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Coordinates: 09°30′33″N 13°42′44″W / 9.50917°N 13.71222°W / 9.50917; -13.71222
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{{Short description|Capital, chief port, and the largest city of Guinea}}
[[Image:GN-Conakry.png|right|250px|Location of Conakry in Guinea]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
'''Conakry''' (also Konakry, [[Malinké language|Malinké]] ''Kɔnakiri''), population 2,000,000 ([[2002]]), is the capital of [[Guinea]]. The city is a [[port]] on the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Conakry is located at 9°30' North, 13°40' West (9.5, -13.6667). [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html]
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Conakry
| settlement_type = [[Capital city]]
| image_skyline = Un aperçu de la ville de conakry.jpg
| image_caption = Skyline of Conakry
| image_map = Conakry in Guinea.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Conakry Region in Guinea
| pushpin_map = Guinea Conakry#Guinea#Africa
| pushpin_relief = 1
| mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Map showing the location of Central Conakry on [[Tombo Island]], with the growing city spreading up the Kaloum Peninsula.
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Guinea}}
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = [[Conakry Region]]
| leader_title = Governor
| leader_name = [[M'Mahawa Sylla]]
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 450
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water =
| population_total = 1660973
| population_as_of = 2014
| population_footnotes = <ref name =recensement2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat-guinee.org/images/Publications/INS/RGPH3/RGPH3_etat_structure.pdf|title=Etat et Structure de la Population Recensement General de la Population et de l'habitation 2014|access-date=27 March 2020|website=Direction Nationale de la Statistique de Guinée|df=dmy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124062531/http://www.stat-guinee.org/images/Publications/INS/RGPH3/RGPH3_etat_structure.pdf|archive-date=24 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Conakryka<ref>[https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/no_106_janv-mars_2009_cle446315.pdf du ministère des affaires étrangères] (in French)</ref>
| timezone = [[Universal Time Coordinated|UTC]]
| utc_offset = ±0
| timezone_DST = {{small|''not observed''}}
| utc_offset_DST =
| coordinates = {{coord|09|30|33|N|13|42|44|W|region:GN|display=inline,title}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.675<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |language=en |access-date=13 September 2018 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />{{color|#fc0|medium}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_flag =Flag of Conakry.jpg
| flag_size = 150px
| image_seal =
Logo of Conakry.png
}}


'''Conakry''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|ə|k|ɹ|i}}; {{IPA-fr|kɔnakʁi}}; {{lang-sus|Kɔnakiri}}; {{Lang-nqo|ߞߐߣߊߞߙߌ߫}}, {{Lang-ff|𞤑𞤮𞤲𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤭𞤪𞤭|translit=Konaakiri}}) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city of [[Guinea]]. A port city, it serves as the economic, financial and cultural centre of Guinea. Its population as of the 2014 Guinea census was 1,660,973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GeoHive – Guinea population statistics |work=geohive.com |access-date=5 June 2016 |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/guinea.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124030052/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/guinea.aspx |archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref>
==History==
It developed on [[Tumbo Island]] at the tip of the [[Kaloum Peninsula]], to which it is now joined by an [[isthmus]], the city having long spread on to it. The city was essentially founded after [[Britain]] ceded the island to [[France]] in [[1887]]. It became the capital of [[Guinée Française]] in about [[1904]] and prospered as an [[export]] port, particularly after a (now closed) [[railway]] to [[Kankan]] opened.


The current population of Conakry is difficult to ascertain, although the U.S. Department of State's [[Bureau of African Affairs]] has estimated it at two million, accounting for one-sixth of the entire population of the country.<ref name="US DoS" />
==Conakry today==
Today, the city has grown along the peninsula to form five main districts. From the tip in the south west, these are [[Kaloum]] (the [[city centre]]), [[Dixinn]] (including the [[Polytechnical Institute of Conakry|University of Conakry]] and many [[embassy|embassies]]), [[Ratoma]] (known for its [[nightlife]]), [[Matam]] and finally [[Matoto]], home to [[Gbessia Airport]].


== History ==
Attractions in the city include the [[Guinea National Museum]], several [[market]]s, the [[Guinea Palais du Peuple]], [[Conakry Grand Mosque]], the city's nightlife and the nearby [[Iles de Los]].
{{See also|Timeline of Conakry}}
[[File:Konakry-Vue générale.jpg|thumb|left|The city in 1912]]
Conakry was originally settled on the small Tombo Island and later spread to the neighboring Kaloum Peninsula, a {{convert|36|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|sp=us}} stretch of land {{convert|0.2|to|6|km|mi|frac=8|sp=us}} wide. The city was essentially founded after Britain ceded the island to France in 1887.<ref>Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 89</ref> In 1885 the two island villages of Conakry and Boubinet had fewer than 500 inhabitants. Conakry became the capital of [[French Guinea]] in 1904 and prospered as an export port, particularly after a railway (now closed) to [[Kankan]] opened up the interior of the country for the large-scale export of [[peanut|groundnut]].


