Carl to the crowned pillar

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Temple of the Lodge Carl to the crowned column

Carl zur crowned pillar (CzgS) is a Masonic lodge in Braunschweig . It was founded on February 12, 1744 as Lodge Jonathan and in 1802 renamed Carl to the Crowned Pillar .

Carl zur crowned pillar is one of the oldest existing lodges in Germany and the oldest in Lower Saxony . It belongs to the Grand Lodge of the Old Free and Accepted Masons of Germany (AFuAMvD) and has the matriculation number 15. The "House of Brotherhood" is located at Löwenwall 9 and also houses the two boxes Zum Neuen Tempel and Friedrich zur Constantin .

history

Three lodges had already existed in Braunschweig since 1743. The Jonathan Lodge , the forerunner of Carl zur Crowned Pillar , was founded on February 12, 1744 during the reign of Welfen- Duke Charles I of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel . The first Masonic lodge on German soil was founded in Hamburg only seven years earlier . In recognition of the patron of Freemasonry, Duke Karl I of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Jonathans was renamed Carl to the Crowned Pillar in 1802 .

Three princes of the Braunschweig court were leading lodge members: Prince Albrecht Heinrich von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel , Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and Duke Leopold von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel . Ferdinand was the grand master of all north German lodges.

During his visit to Braunschweig, Carl Alexander von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach , Grand Duke of Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach , visited the Jonathan Lodge on August 27, 1784 together with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , a member of the Weimar lodge Anna Amalia zu den Drei Rosen .

1933 to 1945

On July 2, 1935, the Braunschweig-based lodges Carl zur crowned pillar and Friedrich zur Einheit met - already under the supervision of a representative of the political police - one last time in the lodge house at Leopoldstrasse 29. The lodges Zum Neuen Tempel and Dankward zum Rauhen Stein closed Logenhaus at Fallersleber-Tor-Wall 8 on July 20th of that year. After the lodge houses were closed, the lodges were expropriated by the Nazi regime . SA members broke into the houses, stealing or destroying the inventory. On August 17, 1935, NSDAP Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick ordered Freemasonry to be banned in Germany and the property of the lodges confiscated .

In 1990, after the reunification of Germany , a large part of the stolen lodge documents were found in the former German Democratic Republic . The documents were confiscated by the Secret State Police in 1935 and stored in an undisclosed location. The turmoil of the war brought the documents to Moscow , from where they were handed over to the GDR government in 1965. There they were last stored in the German Central Archives in Merseburg . In the spring of 1993 all documents were handed over to the Secret State Archives of Prussian Cultural Heritage in Berlin-Dahlem , where they are to remain.

New start after the end of the war

Immediately after the city of Braunschweig was handed over on April 12, 1945, Braunschweig was initially under the American military administration. A few weeks later, the city and state of Braunschweig belonged to the British zone of occupation . Since there was a general ban on assembly , the remaining members of the various Brunswick lodges could not meet. This was only possible after the regulations were relaxed. In 1945 the four lodges of the city merged to form the United Braunschweiger Masonic Lodge Carl to form the crowned pillar and were given permission by the British military administration to meet again on October 15, 1945 - however, all ritual and temple work was prohibited until 1947. Since the old box house at Leopoldstraße 29 was destroyed and the box house Löwenwall 9 was badly damaged, the box moved to the premises of the Corps Teutonia-Hercynia . It was only on June 14, 1953 that the house on Löwenwall, which had been restored, could be occupied. As a result, the amalgamation of the lodges owed to the post-war circumstances gradually dissolved again, so that each of them now follows its own path.

Foundations

Over the centuries, the work of the lodge or, on the initiative of its members, resulted in a large number of different charitable foundations , some of which still exist today.

In 1806 the lodge set up a “widows and orphans' institute” which housed the widows and minor children of deceased lodge members. In 1824 lodge member David Mansfeld founded, together with other Brunswick citizens, a dining establishment for needy convalescents and women who have recently given birth . In 1828 he participated in the establishment of the local deaf-mute institute , and in 1833 Mansfeld founded the “care facility for poor children” together with Amalie Löbbecke , from which the Mansfeld-Löbbecke Foundation of 1833 emerged .

