Siblings Marx

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The eight siblings of Karl Marx played a formative role in his life. Knowledge of their living conditions conveys a picture of the social, religious and cultural-historical environment in which Karl Marx (1818–1883) grew up and lived. In the biographical literature on Marx it is often claimed that he had no relationship with his siblings, that he was the firstborn, and more. However, a different picture emerges from the sources cited here. Even Marx's nieces and nephews maintained personal and correspondence with Karl Marx's family.

siblings

This article deals with the siblings Mauritz David , Sophia , Hermann , Henriette , Caroline and Eduard Marx . The other siblings are dealt with in separate articles.

Mauritz David Marx

Old Jewish cemetery in Trier, great-grandfather, grandfather, grandmother and Mauritz David were buried here.

Mauritz David Marx (born October 30, 1815 in Trier , † April 15, 1819 in Trier) was the eldest son of Heinrich Marx and brother of Karl Marx.

Life

Mauritz David Marx was the firstborn of Heinrich Marx and his wife Henriette Marx, nee Presburg . Both parents belonged to the Jewish community of Trier, which was headed by the chief rabbi Samuel Marx . Two craftsmen (a glazier and a carpenter) reported the birth. As the firstborn, Mauritz was circumcised after 8 days . He died at the age of 3½, the cause of death is not known. The Jewish trader Jacob Simon Oppenheim reported his death. Samuel Marx attended the funeral in the Jewish cemetery on Weidegasse of his nephew Mauritz David. It is therefore also certain that Heinrich Marx was not yet baptized at this time.

effect

To this end z. B. Otto Rühle : “Marx was the firstborn, the only boy and the hope of the family. (...) In summary, the three characteristic findings in the image of the Marxian personality - poor health, Jewish ancestry and first place in the sibling line - coincide in one point; together they cause an increased feeling of inferiority. "

This is what Arnold Künzli calls a chapter of his book on Karl Marx: "The oldest son - 'God's son'."

Fritz J. Raddatz claims: "Little is known about his siblings, who incidentally did not play a major role in his life."

Sophia Marx

Home of the Marx family in Simeonstrasse from 1819. Sophia, Hermann, Henriette, Caroline and Eduard lived here with their parents and siblings

Sophia Marx (born November 13, 1816 in Trier , † December 29, 1886 in Düren ) was the second child of Heinrich Marx and a sister of Karl Marx . Since June 12, 1842 she was married to Willem Robert Schmalhausen (born January 17, 1817 in Vaals , Netherlands ; † November 1, 1862 in Maastricht ), public prosecutor ( Procurateur ).

Life

Sophia Marx, also known as Sophie , was the sister and friend of her younger brother Karl. She recorded his poems to his father and later kept letters from his parents and from Karl Marx, which brought us closer to Karl Marx during his student days. What school education she received is not known, as no personalized files from this time in Trier have survived. In any case , according to a notebook, she understood French and Dutch . Sophia was also the confidante of her brother and of Jenny von Westphalen . On June 12, 1842, she married in Trier and moved to Maastricht. Contact with her brother was maintained by her and her children. So her daughter Caroline visited the Marx family in London in 1865, and it is Caroline who wrote Eleanor Marx 's famous letter from Marx to his father on May 10-11. November 1837 for publication. Willem Robert Schmalhausen advises Marx on questions of his inheritance. Sophia fell ill and in November 1883 was taken to the “ Provincial Insane Asylum ” in Düren . The anamnesis sheet recorded there shows that Heinrich Marx was “tall, heavily built, very intelligent and eloquent” and her mother was “small, delicate, very intelligent”.

Honor

In 1983 a plaque was placed on Sophia Schmalhausen's former home in the Boullionstraat in Maastricht, commemorating Karl Marx's stay from March 19 to April 7, 1865.

children

effect

To this end z. B. Isaiah Berlin : "Karl was the second of the eight children of the married couple Heinrich and Henrietta, and apart from moderate affection for the eldest sister Sophie as a child , he didn't care too much for his siblings either in his childhood or later."