In the decades after independence, the population of Conakry boomed, from 50,000 inhabitants in 1958 to 600,000 in 1980, to over two million today.<ref name="Manning" /> Its small land area and relative isolation from the mainland, while an advantage to its colonial founders, has created an infrastructural burden since independence.<ref name="World Bank" />
The city is noted for its botanical garden. The [[Polytechnical Institute of Conakry]] is also located in Conakry.


[[File:Conakry - französischer Gouverneurspalast - 1956.jpg|thumb|left|Conakry – French Governor's Palace in 1956]]
The street numbering scheme of Conakry labels all roads with a two-letter code for the urban district, followed by a three digit number: odd for north-south streets and even for east-west, e.g. KA002 for a northbound street in the Kaloum district.


In 1970, conflict between Portuguese forces and the belligerent [[African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde|PAIGC]] independence campaigners in neighbouring [[Portuguese Guinea]] (now [[Guinea-Bissau]]) spilled into the Republic of Guinea when a group of 350 Portuguese troops and Guinean loyalists landed near Conakry, [[Portuguese invasion of Guinea, 1970|attacked the city]] and freed 26 Portuguese [[prisoners of war]] held by the PAIGC before retreating, having failed to overthrow the government or kill the PAIGC leadership.<ref name="Time" />
==Economy==


[[Camp Boiro]], a feared concentration camp during the rule of [[Sekou Toure]], was located in Conakry.<ref>{{cite book |title=La Guinée peut-elle être changée? |first=Alsény René |last=Gomez |publisher=Editions L'Harmattan |year=2010 |isbn=978-2-296-11963-5}}</ref>
Conakry is Guinea's largest city and its administrative, communications, and economic center. The city's economy revolves largely around the port, which has modern facilities for handling and storing cargo, through which [[aluminum|alumina]] and [[banana|bananas]] are shipped. Manufactures include food products and [[automobile]]s.


According to human rights groups, 157 people died during the [[2009 Guinea protest]] when the military junta opened fire against tens of thousands of protesters in the city on 28 September 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8280603.stm |work=BBC News |title=Guinea massacre toll put at 157 |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=21 March 2012 |archive-date=2 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002232605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8280603.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Category:Cities in Guinea]]
[[Category:Coastal cities]]
[[Category:Capitals in Africa]]


== Geography ==
[[af:Conakry]]
Originally situated on [[Tombo Island]], one of the [[Îles de Los]], it has since spread up the neighboring Kaloum Peninsula.
[[bg:Конакри]]

[[ca:Conakry]]
=== Climate ===
[[da:Conakry]]
According to [[Köppen climate classification]], Conakry features a [[tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: ''Am''). Conakry features a [[wet season]] and a [[dry season]]. Like most of West Africa, Conakry's dry season is dominated by the [[harmattan]] wind between December and April. As a result, almost no rain falls in the city during these months.
[[de:Conakry]]

[[es:Conakry]]
Compared to most of West Africa, Conakry's wet season sees an extraordinary amount of rainfall, averaging more than {{convert|1,100|mm|in|0}} in both July and August. As a result, Conakry's average annual rainfall totals nearly {{convert|3,800|mm|in|0}}. However, the dry season is still dry, with January and February only receiving {{convert|1|mm|in|0}} of rainfall on average. Sunshine is lower in the wet season than the dry season, with August receiving the least sunshine and March receiving the most.
[[eo:Konakrio]]

[[fr:Conakry]]
{{Weather box
[[ko:코나크리]]
| width = auto
[[io:Conakry]]
| metric first = yes
[[it:Conakry]]
| single line = yes
[[he:קונאקרי]]
| location = Conakry (1991–2020)
[[lv:Konakri]]
| Jan high C = 31.6
[[lt:Konakris]]
| Feb high C = 31.9
[[nl:Conakry]]
| Mar high C = 32.2
[[ja:コナクリ]]
| Apr high C = 32.3
[[no:Conakry]]
| May high C = 31.9
[[pl:Konakry]]
| Jun high C = 30.3
[[pt:Conacri]]
| Jul high C = 28.8
[[sk:Konakry]]
| Aug high C = 28.4
[[fi:Conakry]]
| Sep high C = 29.5
[[sv:Conakry]]
| Oct high C = 30.4
| Nov high C = 31.4
| Dec high C = 31.8
| year high C = 30.9

| Jan mean C = 26.9
| Feb mean C = 27.6
| Mar mean C = 28.2
| Apr mean C = 28.4
| May mean C = 28.3
| Jun mean C = 27.0
| Jul mean C = 25.9
| Aug mean C = 25.7
| Sep mean C = 26.3
| Oct mean C = 26.8
| Nov mean C = 27.7
| Dec mean C = 27.6
| year mean C = 27.2

| Jan low C = 22.3
| Feb low C = 23.2
| Mar low C = 24.1
| Apr low C = 24.6
| May low C = 24.6
| Jun low C = 23.6
| Jul low C = 23.1
| Aug low C = 23.1
| Sep low C = 23.2
| Oct low C = 23.2
| Nov low C = 24.1
| Dec low C = 23.3
| year low C = 23.5

| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 2.5
| Feb precipitation mm = 1.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 3.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 17.9
| May precipitation mm = 112.5
| Jun precipitation mm = 433.6
| Jul precipitation mm = 1082.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 1142.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 555.2
| Oct precipitation mm = 293.2
| Nov precipitation mm = 80.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 5.5
| year precipitation mm = 3729.9