In 1836 a craftsman's drawing school was established, which eventually became the nucleus of today's Braunschweig University of Fine Arts over several intermediate stages . In 1881 a scholarship foundation was set up for needy students, which was then converted into support for a boys' custody institution, which from 1885 was called the "Herzog-Leopold-Stiftung". In 1851 the "Sister's Aid" was established, the aim of which was to provide financial support for orphaned daughters of lodge members. In 1894, on the 150th anniversary of the lodge, the “Jubilee Foundation” was brought into being, which supported needy Freemason widows. The assets of the various lodge-initiated foundations rose steadily, but were completely destroyed by the global economic crisis at the end of the 1920s.

On November 21, 1993, some members and friends of the Carl Lodge on the Crowned Pillar founded the “Mission Victims Foundation”. The aim of the foundation is to provide support to members of the police and fire brigade who have suffered physical or mental damage in the course of their official work and who have become needy as a result.

Lodge houses

Leopoldstrasse 29

1907: The lodge house at Leopoldstrasse 29 and the two monuments in the garden, for Leopold von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel on the left and Ernst Sigismund von Lestwitz on the right. ⊙

It is not known in which building the Lodge Jonathan was founded in 1744. It is assumed, however, that it was at Wilhelmstrasse 96. The lodge moved several times in the following decades. Approx. In 1772 the cabinet secretary Friedrich Karl von Liebeherr, one of the leading Freemasons in the city, had a large house built for himself on the Bruche ( insurance company number 342). However, the client died before the building was completed. His widow then sold it to the Schottenloge To the nine stars . In 1845, the road was on the Bruche in honor of the Guelph Duke Leopold of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel in Leopold Street renamed. The new house number was now 29. The commercial association Union, founded in 1818, later resided in the same building .

Initially, only the rooms on the upper floor of the house were used by the lodge, but over time more space was required for the lodge activities, so that in 1874 a larger extension was added. This building complex was used until 1935, when the Masonic lodges were forcibly closed by the National Socialists.

The box house at Leopoldstrasse 29 was destroyed by Allied bombing raids in World War II. It no longer exists today.

Lodge coat of arms

2019: Lodge coat of arms on the former lodge house at Leopoldstrasse 29

At today's house at Leopoldstraße 29, the only relic from the old days can be seen above the main entrance, a damaged and badly neglected coat of arms , which was awarded by the Duke in 1774. The original colored version is no longer available. Two ducal lions on the right and left, each looking sideways outward, hold the coat of arms , standing upright on their hind legs on a banner . This is divided into two parts: on the left you can see a large (Andrew) cross , formerly red on a silver field of the Andrew's Lodge , the Strict Observance , on the right a triangle made up of nine formerly gold stars (after the Schottenloge “To the nine stars”). A flaw is visible above the shield due to a clear change in color, where the ducal crown used to be . The three letters LVC can be seen in gold on the banner , they stand for the lodge motto “ Labor viris convenit ” ( work befits the man ).

Lion Wall 9

Entrance Löwenwall 9. In the door gable: compass and square measure. ⊙

The Villa Löwenwall 9 was originally during the early days built at the end of the 19th century, as well as most other villas on the Löwenwall. Before the First World War, the house already housed the Friedrich zur Einheit Lodge . In the course of the so-called seizure of power by the National Socialists, all lodges across Germany were banned, their property confiscated and their property expropriated . As happened with other villas on the Löwenwall - so z. B. at Löwenwall 3, the residence of the Braunschweig NSDAP Prime Minister Dietrich Klagges - this is how the regime took possession of the building and used it for its own purposes. Villa Löwenwall 9 was converted into the "House of Youth" and housed the administration of the Hitler Youth , the German Young People and the Association of German Girls from December 9, 1934 until the end of the war ( April 12, 1945 for Braunschweig ) .

During the war, the building was badly damaged in a bombing raid. After the end of the war and the reconstruction of the destroyed part of the building, it took until 1953 for the three lodges Friedrich zur Einheit , Carl zu crowned column and Zum Neuen Tempel to move back into the lodge house.

Monuments

In the garden of the box house at Leopoldstrasse 29 there were two large monuments, both of which were donated by Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel.

For Leopold von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel

One is supposed to commemorate Leopold von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel , Ferdinand's nephew, who, according to legend, drowned on April 27, 1785 while rescuing drowning people in the Oder near Frankfurt an der Oder . As a result, it was not only regarded by Freemasons as the epitome and symbol of self-sacrificing charity .