Richard Friedenthal writes: "It is part of Marx's habitus, not only in this family relationship: to ignore inconvenient facts and consider them to be nonexistent from the start was one of his peculiarities, which he also applied in politics."

Quotes

“ I went out for the first time on Laffitte's funeral days and then six weeks later I traveled to Trier with the terminally ill child with the Malleposte . I stayed with my dear mother for 3 months. I met Sophie Schmalhausen and the little 1 year old Jettchen Schmalhausen there. "

- Jenny Marx : Brief outlines of an eventful life

"My dearest Uncle! What a forgetful ungrateful girl you must believe me, that I did not sooner write to such a good dear man, and when you too were so kind as to send me some lines. "

- Caroline Schmalhausen : to Karl Marx, June 7, 1865

"Dear Karl, I was deeply sorry to hear of the passing of your dear Jenny ; even in moments like this, no consolation can lighten our tormented hearts, but I cannot fail to show my sincere sympathy. "

- Sophia Schmalhausen : to Karl Marx, December 7, 1881

“My aunts have often told me that Mohr was a terrible tyrant as a boy; he forced them to gallop down the Marxberg in Trier at full gallop, and what was worse, he insisted that they eat the cakes which he made himself with dirty hands from even dirtier dough. But they accepted all of this without objection, because Karl told them such wonderful stories as a reward. "

- Eleanor Marx

Hermann Marx

Hermann Marx (born October 30, 1819 in Nijmegen , Netherlands ; † October 14, 1842 in Trier ) was the fourth child of Heinrich Marx , businessman and brother of Karl Marx .

Life

Hermann Marx was born in Nijmegen because his mother Henriette Marx, nee Presburg , for the delivery and perhaps also because of the death of Mauritz David Marx (see above) stayed with her parents Isaak Presburg (1747-1832) and Nanette Cohen (1764-1833). Hermann was probably circumcised in the synagogue on Nonnenstraat in Nijmegen . On August 26, 1824, he and his siblings were evangelically baptized in their parents' apartment at Simeongasse 1070 (today Simeonstrasse 8) in Trier. His godparents were the lawyer Ernst Dominik Lais and the wife of the lawyer Barbara Bochkoltz, b. Angry. He was first privately tutored by Eduard Montigny, a bookseller (1828). He didn't go to high school, as Heinz Monz mistakenly assumed. In 1836 his father tried to get an apprenticeship as a clerk in Frankfurt am Main and Brussels . From 1836 to 1838 he worked as a "clerk" in Brussels. On July 2, 1839, Hermann was released from the Prussian state association at his request. Sick, he came back to Trier in 1840 and died there of "lung addiction". He was buried on October 17th in Trier in the evangelical cemetery Ruwerer Strasse, the funeral address was given by division preacher Carl Wilhelm Rocholl (1805–1876).

Quote

"(...) but then, and above all the serious illness of his youngest brother Eduard as well as the poor health of three other siblings, who all died young, and the beginnings of the father's illness, which was also to end fatally."

Henriette Marx

Here in the Trinity Church , Sophia, Louise, Henriette and Caroline were confirmed

Henriette Marx (born October 28, 1820 in Trier ; † January 3, 1845 in Alstaden , today Oberhausen ) was a sister of Karl Marx . She was born as the fifth child of Heinrich Marx and Henriette Marx and was the wife of the architect and railway director Arnold Theodor Wilhelm Albert Simons (*  July 5, 1813 in Soest ; †  February 9, 1863 in Aachen ).