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 0.3
| Feb precipitation days = 0.2
| Mar precipitation days = 0.5
| Apr precipitation days = 2.0
| May precipitation days = 8.5
| Jun precipitation days = 19.2
| Jul precipitation days = 26.4
| Aug precipitation days = 28.2
| Sep precipitation days = 23.0
| Oct precipitation days = 17.0
| Nov precipitation days = 5.2
| Dec precipitation days = 0.4
| year precipitation days = 130.9

| Jan humidity = 71
| Feb humidity = 70
| Mar humidity = 68
| Apr humidity = 70
| May humidity = 74
| Jun humidity = 81
| Jul humidity = 85
| Aug humidity = 87
| Sep humidity = 85
| Oct humidity = 81
| Nov humidity = 79
| Dec humidity = 73
| year humidity = 77
| Jan sun = 223
| Feb sun = 224
| Mar sun = 251
| Apr sun = 222
| May sun = 208
| Jun sun = 153
| Jul sun = 109
| Aug sun = 87
| Sep sun = 135
| Oct sun = 189
| Nov sun = 207
| Dec sun = 214
| year sun = 2222

| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (humidity, sun 1961–1990)<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Guinea/CSV/CONAKRY_61832.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Conakry
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 4, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/GW/61832.TXT |title=Conakry Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Los Islands, Guinea.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Conakry Peninsula and [[Îles de Los]]]]

==Population==
{{Historical populations
| 1958 | 78,388
| 1983 | 710,372
| 1996 | 1,092,631
| 2014 | 1,660,973
|align = none
| footnote = source:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/guinea/cities/ |title=Conakry population statistics |access-date=2 July 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606140546/http://www.citypopulation.de/en/guinea/cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

== Government and administration ==

Conakry is a special city with a single region and prefecture government. The local government of the city was decentralized in 1991 between five municipal ''communes'' headed by a mayor.<ref name="capitale" /> From the tip in the southwest, these are:

* [[Kaloum]] – the city centre
* [[Dixinn]] – including the [[Polytechnical Institute of Conakry|University of Conakry]] and many embassies
* [[Ratoma]] – known for its nightlife
* [[Matam, Guinea|Matam]]
* [[Matoto]] – home to [[Conakry International Airport]].

The five urban communes make up the [[Conakry Region]], one of the eight [[Regions of Guinea]], which is headed by a governor. At the second-tier prefecture level, the city is designated as the '''Conakry Special Zone''', though the prefecture and regional government are one and the same. At an estimated two million inhabitants, it is far and away the largest city in Guinea, making up almost a quarter of the nation's population and making it more than four times bigger than its nearest rival, [[Kankan]].

== Economy ==
[[File:Conakry-ville2.JPG|thumb|300px|A street scene in Conakry]]
Conakry is Guinea's largest city and its administrative, communications, and economic centre. The city's economy revolves largely around the [[Autonomous Port of Conakry|port]], which has modern facilities for handling and storing cargo, through which alumina and bananas are shipped. Manufactures include food products and cement, metal manufactures, and fuel products.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.europaworld.com/entry/gn.ec |title=Europa World Online : Log In |last=www.semantico.com |website=www.europaworld.com |language=en |access-date=29 January 2018 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906184935/https://www.europaworld.com/LOGIN?sessionid=a23f52ba54e8679cfd4873a85087c7e1&authstatuscode=400 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Markets ===
* [[Marché Madina (Conakry)|Marché Madina]]<ref name="HudgensTrillo2003">{{cite book |last1=Hudgens |first1=Jim |last2=Trillo |first2=Richard |title=The rough guide to West Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetowest0000hudg |url-access=registration |access-date=16 March 2011 |date=30 December 2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-118-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetowest0000hudg/page/558 558]}}</ref>
* [[Marché du Niger]]<ref name="HudgensTrillo2003" />

=== Infrastructure crisis ===
Periodic power and water cuts have been a daily burden for Conakry's residents since early 2002. Government and power company officials blame the drought of February 2001 for a failure of the hydro-electric supply to the capital, and a failure of aging machinery for the continuation of the crisis. Critics of the government cite mismanagement, corruption and the withdrawal of the power agency's French partner at the beginning of 2002. {{As of|2007}}, much of the city has no traffic lighting in the overnight hours.<ref name="BBC" />