Contemporary engraving of the monument
The heavily damaged monument of Leopold as it can be seen today in the Blankenburg palace gardens

The memorial was created from sandstone between 1785 and 1787 by the Brunswick court sculptor Johann Heinrich Oden based on a design by court painter Johann Dominik Fiorillo . It represented a “broken column” in the Greek style with a life-size profile portrait of the Duke created by Christian Friedrich Krull in a brass medallion (46 × 54.5 cm) in front of crossed swords. A garland adorns the upper end of the medallion, below a cross of the Strict Observance with a ribbon can be seen. The column stands in the middle of an almost cube-shaped pedestal, which in turn rests on a three-tiered base. An oval, metal medallion with inscriptions, bordered by laurel wreaths , was visible on three sides around the pedestal . The inscription on the front is Ferdinand's dedication to his deceased nephew, the other medallions show appreciations of the deceased. This is followed by life-size allegorical representations : On the transition from the column to the base, open, several books and Masonic symbols such as compasses and squares lie open . To the left of the pedestal stands a woman with an urn in her left arm and an incense burner in the other. On the right is a young woman with a toddler. With her right arm outstretched, the woman points the child to the medallion with the portrait of the Duke.

The memorial was later erected again, but in any case before 1937, in the gardens of the former Welfen Castle in Blankenburg in the Harz Mountains , 70 km southeast of Braunschweig. It was considered lost for a long time until a member of a Wolfenbüttel lodge rediscovered it in Blankenburg in 1990. Today it is badly damaged. The kneeling woman and the child are missing their heads and all arms. Otherwise the figures are also considerably damaged. The standing woman's face is also damaged and the right forearm, including the censer, is missing. All medallions are now in the Small Castle Museum for protection . A restoration, as it was planned shortly after the recovery, has not yet been carried out.

For Ernst Sigismund von Lestwitz

Gravestone for Ernst Sigismund von Lestwitz in the Martinifriedhof

Ernst Sigismund von Lestwitz (1710–1779), lieutenant colonel and page master at the Brunswick court, was an important Freemason of his time and played a leading role in the early phase of Freemasonry in Brunswick. In 1760 he was accepted into the Joanthan Lodge , in 1761 he was already its master of the chair . In Masonic matters von Lestwitz was Duke Ferdinand's confidante. In 1764 von Lestwitz was appointed Grand Master of the Duchy of Braunschweig-Lüneburg .

The memorial showed a life-size man sitting on a boulder with his right hand touching a stone pillar. It is not known who created the monument. After the Nazi regime banned the lodges in 1935, it had to be removed, like the monument to Duke Leopold. A part with the bust of Lestwitz is now in the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum .

The grave of Ernst Sigismund von Lestwitz still stands in Braunschweig's Martinifriedhof .

Bijou

Bijou Carls to the crowned column

The bijou ([ biˈʒu ]), French for gem , jewel or preciousness, is a special characteristic of Masonic lodges and is worn like a piece of jewelry at meetings of the lodge brothers. The Bijou Carls for winning column has been around 1760. It shows a golden sun with halo. In its center there is a silver triangle that points upwards. In this triangle you can see a column on a blue background that fills the entire height of the triangle. On the three-tiered base stands a cuboid on which a double “C” for Carl can be seen twisted in opposite directions . Above it again three small steps on which a non-fluted column with an Ionic capital rests. The top of the capital is adorned with the prince's crown of the House of Braunschweig. On the base of the triangle is the motto of the lodge ADHVC STAT (it [still] stands).

Medals

Obverse of the commemorative medal for the 150th anniversary of the foundation in 1894.

Carl for the crowned pillar and their predecessor, Jonathan , had commemorative medals minted on various occasions , including a. the following:

