506-77695-2 , 2013, Germany, Paderborn
27. ↑ Nathalie Moine : La perte, le don, le butin. Civilization stalinienne, aide étrangère et biens trophées dans l'Union soviétique des années 1940 . Annales. Histoire, Sciences sociales ISBN 978-2200928292 , 2013, France , Paris
28. ↑ Jan Maria Piskorski: The expelled: Escape and expulsion in Europe in the 20th century . Siedler Verlag ISBN 978-3-8275-0025-0 , 2013, Germany, Munich; Pantheon Verlag ISBN 978-3-570-55273-5 , 2015, Germany, Munich
29. ↑ Niclas Sennerteg : nionde Armen undergång: Kampen om Berlin 1945 . Historiska Media ISBN 9789185507436 , 2007; Ljudbok ISBN 9789185873128 , 2007; E-book ISBN 9789187031588 , 2013; ISBN 978-9175930275 , 2014; Sweden, Lund
30. ↑ Michaela Kipp : "Großreinemachen im Osten": Enemy images in German field post letters in World War II . Campus-Verlag ISBN 978-3-593-50095-9 , 2014, Germany, Frankfurt am Main
31. ↑ Володимир Поліщук : Зроблено в Єлисаветграді . [1] 2014, Kirovohrad , Ukraine
32. ↑ Anders Bergman , Emelie Perland : 365 dagar: Utdrag ur kända och okända dagböcker . Historiska Media ISBN 9789175452456 , 2015; E-book ISBN 9789175452463 , 2015; Sweden, Lund
33. ↑ Miriam Gebhardt : When the soldiers came: The rape of German women at the end of the Second World War . Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt ISBN 978-3-421-04633-8 , 2015, Germany, Munich
34. ^ Martin Stein : The Soviet War Propaganda 1941-1945 in Ego-Documents . GRIN Verlag ISBN 978-3-656-93183-6 , 2015, Germany, Munich