Popular anger at shortages in Conakry was entwined with anti-government protests, strikes, and violence against the rule of President [[Lansana Conté]] and the successive prime ministers [[Cellou Dalein Diallo]] and [[Eugène Camara]] appointed to fill the post after the resignation of Prime Minister [[François Lonseny Fall]] in April 2004. Violence reached a peak in [[2007 Guinean general strike|January–February 2007 in a general strike]], which saw over one hundred deaths when the Army confronted protesters.<ref name="relations">''For the relations between the 2007 crisis and infrastructure in Conakry, see:''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6357581.stm Q&A: Guinea emergency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307042602/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6357581.stm |date=7 March 2008 }}, BBC World Service. 13 February 2007.
* [http://www.zibb.com/article/2088978/Youths+Chase+Staff+From+State+Electricity+Offices+Protesting+Power+Cuts Youths Chase Staff From State Electricity Offices, Protesting Power Cuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711155441/http://www.zibb.com/article/2088978/Youths%2BChase%2BStaff%2BFrom%2BState%2BElectricity%2BOffices%2BProtesting%2BPower%2BCuts |date=11 July 2019 }}, 25 October 2007 (UN Integrated Regional Information Networks/All Africa Global Media via COMTEX).
* [http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=17&ReportId=62734 IRIN In-Depth, Guinea: Living on the edge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503164352/http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=17&ReportId=62734 |date=3 May 2007 }}. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, January 2005.
* [http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57938 GUINEA: Power cuts stop for football] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112195214/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57938 |date=12 January 2009 }}, 26 January 2006 (IRIN)
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2714291.stm Guinea protests over power-cuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228194155/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2714291.stm |date=28 December 2008 }}, Alhassan Sillah: BBC, Conakry, 31 January 2003
* [http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?action=conflict_search&l=1&t=1&c_country=44 Conflict history: Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070715112632/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?action=conflict_search&l=1&t=1&c_country=44 |date=15 July 2007 }}. International Crisis Group, updated 11 May 2007.</ref>

== Transportation ==
Conakry is serviced by [[Conakry International Airport]] which has flights to several cities in West Africa and Europe.

== Architecture ==
* {{ill|Palais Mohammed V|fr}}<ref name="Schwarz-BartSchwarz-Bart2003">{{cite book |last1=Schwarz-Bart |first1=Simone |last2=Schwarz-Bart |first2=André |title=In Praise of Black Women: Modern African women |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HD7U2a1Sp-0C&pg=PA252 |access-date=16 March 2011 |year=2003 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-17270-1 |page=121 |archive-date=28 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528235537/https://books.google.com/books?id=HD7U2a1Sp-0C&pg=PA252 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Presidential Palace (Guinea)|Presidential Palace]]<ref name="Davidson1989">{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Basil |title=The fortunate isles: a study in African transformation |url=https://archive.org/details/fortunateislesst0000davi |url-access=registration |access-date=16 March 2011 |year=1989 |publisher=Africa World Press |isbn=978-0-86543-122-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fortunateislesst0000davi/page/104 104]}}</ref>
* [[Palais du Peuple (Guinea)|Palais du Peuple]]<ref name="Watch">{{cite book |title=GUINEA Dying for Change Brutality and Repression by Guinean Security Forces in Response to a Nationwide Strike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUmNSsrjqsYC&pg=PA17 |access-date=16 March 2011 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=17 |id=GGKEY:1UZAQCJ7E3A |year=2007 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506023746/https://books.google.com/books?id=nUmNSsrjqsYC&pg=PA17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Hospitals ==
* [[Donka Hospital]]
* [[Ignace Deen Hospital]]<ref>Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet, Diallo MS, Diallo TS, Diallo FB, Diallo Y, Camara AY, Onivogui G, Keita N, Diawo SA. (1995) Mar;90(3):138-41., ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7784781 Anemia and pregnancy. Epidemiologic, clinical and prognostic study at the university clinic of the Ignace Deen Hospital, Conakry (Guinee)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818190619/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7784781 |date=18 August 2018 }}'', Clinique universitaire de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Ignace Deen, Conakry Guinée.</ref>
* [[Clinique Ambroise Paré]]<ref name="YoungGherardin2008">{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Isabelle |last2=Gherardin |first2=Tony |title=Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVE_P8TmoboC&pg=PA411 |access-date=16 March 2011 |date=15 July 2008 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74059-143-0 |page=411 |archive-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516234525/https://books.google.com/books?id=EVE_P8TmoboC&pg=PA411 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Clinique Pasteur]]

== Culture ==
[[File:Statut au musse de conakry.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Courtyard at [[Sandervalia National Museum]]]]
[[File:Over conakry (3326330162).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Stade du 28 Septembre]]]]
* [[Sandervalia National Museum]]<ref name="Inc1995">{{cite book |title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/worldmarkencyclo02gale |url-access=registration |access-date=16 March 2011 |year=1995 |publisher=Gale Research |isbn=978-0-8103-9880-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldmarkencyclo02gale/page/189 189]}}</ref>
* [[National Library of Guinea]] and [[National Archives of Guinea]]<ref name="Inc1995" />
* [[Camp Boiro]]<ref name="Bâ1986">{{cite book |last=Bâ |first=Ardo Ousmane |title=Camp Boiro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tGQFAQAAIAAJ |access-date=16 March 2011 |year=1986 |publisher=L'Harmattan |isbn=978-2-85802-649-4 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529033752/https://books.google.com/books?id=tGQFAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Monument du 22 Novembre 1970, Conakry|Monument du 22 Novembre 1970]]<ref name="Bartke1975">{{cite book |last=Bartke |first=Wolfgang |title=China's economic aid |url=https://archive.org/details/chinaseconomicai0000bart_v1w7 |url-access=registration |access-date=16 March 2011 |year=1975 |publisher=Holmes & Meier Publishers |isbn=978-0-8419-0179-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinaseconomicai0000bart_v1w7/page/119 119]}}</ref>