  • 1744: Medal of the Jonathan Lodge . The obverse shows David and Jonatan embracing each other as the epitome of friendship, above them a Latin quote from the Roman historian and politician Salust : Idem velle, idem nolle  (wanting the same [and] not wanting the same). Down in a box Soc. Murar. fund. Brunsv. d. Feb 12, 5744 . The lapel shows u. a. On the left a dry tree, on the right a flowering tree, in between a beehive on a pedestal surrounded by buzzing bees , above the Latin saying Odi profanum vulgus et arceo  (I hate the common people and keep them away from me) by the Roman poet Horace . Down in a box Soc. Mur. constit. Brunsv. d. Dec. 27 5744 .
  • 1744: Medal of the Jonathan Lodge . The obverse shows a column with a princely crown, above a hat, in an isosceles triangle standing in the center of an isosceles triangle. Below the text Brunsvigae d. Feb 12, 5744 . The lapel shows three interlocking hands coming from heaven, from which the Masonic symbols, angle measure, scales and plumb bob hang down. On a table with a mosaic pattern lies a cuboid with a certificate on it, two “Cs” for Carl twisted in opposite directions , surrounded by the slogan His splendor facultas concordia  (This means beauty, ability, harmony).
  • 1894: Silver medal of the Lodge Carl for the crowned pillar on the occasion of its 150th anniversary: ​​The obverse shows a table with v. l. No. raw stones, squares, compasses, hammer, a hewn cuboid, the crowned column on the steps. Above that a shining sun with a small cloud on the left. Below the text ADHUC STAT , below it a small star and below it the initials OP for Oscar Petersen, the medalist . On the edge all the way round CARL Z. WINNING COLUMN BRAUNSCHWEIG * 150 YEAR. CELEBRATION 1894 * . The lapel shows the column in a triangle, standing on a table with a mosaic pattern, the tip of the triangle covered with a hat. In the background the eye of providence . Including FEBRUARY 12, 1744 .

Known members of the lodge

18th century

19th century

20th century

(In) tolerance towards Jews

The Braunschweig Freemasons had played a pioneering role in the integration of Jewish fellow citizens in two respects: The Freemasons in Braunschweig were the first in Germany to unreservedly accept Jews into their ranks. The same was true for all of the city's associations. In 1745, just one year after its founding, the Jonathan Lodge had decided not to accept any Jews, but the Carl the Lodge that emerged from it took on the Brunswick banker Meyer Herz Samson (1783 / 4–1862) as the first Jewish member in 1809, Son of the banker's heart Samson , on. For this occasion, a “tolerance song” was specially composed, which contained the line “We do not determine the value of the brothers according to the peculiarities of faith”. The Braunschweig Lodge initially retained this tolerant pioneering position, but this turned into the opposite towards the end of the 19th century when a movement emerged among the municipal associations that promoted the exclusion of Jews. Here, too, Carl zur Crowned Pillar took on the pioneering role and began to increase the pressure on its Jewish members to such an extent that the large Jewish industrialist and patron Max Jüdel , who was known far beyond Braunschweig , felt compelled to leave the lodge.

Further boxes in Braunschweig

Freemasons

Since the first quarter of the 18th century, there were numerous lodges in Braunschweig with very different lengths of time.

  • St. Charles de l'indissolouble Fraternité: founded in 1764, closed in 1770
  • St. Charles de la Concorde: founded in 1770, extinguished in 1773
  • Dankward zum Rauhen Stein: founded in 1904, 1914 in the house at Breite Straße 18, extinguished in 1976
  • Friedrich to unit: founded in 1908, 1914 in house Löwenwall 9
  • Immota Fides: founded in 1903, 1914 in Augustplatz 1
  • Jonathan zum Pfeiler , split off from Jonathan in 1765 , closed in 1770
  • Jonathan to the 3 pillars , founded in 1770, closed in 1773
  • Matthäus zum Löwen in front of the castle ( Winkelloge ): founded in 1901, risen in 1904 in Dankward zum Rauhen Stein
  • Purita , founded in 1761, closed in 1763
  • Rosa'sches Kapitel , founded in 1762, closed in 1764
  • Verita , founded in 1763, closed in 1765
  • To the 3 lilies , founded in 1757, closed in 1758
  • To the 9 stars , founded in 1770, closed in 1834
  • Zum Neuen Tempel: founded in 1901, in 1914 in Augustplatz 1, it still exists today in Löwenwall 9

Non-Masonic Orders

  • Druid Lodge Heinrich der Löwe , founded in 1906, 1914 in the house Neue Straße 21, closed in 1933, re-established on October 26, 1945, today in the lodge house Löwenwall 9
  • Oddfellow-Lodge Lessing Lodge No. 1 , founded in 1873, in 1914 in the house at Okerstraße 13, dissolved in 1935, reunification with the Wilhelm-Raabe-Lodge in 1965
  • Oddfellow Lodge Wilhelm Raabe Lodge : founded in 1922 from members of Lessing Lodge No. 1 , dissolution in 1935, reunification with Lessing Lodge No. 1 in 1965

