27th century BC Chr.

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The 27th century BC Chr. Began v on 1 January 2700. And ended on December 31, 2601 BC. This corresponds to the period 4650 to 4551 before today or the interval 4091 to 4069 radiocarbon years .

The Bent Pyramid of Sneferu

Time calculation

• 2697 BC or 2637 BC Chr .: Alleged date of introduction of the Chinese calendar by Huangdi .

Age / Epoch

• Subboreal (3710-450 BC).
• Nordic Middle Neolithic in Northern Europe (3300 to 2350 BC).
• End Neolithic (2800 to 2200 BC) in Central Europe .

Events / developments

Red pyramid of Sneferu

• Around 2700 BC Chr .: Uruk - the oldest city in the world on the Euphrates has up to 100,000 inhabitants. According to written sources, King Gilgamesh had the nine-kilometer-long city wall built, fortified with 900 defensive towers.
• 2697 BC Chr .: Alleged start of government of the Yellow Emperor Huangdi in China.
• From 2670 BC Chr .:
  • Under Snefru importation of cedar from Byblos for shipbuilding.
  • Sneferu sends military campaigns to Nubia and Libya .
  • Under Snefru and Cheops mining of copper and turquoise in Sinai .
• From 2650 BC Chr .:
  • The Sumerian Ur is gaining in importance.
• Around 2640 BC Chr .:
  • Foundation of Muldbjerg on Zealand in Denmark , the oldest arable community (living space ) in Scandinavia.
• 2620 to 2600 BC Chr .:
  • Under the Pharaoh Djoser , the vizier Imhotep used limestone instead of bricks when building the tomb for the pharaoh and consistently used the possibilities of the new material.
• 2627 BC Chr .:
  • Caral in Peru takes on the dimensions of a city.
• From 2613 BC. Chr .:
  • Start of construction on the Great Sphinx of Giza under Cheops.
• Around 2600 BC Chr .:
  • Huangdi defeats Chi Yu in a mythical battle and gains control of the Yellow River Valley .

Inventions and discoveries

• Beginning of the wedding of the pyramids in Egypt under Sneferu . The red pyramid is the first real pyramid.
• around 2700 BC Chr .:
  • The Sumerians developed the typical cuneiform script from the proto-cuneiform script .
  • In Central America , corn is domesticated and grown.
• 2634 BC Chr .:
  • Huangdi allegedly invents a compass cart .
• Around 2640 BC Chr .:
  • The silk production in China is strictly confidential.

Personalities

Statue of Sneferu

Note: The years of government cannot be precisely determined in this century. Therefore, these are approximate estimates.

Pharaohs of Egypt

3rd dynasty:

• Djoserteni (2700–2695 BC)
• Hudjefa II. (2695-2690 BC)
• Mesochris (around 2690 BC)
• Huni (2690–2670 BC)
• Sanacht (2690–2670 BC)
• Chaba (around 2670 BC)
• Qahedjet (around 2670 BC)

4th dynasty:

• Sneferu (2670–2650 BC / founder of the 4th Dynasty )
• Cheops (2650-2580 BC)

Kings of Kiš

• Enmebaragesi (2615-2585 BC), 22nd King of Kiš, who is historically documented for the first time
• Agga , 23rd King of Kiš (2601 to 2581 BC)

Kings of Uruk

• Gilgamesh (around 2700 BC), 5th mythical ruler of Uruk, established the supremacy of Uruk in Kiš.
• Urlugal I.
• Utul-kalama
• Labascher

Others

• Imhotep

Archaeological cultures

Cultures in North Africa

• Tenerife (5200 to 2500 BC) in the Ténéré desert with Gobero site
• In Nubia from 3200 BC An organized society, which, however, lasted until 2600 BC. Remains a vassal of Upper Egypt
• Egypt :
  • Old Empire :
    • 3rd Dynasty (2740 to 2670 BC)
    • 4th Dynasty (2670 to 2500 BC)

Cultures in Mesopotamia and the Middle East

• Early Dynastic Period in Mesopotamia (Sumer):
  • Early Dynastic II (2750 to 2600 BC)
    • Kiš : 1st dynasty
    • Uruk: 1st dynasty

Copper spear from Kiš, 2600 BC Chr.

• Iran :
  • Jiroft culture (4000 to 1000 BC)
  • Schahr-e Suchte II (2800 to 2500 BC)
  • Elam : Old Elamite Period (2700 to 1600 BC)
  • Susa III (3000/2900 to 2600 BC)
  • Tepe Yahya IV B (3000 to 2500 BC), Proto-Elamite
• Syria :
  • Tell Brak (6000 to 1360 BC)
  • Tell Chuera (5000 to 1200 BC)
  • Tell Hamoukar (4500 to 2000 BC)
  • First kingdom in Ebla (phase Mardikh IIa - 3000 to 2400 BC).
• Turkey :
  • Troy I - (3000 to 2600 BC)
• Bahrain :
  • Dilmun culture (3000 to 600 BC)