===Places of worship===
[[File:Cathédrale Sainte-Marie de Conakry.jpg|St. Mary's Cathedral.|thumb]]
[[Islam]]ic mosques in the city include the [[Grand Mosque of Conakry]]. There are also [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples, including the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Conakry]]'s [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Conakry|Cathédrale Sainte-Marie]], the Église Protestante Évangélique de Guinée ([[Alliance World Fellowship]]), and the [[Assemblies of God]].<ref>J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1279</ref><ref name="Devey2009">{{cite book |last=Devey |first=Muriel |title=La Guinée |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_DmrQkR4UC&pg=PA230 |access-date=16 March 2011 |year=2009 |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |isbn=978-2-8111-0037-7 |page=230 |archive-date=19 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519185340/https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_DmrQkR4UC&pg=PA230 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Universities and education===
* [[College Gbessia Centre|Collège Gbessia Centre]]
* [[College-Lycee Sainte-Marie|Collège-Lycée Sainte-Marie]]
* [[Gamal Abdel Nasser University]] (Institut Polytechnique de Conakry)<ref name="O'TooleBaker2005">{{cite book |last1=O'Toole |first1=Thomas |last2=Baker |first2=Janice E. |title=Historical dictionary of Guinea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIiHwg3Y5u4C&pg=PA112 |access-date=16 March 2011 |year=2005 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-4634-0 |page=112 |archive-date=28 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428185241/https://books.google.com/books?id=kIiHwg3Y5u4C&pg=PA112 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Books2006">{{cite book |author=K G Saur Books |title=International directory of arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXzrAAAAMAAJ |access-date=16 March 2011 |date=31 December 2006 |publisher=K.G. Saur |isbn=978-3-598-23113-1 |archive-date=28 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528221752/https://books.google.com/books?id=AXzrAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Institut Geographique National (Guinea)|Institut Géographique National (Guinea)]]<ref name="Böhme1991">{{cite book |last=Böhme |first=Rolf |title=Inventory of World Topographic Mapping: South America, Central America, and Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8o4YAQAAMAAJ |access-date=16 March 2011 |date=December 1991 |publisher=Published on behalf of the International Cartographic Association by Elsevier Applied Science Publishers |isbn=978-1-85166-661-4 |page=344 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507210016/https://books.google.com/books?id=8o4YAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Université Kofi Annan]]<ref name="Etudes">{{cite web |url=http://etudiantguinee.org/doc%20ETUDES%20EN%20GUINEE.pdf |title=Etudes en Guinee |publisher=Projet EtudiantGuinée |language=fr |access-date=16 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726035758/http://etudiantguinee.org/doc%20ETUDES%20EN%20GUINEE.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref>

===Parks and gardens===
* [[Jardin 2 Octobre]]<ref name="Publications2003">{{cite book |author=Europa Publications |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA520 |access-date=16 March 2011 |date=9 December 2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-1-85743-183-4 |page=520 |archive-date=28 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528213506/https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA520 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Conakry Botanical Garden]]<ref name="Britannicainc1993">{{cite book |title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency |url-access=registration |access-date=16 March 2011 |year=1993 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |isbn=978-0-85229-571-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency/page/512 512]}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
*[[Mamadi Diakite]], NBA basketball player for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]]
*[[Maciré Sylla]], singer, dancer, author and composer
* [[M'Mahawa Sylla]] is a Guinean army officer.

== See also ==
* [[2007 Guinean general strike]]
* [[2009 Guinea protest]]
* [[Île Tamara Lighthouse]]

== References ==
{{See also|Timeline of Conakry#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Conakry}}
* Dave, Nomi (2019) ''The Revolution's Echoes: Music, Politics & Pleasure in Guinea.'' Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
* Thomas O'Toole, Janice E. Baker. (2005) ''Historical Dictionary of Guinea''. Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|0-8108-4634-9}}
* Philipps, Joschka (2013) ''Ambivalent Rage: Youth Gangs and Urban Protest in Conakry, Guinea.'' Harmattan Guinée.
* Cohen, Adrienne ( 2019) "Performing Excess: Urban Ceremony and the Semiotics of Precarity in Guinea-Conakry." ''Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute''. 89 (4): 718–738.
* Odile Goerg. "Chieftainships between Past and Present: From City to Suburb and Back in Colonial Conakry, 1890s–1950s". ''Africa Today'', Summer 2006, Vol. 52, No. 4, Pages 2–27
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090105202919/http://africartmodern.com/site19.06.02/1en/conakry_e.htm Conakry the Capital]: history of the city at site of expat artist.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060625052849/http://guineeconakry.info/index.php?main=14&sub=0&db=1 ''HISTOIRE DE CONAKRY, 1463 to present'', by Luc MOGENET], reprinted at guineeconakry.info (no date)
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/19/AR2007071901225.html Kids in Guinea Study Under Airport Lamps], RUKMINI CALLIMACHI The Associated Press, Thursday, 19 July 2007.
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcnkr.html Archdiocese of Conakry]: history and structure (at catholic-hierarchy.org)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080709010102/http://www.uneca.org/aisi/nici/country_profiles/Guinea/guineainfra.htm Guinea's Telecommunication Infrastructure], United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), 1999 figures.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="US DoS">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2824.htm "Background Note: Guinea"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604184701/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2824.htm |date=4 June 2019 }}. Bureau of African Affairs, U.S. Department of State, January 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2007; [http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-89 World Gazetteer] {{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Retrieved 16 June 2008</ref>