literature

  • Braunschweiger Masonic Lodge (Ed.): Braunschweiger Freemaurer. The history and today's work of the Freemasons in Braunschweig. Braunschweig 2014.
  • Wilhelm Dahl: Outline of the history of Carl to the Crowned Pillar from 1744 to 1894. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1894.
  • Johann Christian Gädicke: Freemason Lexicon. Gebrüder Gädicke, Berlin 1818, pp. 86-89.
  • Rolf Hagen et al .: Freemasons in Germany. Freemasonry in Braunschweig. Exhibition catalog, publications of the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum 16, Braunschweig 1978.
  • Franz Heinrich August Lachmann : History of Freemasonry in Braunschweig from 1744 to New Year 1844, from the protocols and archives of Carl on the crowned pillar. Braunschweig 1844, OCLC 833134099 .
  • Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 years of the Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994 - donated on February 12, 1744 in the Orient Braunschweig. Registration number 15. Lower Saxony's oldest lodge. Braunschweig 1994.
  • Mechthild Wiswe : Freemasons in their time. Accompanying publication to the exhibition of the Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum on the 250th anniversary of the Braunschweig Masonic lodges, Braunschweig 1994, ISBN 978-3-927939-23-3 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Friedrich Knoll : Braunschweig and surroundings: historical-topographical manual and guide through the monuments and art treasures of the city. 1881, p. 144.
  2. ^ Website of the lodge "Zum Neuen Tempel"
  3. ↑ Website of the lodge "Friedrich zur Constant" (currently deactivated)
  4. ^ A b Friedrich Knoll : Braunschweig and surroundings. Historical-topographical handbook and guide through the monuments and art treasures of the city. 2nd edition, Goeritz, Braunschweig 1881, p. 144.
  5. ^ Franz Heinrich August Lachmann: History of Freemasonry in Braunschweig from 1744 to New Year 1844. , p. 105.
  6. ↑ Braunschweiger Masonic Lodge (ed.): Braunschweiger Freemaurer. The history and today's work of the Freemasons in Braunschweig. P. 45.
  7. ↑ a b Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 62.
  8. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 59.
  9. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 60.
  10. ^ Norman-Mathias Pingel: Mansfeld, David Magnus, Dr. In: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck , Günter Scheel (ed.): Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon - 19th and 20th centuries . Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1996, ISBN 3-7752-5838-8 , p. 401 .
  11. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 63.
  12. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 64.
  13. ↑ “Committed to people in need” on neue-braunschweiger.de of April 13, 2014
  14. ^ Foundation helps victims and the White Ring In: Braunschweiger Zeitung of June 22, 2006 ( Paywall )
  15. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 69.
  16. ↑ Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 40.
  17. ↑ Jürgen Hodemacher : Braunschweigs streets - their names and their stories. Volume 1: Inner City. Elm-Verlag, Cremlingen 1995, ISBN 3-927060-11-9 , p. 294.
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g Albert Sattler: Small guide through Braunschweig. 4th edition, Braunschweig 1914, p. 19.
  19. ^ Braunschweig address book for the year 1936. Joh. Heinr. Meyer, Braunschweig 1936, p. 156.
  20. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 71.
  21. ↑ General Handbook of Freemasonry. Volume 1, Brockhaus, Leipzig 1863, p. 130.
  22. ↑ a b Braunschweig address book for the year 1942. Joh. Heinr. Meyer, Braunschweig 1942, p. 215 (the city's last address book published during the war).
  23. ↑ Jürgen Schultz: The Academy of Youth Leadership of the Hitler Youth in Braunschweig. Waisenhaus Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1978, ISBN 3-87884-011-X ( Braunschweiger Werkstücke. Series A, Vol. 15 = The whole series, Vol. 55), p. 139.
  24. ^ Philip Christian Ribbentrop : Description of the city of Braunschweig. Volume 1, Johann Christoph Meyer, Braunschweig 1798, pp. 117–118.
  25. ^ Franz Heinrich August Lachmann: History of Freemasonry in Braunschweig from 1744 to New Year 1844. P. 106.
  26. ↑ a b c Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 45.
  27. ↑ a b Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 104.
  28. ↑ Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 39.
  29. ↑ Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 36.