Life

Henriette was born in Trier, in the home of the Simeongasse family in 1070 (today Simeonstrasse 8). On August 26, 1824, she was baptized Protestant together with her siblings in their parents' apartment in Trier. Her godparents were the lawyer Johann Friedrich Joseph Bockholtz and the wife of a lawyer, Anna Maria Schaak, b. Clement. She was confirmed in the Trinity Church on Palm Sunday 1837. Nothing is known about their schooling. Her sister Sophia describes her to her brother Karl: "... and Jette just doesn't have the most amiable sense of humor". After her father died on May 10, 1838, her guardian became the lawyer and friend of the Johann Heinrich Schlink family . Although Henriette was already sick with consumption, preparations for the wedding with the architect Theodor Simons were pushed ahead in the summer of 1844. Also Jenny Marx was it finished. The driving force was the best man and division preacher Carl Wilhelm Rocholl , the groom's uncle. The marriage, which was planned for August 28, took place on September 3, 1844 in the Trier town hall . Her mother and the sisters Louise, Emilie and Caroline attended the wedding. After the wedding, the bride and groom drove in a carriage to what was then the village of Alstaden. The young bride died on January 3, 1845 at the age of 24 without having seen her family again.

The widower Theodor Simons married Amalia Margathe Zimmermann on January 5, 1847 (born  August 3, 1826 in Saarbrücken , †  June 8, 1895 in Strasbourg ). In 1861 he was director of the Königl. Saarbrücken-Trier-Luxemburg Railway, Saarbrücken . He died in 1863 as railway director of the Royal Aachen-Düsseldorf-Ruhrorter Railway in Aachen . His second marriage had five children.

Quotes

“Despite all the glory, Jettchen is getting worse every day, the cough and hoarseness increase. She can hardly walk anymore. She walks around like a ghost but must be married. It is generally found to be terrible and unscrupulous. Rocholl is supposed to be there to hijack something for his nephew. I don't know if that can go well. If they could still live in a city - but in a miserable village and that in winter. "

- Jenny Marx : Letter to Karl Marx, between August 11th and 18th, 1844

“She was a tall, beautiful figure with such loving, consumptive eyes. Consumption proceeded so rapidly that everyone foresaw its death. My father tried to postpone the wedding because it was no longer possible. The groom recognized this too, but the bride hoped for a cure once she was a woman. So it was done. She got up and was wearing a white dress, I didn't know her anymore, she was so miserable. The groom had to carry her to bed after the wedding, from which she only got up to be carried into the carriage so that she could die in her new home. "

Caroline Marx

Caroline Marx (born July 30, 1824 in Trier ; † December 13, 1847 there ) was the eighth child of Heinrich Marx and sister of Karl Marx.

Life

Caroline was born in Trier, in the house of the family Simeongasse 1070 (today Simeonstrasse 8). On August 26, 1824, she and her siblings were baptized as a Protestant in their parents' apartment in Trier. Her godparents were the lawyer Friedrich Wilhelm Rupp and Mrs. Julie Emmerich, b. Küppert. Nothing is known about their schooling. Letters from her sister Sophia show that she loved her brother Karl. She also kept in touch with the von Westphalen family. As the death of Jenny Marx 's brother Carl, 1840. On April 12, 1840, she in the Holy Trinity Church in Trier confirmed . Karl Marx received information about his sister's state of health through several letters. In June 1844 she visited Jenny Marx and her daughter Jenny when they were visiting Trier. On January 14th, Caroline died of "consumption" and was buried on January 16, 1847 in the Ruwererstraße cemetery.

Quote

“You will be amazed not to have received a letter from Carolinchen and instead from me (...) because Carolinchen would love to be with you in Bommel and wait for letters every day. But the poor child felt so weak that the doctor strongly rubs it off, and your plans, dear Karl, really would have been impracticable; the dear little linen felt infinitely tired despite the greatest rest and care (...). "

- Sophia Schmalhausen : Letter to Karl Marx, September 25, 1846

Eduard Marx

High school in Trier: Eduard and Karl went to school here

Eduard Marx (born April 7, 1826 in Trier ; † December 14, 1837 there ) was the ninth child of Heinrich Marx , student and brother of Karl Marx.