<ref name="Manning">Patrick Manning. Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, 1880–1995, Cambridge (1998)</ref>

<ref name="World Bank">For the urban infrastructure and its history, see [http://www.worldbank.org/urban/forum2002/docs/diallo-pres.pdf. M. Dian DIALLO. Street Addressing And Basic Services in Conakry, Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906184917/https://www.worldbank.org/404_response.htm |date=6 September 2021 }}. Presented at the Urban Forum/ [[World Bank]] – Washington, D.C. – 2–4 April 2002.</ref>

<ref name="Time">{{Cite magazine |title=Cloudy Days in Conakry |date=7 December 1970 |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877145,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227184304/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877145,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="capitale">{{cite web |url=http://www.guineeconakry.info/index.php?id=85 |title=Guineeconakry.info – Conakry (la capitale) |access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328015409/http://www.guineeconakry.info/index.php?id=85 |archive-date=28 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6166264.stm Conakry's dark streets turning orange. James Copnall, BBC News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414134617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6166264.stm |date=14 April 2012 }}, Guinea . 23 November 2006.</ref>
}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181006014435/http://www.guineeconakry.info/ guineeconakry.info/]: Conakry-based news portal
* [http://www.lejourguinee.com/ Le Jour Guinée] {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180322201855/http://ontguinee.com/ Office National du Tourisme, République du Guinée].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190511104143/https://www.univ-kag.org/ l'Université Kofi Annan de Guinée (UNIKAG)]
* [http://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/EarthObservation/Guinea_Conakry_ASA_APP_Orbit07434_20030802_H.jpg Satellite image of Conakry and the Kaloum Peninsula], from the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[Envisat]]: image description at [http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMAV21XDYD_index_1.html http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMAV21XDYD_index_1.html].
* [http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/117/article_5279.asp Moussa Dadis Camara speaks to Radio France Internationale after Conakry massacre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003121321/http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/117/article_5279.asp |date=3 October 2009 }}

{{Guinea-pref}}
{{List of African capitals}}
{{World Book Capital}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conakry| ]]
[[Category:Capitals in Africa]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Guinea]]
[[Category:Populated places in Guinea]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Guinea]]
[[Category:Prefectures of Guinea]]
[[Category:Regional capitals in Guinea]]

Latest revision as of 20:20, 27 April 2024

Conakry
Capital city
Skyline of Conakry
Skyline of Conakry
Flag of Conakry
Flag
Official seal of Conakry
Seal
Conakry Region in Guinea
Conakry Region in Guinea
Conakry is located in Conakry
Conakry
Conakry
Map showing the location of Central Conakry on Tombo Island, with the growing city spreading up the Kaloum Peninsula.
Conakry is located in Guinea
Conakry
Conakry
Conakry (Guinea)
Conakry is located in Africa
Conakry
Conakry
Conakry (Africa)
Coordinates: 09°30′33″N 13°42′44″W / 9.50917°N 13.71222°W / 9.50917; -13.71222
Country Guinea
RegionConakry Region
Government
 • GovernorM'Mahawa Sylla
Area
 • Total450 km2 (170 sq mi)
Population
 (2014)[1]
 • Total1,660,973
 • Density3,700/km2 (9,600/sq mi)
DemonymConakryka[2]
Time zoneUTC±0 (UTC)
 • Summer (DST)not observed
HDI (2019)0.675[3]
medium

Conakry (/ˈkɒnəkri/; French pronunciation: [kɔnakʁi]; Susu: Kɔnakiri; N'Ko: ߞߐߣߊߞߙߌ߫, Fula: 𞤑𞤮𞤲𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤭𞤪𞤭, romanized: Konaakiri) is the capital and largest city of Guinea. A port city, it serves as the economic, financial and cultural centre of Guinea. Its population as of the 2014 Guinea census was 1,660,973.[4]

The current population of Conakry is difficult to ascertain, although the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of African Affairs has estimated it at two million, accounting for one-sixth of the entire population of the country.[5]

History[edit]

See also: Timeline of Conakry
The city in 1912

Conakry was originally settled on the small Tombo Island and later spread to the neighboring Kaloum Peninsula, a 36-kilometer-long (22 mi) stretch of land 0.2 to 6 kilometers (1⁄8 to 3+3⁄4 mi) wide. The city was essentially founded after Britain ceded the island to France in 1887.[6] In 1885 the two island villages of Conakry and Boubinet had fewer than 500 inhabitants. Conakry became the capital of French Guinea in 1904 and prospered as an export port, particularly after a railway (now closed) to Kankan opened up the interior of the country for the large-scale export of groundnut.