  30. ^ Rolf Hagen et al .: Freemasons in Germany. Freemasonry in Braunschweig. P. 24.
  31. ↑ The Martinifriedhof with the monument to the Masonic head v. Lestwitz
  32. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 36
  33. ↑ Hamburgische Zirkel-Correspondenz (Hrsg.): Catalog of European Freemason Medals. A guide for lodges, collectors and libraries. Rademacher, Hamburg 1904, pp. 26–37.
  34. ↑ Johann Christian Gädicke: Freemason Lexicon. P. 88.
  35. ^ Polycarp Leyser: Directory of the rare and princely [sic!] Coins and medals. Leipzig 1791, p. 279.
  36. ^ Polycarp Leyser: Directory of the rare and princely [sic!] Coins and medals. P. 280.
  37. ↑ Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 83.
  38. ↑ Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 41.
  39. ↑ Karlheinz Gerlach (Ed.): Berlin Freemason Speeches 1743–1804. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 3-631-30386-6 , p. 126.
  40. ^ Friedrich Voigts : General handbook of freemasonry. 2nd completely revised edition, 2nd volume, Brockhaus, Leipzig 1865, p. 174.
  41. ^ Christian Wilhelm Spieker : Description of the life of Duke Maximilian Julius Leopold of Braunschweig. 2. verb. Ed., Tempel, Frankfurt an der Oder 1839, p. 17.
  42. ^ A b Franz Heinrich August Lachmann: History of Freemasonry in Braunschweig from 1744 to New Year 1844 ... p. 59.
  43. ↑ a b c Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 years of the Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 102.
  44. ↑ Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 27.
  45. ↑ Friedrich Voigts : History of the guv Freemason Lodge Friedrich to the white horse in the Orient of Hanover [sic!]. CF Kius, Hannover 1846, p. 36.
  46. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 97.
  47. ↑ a b Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 82.
  48. ↑ Reinhard Bein : Eternal House. Jewish cemeteries in the city and country of Braunschweig. Braunschweig 2004, ISBN 3-925268-24-3 , p. 120.
  49. ↑ Information on Louis Ballin at arcinsys.niedersachsen.de
  50. ↑ a b c d Rolf Hagen et al .: Freemasons in Germany. Freemasonry in Braunschweig. P. 42.
  51. ↑ a b Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 99.
  52. ↑ Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 59.
  53. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 63.
  54. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 100.
  55. ↑ Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 84.
  56. ↑ a b Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 97.
  57. ↑ Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 102.
  58. ^ A b Hans-Walter Schmuhl : The Lords of the City. Bourgeois elites and municipal self-government in Nuremberg and Braunschweig from the 18th century to 1918. Focus-Verlag, Gießen 1998, ISBN 3-88349-468-2 (also: habilitation thesis, Bielefeld University, 1995), p. 475.
  59. ↑ Reinhard Bein : You lived in Braunschweig. Biographical notes on the Jews buried in Braunschweig (1797 to 1983). (= Messages from the Braunschweig City Archives , No. 1). Döring Druck, Braunschweig 2009, ISBN 978-3-925268-30-4 , p. 200.
  60. ↑ from the memoirs of Victor Heymann , quoted in: Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Die Herren der Stadt. Bourgeois elites and municipal self-government in Nuremberg and Braunschweig from the 18th century to 1918. P. 476, FN 131.
  61. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 85.
  62. ↑ Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 35.
  63. ^ Franz Heinrich August Lachmann: History of Freemasonry in Braunschweig from 1744 to New Year 1844 ... p. 64.
  64. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 60.
  65. ↑ Ludwig Rohmann: The first 25 years of the Freemason Lodge Friedrich for unity in Braunschweig 1908-1933. Appelhans, Braunschweig 1933.
  66. ↑ Lodge Immota Fides Information on Immota Fides on freimaurer-wiki.de
  67. ↑ Ernst Glaser-Gerhard: On the history of the Great State Lodge of the Freemasons of Germany in Berlin 1920-1970. P. 24.
  68. ↑ Ernst-Günther Geppert: The origin, the founders, the names of the Masonic lodges in Germany since 1737. Bauhütten-Verlag, 1976, p. 55.
  69. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 76.
  70. ↑ Klaus-Michael von Swiontek: 250 Years of Freemason Lodge Carl on the Crowned Pillar 1744–1994. P. 77.
  71. ↑ Information on the New Temple at zum-neuen-tempel.org
  72. ↑ Information on Heinrich the Lion on hdl-our-history.html
  73. ↑ a b c Mechthild Wiswe: Freemasons in their time. P. 110.
  74. ↑ Information on Lessing lodges on freimaurer-wiki.de