Life

Eduard was born in Trier, in the house of the family Simeongasse 1070 (today Simeonstraße 8). On April 28, 1826 he was baptized as a Protestant in his parents' apartment in Trier. His godparents were the lawyer Friedrich Wilhelm Rupp and his wife Frederika Dorothea Rupp, née. Vogt. In 1835 Eduard started school in Trier . Karl Marx received information about the health of his youngest brother through several letters. Eduard had been ill since June 1837 and finally died on December 14, 1837 of "consumption". He was buried on December 19 in the Protestant cemetery in Trier.

Karl Marx's family continued to talk about his death for a long time, so that Marx's daughter Eleanor Marx was able to report about it in 1897.

Quotes

"Menni goes to high school, and it seems he wants to show a little more zeal."

- Heinrich Marx : Letter to Karl Marx of November 9, 1836

"Edward's condition, dear mother's suffering, your malaise, although I hope that it is not strong, everything made me wish (...) to rush to you."

- Heinrich Marx : Letter to Karl Marx of November 9, 1836

"(...) but then, and above all the serious illness of his youngest brother Eduard as well as the poor health of three other siblings, who all died young, and the beginnings of the father's illness, which was also to end fatally."

- Mohr and General. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1964, p. 266.

literature

General

  • Hans Stein: The conversion of the Marx family to Protestant Christianity . In: Yearbook of the Cologne History Association, Vol. 14, Cologne 1932, pp. 126–129.
  • Jacob Peter Mayer : Marx and his siblings. In: Forward. Berlin, No. 69 of February 11, 1932, 2nd supplement, p. 2.
  • Heinz Monz : Karl Marx and Trier. Relationships relationships influences . New publishing house, Trier 1964.
  • Richard Laufner: Heinrich Marx and the regulation of tax debts of the Trier Jews . In: Richard Laufner, Albert Rausch: The Marx family and the Trier Jews. Trier 1975 ( writings from the Karl-Marx-Haus-Trier , issue 14), pp. 5–17.
  • Karin Kersten, Jutta Prasse: The daughters of Karl Marx. Unpublished letters. Translated from French and English, edited by Olga Meier. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1979.

Literature on Mauritz David Marx

  • Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Basics of life and work. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, pp. 231 and 264.
  • Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-89144-185-1 , pp. 477-482.

Literature on Sophia Marx

  • Eleanor Marx- Aveling: A letter from the young Marx. In: The New Time . 16. Vol. 1. Vol., 1897/1898, pp. 4-6.
  • Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Basics of life and work. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, pp. 231-232, 242-243, 257, 286-290.
  • Their names live on through the centuries. Condolences and necrologists on the deaths of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1983, pp. 68-69. Sophia Schmalhausen, Bertha van Anroij and Caroline Smith to Eleanor Marx March 18, 1883
  • Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-89144-185-1 , pp. 483-560.
  • Jan Gielkens: Karl Marx and his Dutch relatives . Trier 1999 ISBN 3-86077-845-5 pp. 93-100 and 257-273
  • Family Marx private . Akademie Verlag Berlin 2005, pp. 296–297 Confessions of Caroline Schmalhausen

Literature on Hermann Marx

  • Eleanor Marx- Aveling: A letter from the young Marx. In: The New Time . 16. Vol. 1. Vol., 1897/1898, pp. 4-6.
  • Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Basics of life and work. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, pp. 233-234.
  • Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-89144-185-1 , pp. 562-570.

Literature on Henriette Marx

  • Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Basics of life and work. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, pp. 234-235.
  • C. Steinbicker: Westphalian gender book.  6 (DGB 184), Limburg / Lahn 1980, p. 10.
  • Wilhelm Bracht: A Soester married Karl Marx's sister. In: Association for history and home care Soest: messages. March 12, 1986, Soest 1986, pp. 10-11.
  • Wilhelm Bracht: Theodor and Henriette Simons. A Soester review of the Karl Marx year 1983. In: Soester Zeitschrift. 96, 1984, pp. 75-78.
  • Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-89144-185-1 , pp. 571-589.