In the decades after independence, the population of Conakry boomed, from 50,000 inhabitants in 1958 to 600,000 in 1980, to over two million today.[7] Its small land area and relative isolation from the mainland, while an advantage to its colonial founders, has created an infrastructural burden since independence.[8]

Conakry – French Governor's Palace in 1956

In 1970, conflict between Portuguese forces and the belligerent PAIGC independence campaigners in neighbouring Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau) spilled into the Republic of Guinea when a group of 350 Portuguese troops and Guinean loyalists landed near Conakry, attacked the city and freed 26 Portuguese prisoners of war held by the PAIGC before retreating, having failed to overthrow the government or kill the PAIGC leadership.[9]

Camp Boiro, a feared concentration camp during the rule of Sekou Toure, was located in Conakry.[10]

According to human rights groups, 157 people died during the 2009 Guinea protest when the military junta opened fire against tens of thousands of protesters in the city on 28 September 2009.[11]

Geography[edit]

Originally situated on Tombo Island, one of the Îles de Los, it has since spread up the neighboring Kaloum Peninsula.

Climate[edit]

According to Köppen climate classification, Conakry features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am). Conakry features a wet season and a dry season. Like most of West Africa, Conakry's dry season is dominated by the harmattan wind between December and April. As a result, almost no rain falls in the city during these months.

Compared to most of West Africa, Conakry's wet season sees an extraordinary amount of rainfall, averaging more than 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in both July and August. As a result, Conakry's average annual rainfall totals nearly 3,800 millimetres (150 in). However, the dry season is still dry, with January and February only receiving 1 millimetre (0 in) of rainfall on average. Sunshine is lower in the wet season than the dry season, with August receiving the least sunshine and March receiving the most.

Climate data for Conakry (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.6
(88.9) 		31.9
(89.4) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		31.9
(89.4) 		30.3
(86.5) 		28.8
(83.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		29.5
(85.1) 		30.4
(86.7) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.8
(89.2) 		30.9
(87.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.9
(80.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		27.0
(80.6) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.8
(80.2) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.6
(81.7) 		27.2
(81.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.3
(72.1) 		23.2
(73.8) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.6
(76.3) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.2
(73.8) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.5
(74.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 2.5
(0.10) 		1.4
(0.06) 		3.4
(0.13) 		17.9
(0.70) 		112.5
(4.43) 		433.6
(17.07) 		1,082.6
(42.62) 		1,142.1
(44.96) 		555.2
(21.86) 		293.2
(11.54) 		80.0
(3.15) 		5.5
(0.22) 		3,729.9
(146.85)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.3 0.2 0.5 2.0 8.5 19.2 26.4 28.2 23.0 17.0 5.2 0.4 130.9
Average relative humidity (%) 71 70 68 70 74 81 85 87 85 81 79 73 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours 223 224 251 222 208 153 109 87 135 189 207 214 2,222
Source: NOAA (humidity, sun 1961–1990)[12][13]
Conakry Peninsula and Îles de Los

Population[edit]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1958 78,388—    
1983 710,372+806.2%
1996 1,092,631+53.8%
2014 1,660,973+52.0%
source:[14]

Government and administration[edit]

Conakry is a special city with a single region and prefecture government. The local government of the city was decentralized in 1991 between five municipal communes headed by a mayor.[15] From the tip in the southwest, these are:

The five urban communes make up the Conakry Region, one of the eight Regions of Guinea, which is headed by a governor. At the second-tier prefecture level, the city is designated as the Conakry Special Zone, though the prefecture and regional government are one and the same. At an estimated two million inhabitants, it is far and away the largest city in Guinea, making up almost a quarter of the nation's population and making it more than four times bigger than its nearest rival, Kankan.

Economy[edit]

A street scene in Conakry

Conakry is Guinea's largest city and its administrative, communications, and economic centre. The city's economy revolves largely around the port, which has modern facilities for handling and storing cargo, through which alumina and bananas are shipped. Manufactures include food products and cement, metal manufactures, and fuel products.[16]

Markets[edit]

Infrastructure crisis[edit]

Periodic power and water cuts have been a daily burden for Conakry's residents since early 2002. Government and power company officials blame the drought of February 2001 for a failure of the hydro-electric supply to the capital, and a failure of aging machinery for the continuation of the crisis. Critics of the government cite mismanagement, corruption and the withdrawal of the power agency's French partner at the beginning of 2002. As of 2007, much of the city has no traffic lighting in the overnight hours.[18]

Popular anger at shortages in Conakry was entwined with anti-government protests, strikes, and violence against the rule of President Lansana Conté and the successive prime ministers Cellou Dalein Diallo and Eugène Camara appointed to fill the post after the resignation of Prime Minister François Lonseny Fall in April 2004. Violence reached a peak in January–February 2007 in a general strike, which saw over one hundred deaths when the Army confronted protesters.[19]

Transportation[edit]

Conakry is serviced by Conakry International Airport which has flights to several cities in West Africa and Europe.

Architecture[edit]

Hospitals[edit]

Culture[edit]

Courtyard at Sandervalia National Museum
Stade du 28 Septembre

Places of worship[edit]

St. Mary's Cathedral.

