Red forest bird

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Red forest bird
Red forest bird (Cephalanthera rubra)

Red forest bird ( Cephalanthera rubra )

Systematics
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Epidendroideae
Tribe : Neottieae
Sub tribus : Limodorinae
Genre : Forest bird ( Cephalanthera )
Type : Red forest bird
Scientific name
Cephalanthera rubra
( L. ) Rich.
Red forest bird, blossom

The Red helleborine ( Cephalanthera rubra ), and Purple Waldvöglein is a species of the genus helleborine ( Cephalanthera ) in the family of orchids (Orchideaceae) and is among the most striking orchids of our regions. It was voted Flower of the Year 1982.

Surname

The species Cephalanthera rubra was established in 1817 by the French botanist Professor Louis Claude Marie Richard . The name is made up of the Greek κεφαλή cephalae = head, ανθηρός antheros = blooming and the Latin ruber = red and indicates that the anther of the columna sits like a head. The German name Rotes Waldvöglein , also Rotes Waldvogelein , Purpur-Waldvöglein or Rote Waldlilie , refers to the shape and color of the flower shape.

description

Habit and leaves

The red forest bird is a perennial , herbaceous plant that reaches an average height of 20 to 70 centimeters. This geophyte forms strong, short, creeping and downward-pointing rhizomes as persistence organs, which are usually branched and contribute to the formation of clusters of plants through adventitious shoots.

The delicate, somewhat curvy stem is glabrous in the lower part and dense glandular hair in the upper part. At the base of the stem there are some scaly leaves. The two to eight narrow, lanceolate to linear – lanceolate leaves are 5 to 14 centimeters long and 1 to 3 centimeters wide and get smaller towards the inflorescence. Also, the supporting sheets are smaller toward stem tip.

Inflorescence and flowers

The loose inflorescence , an ear , is elongated and consists of a few to over 20 flowers. The pink to almost purple and rarely white flowers are up to 5 centimeters in size. The bald, 15 to 20 millimeters long and 7 to 10 millimeters wide petals are oval-lanceolate. The sepals (sepals) are elongated-lanceolate, 16 to 23 millimeters long, 6 to 7 millimeters wide and hairy on the outside. The 15 to 20 millimeter long lip ( labellum ) does not have a spur, but rather a sack-like protrusion at the rear. It is two-parted and triangularly pointed in the front part with a purple border and curled, yellowish ridges. The ovary is short, upright and hairy and is mostly surmounted by the glandular bracts.

The flowering period begins at the end of May and extends to the end of July, occasionally to the beginning of August. The main flowering time is from mid-June to early July. The fruit ripens from October.

Genetics and development

The red forest bird has a karyotype of two sets of chromosomes and 18 chromosomes each ( cytology : 2n = 36).

The seed of this orchid does not contain any nutrient tissue for the seedling . The germination therefore takes place only when infection by a root fungus ( mycorrhiza ). The time from germination to development of the flowering plant has not yet been adequately determined.

Varieties and hybrids

Variety Cephalanthera rubra var. Alba

There are no known subspecies of this species.

Plants with pure white flowers appear very rarely:

  • Cephalanthera rubra f. Alba Raynaud

Hybrids with other Cephalanthera species are very rare :

ecology

Red forest bird in the light beech forest on the edge of the Swabian-Franconian forest mountains

The red forest bird prefers light, dry deciduous forests (especially beech forests), pine and spruce forests, forest edges and shrubbery up to 2600 meters and is seldom found on semi- arid grassland . It loves calcareous soils with a pH of 5.9 to 8.2; However, it also occurs on sandy and loamy soils (e.g. in Rhineland-Palatinate). How intense the color of the flowers is is largely determined by the lime content of the soil. The richer the substrate, the stronger the colors.

Despite the lack of nectar, the red flowers are visited by scissor bees of the genus Chelostoma . Apparently the bees confuse the flowers with blue-blooming bluebell species of the genus Campanula from the same location, since the reflection patterns of both species are almost identical in the wave range they can see.

The red forest bird is mostly pollinated by flies , but self-pollination is also successful because the pollen packages tend downwards and touch the scars. It often does not bloom for several years.

The red forest bird is found in the plant communities of the associations Cephalanthero-Fagion, Cytiso ruthenici-Pinion, Carpinion, Geranion sanguinei or Erico-Pinion. (For a breakdown, see: Plant sociological units according to Oberdorfer ).

Red forest bird ( Cephalanthera rubra ) in Thasos , Greece

Distribution and site conditions

The distribution area of ​​the red forest bird stretches from North Africa across Europe to the Crimea and the Caucasus and Central Asia. In terms of its distribution, it is classified as subatlantic-central European. According to the orchid scholar Karl-Peter Buttler , it is a floral element of the meridional / montane, submeridional and temperate Florence zones.