Cultures in East Asia

• China :
  • Yangshao culture (5000 to 2000 BC), central and northern China
  • The Dawenkou culture (4100 to 2600 BC) on the Yellow Sea disappears at the end of the century
  • Yingpu culture (3500 to 2000 BC) in Taiwan
  • Liangzhu culture (3400/3300 to 2200 BC) in southeast China
  • Longshan culture (3200 to 1850 BC) on the middle and lower Yellow Rivers
  • Karuo culture (3200 to 2000 BC) in China and Tibet
  • Shanbei culture (3050 to 2550 BC) in Jiangxi
  • Majiayao culture (3000 to 2000 BC) on the upper Yellow River
  • Xiaoheyan culture (3000 to 2000 BC) in Inner Mongolia
  • Tanshishan culture (3000 to 2000 BC) in Fujian
• Korea :
  • Middle Jeulmon Period (3500 to 2000 BC)
• Japan :
  • Middle Jōmon Period - Jōmon IV (3000 to 2000 BC)
• Vietnam :
  • Đa-Bút culture (4000 to 1700 BC)
  • Hồng Bàng dynasty (2879 to 258 BC)

Cultures in South Asia

• Indus Valley :
  • Indus culture : Kot-Diji phase of Harappa II (2800 to 2600 BC)
• Balochistan :
  • Mehrgarh : Period VII (from 2600 to 2200 BC), the city is largely abandoned
  • Nal culture (3800 to 2200 BC)

Cultures in North Asia

• Afanassjewo culture (3500 to 2500 BC) in southern Siberia ( Altai region)
• Glaskovo culture (3200 to 2400 BC)

Cultures in Europe

• Northern Europe :
• Boat ax culture (4200 to 2000 BC) in Scandinavia and the Baltic States
• Northeast Europe :
  • Pit ceramic culture (4200 to 2000 BC - radiocarbon method : 5600 to 2300 BC) in Norway , Sweden , the Baltic States, Russia and Ukraine
  • Rzucewo culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in the Baltic States and Poland
  • Narva culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in Estonia , Latvia, and Lithuania
• Eastern Europe :
  • Yamnaya culture (3600 to 2300 BC) in Russia and Ukraine
  • Fatyanovo culture (3200 to 2300 BC according to Anthony) in Russia
  • Kura Araxes culture (3500/3000 to 2000/1900 BC) in the Caucasus
  • Esero culture (3300 to 2700/2500 BC) in the Eastern Balkans

Harp player idol from Thera , 2700 to 2500 BC Chr.

• Southeast Europe :
  • Greece :
    • Mainland Greece, Early Helladic phase FH II (2700 to 2200 BC)
    • Cycladic culture (3200 to 1100 BC), early Cycladic phase FK II (2700 to 2200 BC) with Grotta-Pelos culture (3000 to 2650 BC)
  • Crete - Early Minoan pre-palace period FM II (2700 to 2200 BC)
• Central Europe:
  • Remedello culture (3400 to 2400 BC) in northern Italy
  • Vlaardingen culture (3350 to 1950 BC) in the Netherlands
  • Gaudo culture (3150 to 2300 BC) in southern Italy
  • Schönfeld culture (2900 to 2100 BC) in Germany and the Czech Republic
  • Individual grave culture (2800 to 2300 BC) in northern Germany, Poland, the Baltic States and southern Scandinavia
  • Corded ceramics (2800 to 2200 BC) in Central Europe, the Baltic States and Russia
• Western Europe :
  • Grooved Ware Culture in Great Britain and Ireland (3400 to 2000 BC)
    • Skara Brae on the Orkney Islands (around 3180 BC to 2500 BC)
  • Peterborough Ware (3400 to 2500 BC) in Great Britain
  • Chassey-Lagozza-Cortaillod culture (4600 to 2400 BC) in France, Switzerland and Italy
  • Seine-Oise-Marne culture (3100 to 2000 BC) in northern France and Belgium
  • Peu-Richard culture in central western France (2850 to 2150 BC) - Ancient level Peu-Richard I (until 2650 BC) and recent level Peu-Richard II
  • Almeria culture (3250 to 2550 BC) in southeastern Spain - Almeria I
  • Megalithic cultures :
    • France (4700 to 2000 BC)
    • Iberian Peninsula (4000 to 2000 BC): Spain and Portugal
      • Los Millares (3200 to 1800 BC)
      • Vila Nova de São Pedro (2700 to 1300 BC)
    • Malta : Tarxien phase (3300/3000 to 2500 BC) - Temple of Tarxien , Ħaġar Qim

Dolmen of Matança in Portugal

Cultures in america

• North and Central America :
  • Archaic period . Establishment of mounds in the eastern forest areas from 4000 BC. Chr.
• South America :
  • Chinchorro culture (7020 to 1500 BC) in northern Chile and southern Peru
  • Valdivia culture (3950 to 1750 BC) in Ecuador
  • Norte Chico culture (3500 to 1800 BC) in Peru, with Caral (from 3000 BC), Pre-Ceramic IV - VI
  • San Agustín culture (3300 BC to 1550 AD) in Colombia

Web links

Commons : 27th century BC Chr.  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

1. ^ Propylaea History of Technology, Vol. 1, ISBN 3-549-05632-X , p. 40
2. ↑ Harald Haarmann : History of writing. CH Beck, 2002, ISBN 3-406-47998-7 , p. 30
3. ^ David W. Anthony: The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World . Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 2007, ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0 , pp. 308 .