Islamic mosques in the city include the Grand Mosque of Conakry. There are also Christian churches and temples, including the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Conakry's Cathédrale Sainte-Marie, the Église Protestante Évangélique de Guinée (Alliance World Fellowship), and the Assemblies of God.[28][29]

Universities and education[edit]

Parks and gardens[edit]

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

See also: Bibliography of the history of Conakry
  • Dave, Nomi (2019) The Revolution's Echoes: Music, Politics & Pleasure in Guinea. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Thomas O'Toole, Janice E. Baker. (2005) Historical Dictionary of Guinea. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4634-9
  • Philipps, Joschka (2013) Ambivalent Rage: Youth Gangs and Urban Protest in Conakry, Guinea. Harmattan Guinée.
  • Cohen, Adrienne ( 2019) "Performing Excess: Urban Ceremony and the Semiotics of Precarity in Guinea-Conakry." Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute. 89 (4): 718–738.
  • Odile Goerg. "Chieftainships between Past and Present: From City to Suburb and Back in Colonial Conakry, 1890s–1950s". Africa Today, Summer 2006, Vol. 52, No. 4, Pages 2–27
  • Conakry the Capital: history of the city at site of expat artist.
  • HISTOIRE DE CONAKRY, 1463 to present, by Luc MOGENET, reprinted at guineeconakry.info (no date)
  • Kids in Guinea Study Under Airport Lamps, RUKMINI CALLIMACHI The Associated Press, Thursday, 19 July 2007.
  • Archdiocese of Conakry: history and structure (at catholic-hierarchy.org)
  • Guinea's Telecommunication Infrastructure, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), 1999 figures.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ "Etat et Structure de la Population Recensement General de la Population et de l'habitation 2014" (PDF). Direction Nationale de la Statistique de Guinée. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
  2. ^ du ministère des affaires étrangères (in French)
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  4. ^ "GeoHive – Guinea population statistics". geohive.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  5. ^ "Background Note: Guinea" Archived 4 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Bureau of African Affairs, U.S. Department of State, January 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2007; World Gazetteer [dead link]. Retrieved 16 June 2008
  6. ^ Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 89
  7. ^ Patrick Manning. Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, 1880–1995, Cambridge (1998)
  8. ^ For the urban infrastructure and its history, see M. Dian DIALLO. Street Addressing And Basic Services in Conakry, Guinea Archived 6 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Presented at the Urban Forum/ World Bank – Washington, D.C. – 2–4 April 2002.
  9. ^ "Cloudy Days in Conakry". Time. 7 December 1970. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007.
  10. ^ Gomez, Alsény René (2010). La Guinée peut-elle être changée?. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-296-11963-5.
  11. ^ "Guinea massacre toll put at 157". BBC News. 29 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
  12. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Conakry". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  13. ^ "Conakry Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  14. ^ "Conakry population statistics". Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  15. ^ "Guineeconakry.info – Conakry (la capitale)". Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  16. ^ www.semantico.com. "Europa World Online : Log In". www.europaworld.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  17. ^ a b Hudgens, Jim; Trillo, Richard (30 December 2003). The rough guide to West Africa. Rough Guides. p. 558. ISBN 978-1-84353-118-0. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  18. ^ Conakry's dark streets turning orange. James Copnall, BBC News Archived 14 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Guinea . 23 November 2006.
  19. ^ For the relations between the 2007 crisis and infrastructure in Conakry, see:
  20. ^ Schwarz-Bart, Simone; Schwarz-Bart, André (2003). In Praise of Black Women: Modern African women. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-299-17270-1. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  21. ^ Davidson, Basil (1989). The fortunate isles: a study in African transformation. Africa World Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-86543-122-5. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  22. ^ GUINEA Dying for Change Brutality and Repression by Guinean Security Forces in Response to a Nationwide Strike. Human Rights Watch. 2007. p. 17. GGKEY:1UZAQCJ7E3A. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  23. ^ Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet, Diallo MS, Diallo TS, Diallo FB, Diallo Y, Camara AY, Onivogui G, Keita N, Diawo SA. (1995) Mar;90(3):138-41., Anemia and pregnancy. Epidemiologic, clinical and prognostic study at the university clinic of the Ignace Deen Hospital, Conakry (Guinee) Archived 18 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Clinique universitaire de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Ignace Deen, Conakry Guinée.
  24. ^ Young, Isabelle; Gherardin, Tony (15 July 2008). Africa. Lonely Planet. p. 411. ISBN 978-1-74059-143-0. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  25. ^ a b Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations: Africa. Gale Research. 1995. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-8103-9880-1. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  26. ^ Bâ, Ardo Ousmane (1986). Camp Boiro. L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-85802-649-4. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  27. ^ Bartke, Wolfgang (1975). China's economic aid. Holmes & Meier Publishers. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8419-0179-7. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  28. ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 1279
  29. ^ Devey, Muriel (2009). La Guinée. KARTHALA Editions. p. 230. ISBN 978-2-8111-0037-7. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  30. ^ O'Toole, Thomas; Baker, Janice E. (2005). Historical dictionary of Guinea. Scarecrow Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8108-4634-0. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
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External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Conakry.
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