It is absent in the lowlands west of the Elbe and is rarely found north and east of it. In the low mountain ranges and in the Alps over limestone or on alkaline soil it also occurs only rarely and usually grows sporadically, but it can occasionally occur there in smaller groups. It rarely rises above 1000 m in the Alps. In the Allgäu Alps, in the Tyrolean part between Vorderhornbach and the Stallmähdern, it is up to 1,300 m above sea level. According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 10–1500 meters, France 0–1900 meters, Switzerland 200–1900 meters, Liechtenstein 450–1440 meters, Austria 300–1802 meters, Italy 20–1910 meters, Slovenia 285-1440 meters. In Greece the species rises up to 2400 meters, in Morocco up to 2600 meters.

In Germany, the Red Forest Bird can be found in the federal states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia.

The red forest bird needs at least calcareous or base-rich, loose, humus-rich, not too dry loam or clay soil with a good layer of mulch. It eschews full sun as well as deep shadows. It colonizes deciduous forests, mixed forests and pine stands in warm locations.

Conservation and endangerment

Like all orchid species found in Europe, the red forest bird is subject to strict protection by European and national laws.

  • Red List Switzerland: LC (Least Concern - not endangered)
  • Red List Austria: endangered in the northern and southeastern Alpine foothills and in the Pannonian area, not endangered nationwide.

The population development in Germany is declining. There are only scattered deposits with small populations. It has been found that fertility decreases when the lighting conditions become less favorable. This particularly affects locations in bushes and deciduous forests. Regulatory measures are recommended here to protect the population. In principle, in the context of road construction work, care must be taken to protect the edges of the forest.

The A rbeitskreis H egg mixer O rchideen (AHO) in Germany, the protection, care measures of habitats, mapping and scientific support has made the domestic orchid flora mission in all provinces, the Red helleborine (chose Cephalanthera rubra ) for "Orchid des Jahres “ 2000 , because the populations of the Red Forest Bird in Germany have shown above-average tendencies to decline over the past 100 years. The decisive factor for this is the change in use of the habitats of this attractive plant to monocultures .

Systematics

The valid botanical name of the red forest bird is: Cephalanthera rubra (L.) LCM Richard 1817

The description of the Basionyms Serapias rubra L. comes from Carl von Linné in 1767.

Other botanists have described the red forest bird; the following species names are now used as synonyms :

  • Serapias rubra L. 1767
  • Epipactis rubra (L.) FWSchmidt 1795
  • Cymbidium rubrum (L.) Sw. 1799
  • Helleborine rubra (L.) cupboard 1814
  • Dorycheile rubra (L.) foot 1866
  • Limodorum rubrum (L.) Kuntze 1891

photos

  • Red forest bird in the biotope

  • Cephalanthera rubra
    habitat

  • Cephalanthera rubra
    habitat

  • Cephalanthera rubra
    blossoming

  • Cephalanthera rubra
    inflorescence

  • Cephalanthera rubra
    flowers

  • Cephalanthera rubra
    flowers

  • Red forest bird in the NSG Ersinger Springenhalde (Enzkreis)

References

literature

Standard works :

  • AHO (Ed.): The orchids of Germany . Verlag AHO Thuringia, Uhlstädt - Kirchhasel 2005, ISBN 3-00-014853-1
  • Helmut Baumann , S. Künkele: The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8
  • Karl Peter Buttler: Orchids, the wild species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 , ( Steinbach's natural guide ).
  • Fritz Füller: Epipactis and Cephalanthera (Orchids of Central Europe, 5th part). 4th edition (unchanged reprint of the 3rd edition from 1986). Westarp Sciences, Hohenwarsleben 2005 (Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei, Volume 329), ISBN 3-89432-310-8
  • Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids . Bridge Publishing House; 2nd Edition. 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5
  • JG Williams. u. a .: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor . BLV Verlag, ISBN 3-405-11901-4
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe , Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag, 2nd revised edition 1994, 2000, volume 5, ISBN 3 440-08048-X

Journal articles :

  • A. Baum u. H. Baum (2000): Rotes Waldvögelein ( Cephalanthera rubra (L.) LCM RICHARD), Orchid of the year 2000 . - Ber. Working group Home. Orchid. 17 (1): 4-14.

supporting documents

  1. ↑ a b c Adolf Riechelmann: The orchids of Franconian Switzerland. Palm & Enke, Erlangen 2011, ISBN 978-3-7896-1701-0 , p. 34 ff.
  2. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 270 .
  3. ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cephalanthera - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on December 16, 2016.
  4. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 387.
  5. ^ A b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : "Orchidaceae". In Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. 1st edition Volume 8, page 316. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8

See also

Web links

Commons : Red Forest Bird ( Cephalanthera rubra )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Distribution maps :

Regional / special