Literature on Caroline Marx

  • Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Basics of life and work. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, p. 238.
  • Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-89144-185-1 , pp. 808-817.

Literature on Eduard Marx

  • Eleanor Marx-Aveling: A letter from the young Marx. In: The New Time . 16. Vol. 1. Vol., 1897/1898, pp. 4-6
  • Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Basics of life and work. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, p. 238
  • Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings . Cologne 1993, pp. 820-824 ISBN 3-89144-185-1

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ In the decentralized tables 1813–1823, Trier City Archives, it says “Moritz David Marx”. A spelling mistake, the Werner Blumenberg : Karl Marx in self-testimonies and photo documents. Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1962, p. 9 repeated.
  2. ↑ In the birth certificate 522/1815, the parents are Heinrich Marx and Henriette Presburg.
  3. ↑ In the death certificate 196/1819 the parents Heinrich Marx and Henriette Presborg and the child are only called "Mauritz".
  4. ^ Oppenheim was a representative of the Trier Jews in the Jewish Debt Repayment Commission, which Heinrich Marx represented in court from 1817 to 1831 (Laufner, p. 16).
  5. ↑ He is not mentioned in the burial books of the Evangelical Church. Because of this and because the cemetery book is missing for the Jewish community, it can be assumed that he was buried there according to the Jewish rite.
  6. ↑ The baptism took place between the death of Mauritz David and the year 1821, when the division preacher Mühlenhoff went to Berlin without having entered Heinrich Marx's baptism. Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings , p. 478.
  7. ^ Otto Rühle: Karl Marx. Life and work. Hellerau near Dresden 1928, pp. 445–446.
  8. ^ Arnold Künzli: Karl Marx. A psychography. Vienna / Frankfurt / Zurich 1966, pp. 72–78
  9. ^ Fritz J. Raddatz: Karl Marx. A political biography. Hamburg 1975, p. 12.
  10. ^ Sophia Schmalhausen to Marx, December 7, 1881.
  11. ↑ Caroline Schmalhausen to Marx June 7, 1865.
  12. ^ Wilhelm Robert Schmalhausen to Marx, November 13, 1847.
  13. ↑ Manfred Schöncke, p. 554.
  14. ↑ Maastricht thinks Karl Marx. In: De Limburger. Roermund, March 14, 1983.
  15. ↑ R. Hackeng: Karl Marx op bezoek in Maastricht. In: De Maasgouw. Maastricht, 112, 1993, No. 2, pp. 86-94.
  16. ↑ Sophia no longer lived in Bouillonstraat, but from May 10, 1864 on Markt 1174 (Manfred Schöncke, p. 534).
  17. ↑ There were actually nine.
  18. ↑ What is meant is Henriette Marx geb. Presburg.
  19. ^ Isaiah Berlin: Karl Marx. His life and his work. R. Piper & Co Verlag, Munich 1959, p. 40.
  20. ^ Richard Friedenthal: Karl Marx. His life and his time. R. Piper & Co Verlag, Munich / Zurich 1981, ISBN 3-492-02713-X , p. 39.
  21. ↑ Henriette Schmalhausen is meant.
  22. ^ Mohr and General, Berlin 1964, p. 205.
  23. ↑ Jan Gielkens: Karl Marx and his Dutch relatives, p. 213.
  24. ↑ Jan Gielkens: Karl Marx and his Dutch relatives, p. 233.
  25. ↑ Quoted from Mohr and General . P. 272 ​​f.
  26. ↑ Manfred Schöncke, pp. 833-834.
  27. ^ Eduard Montigny to Karl Marx after September 12, 1848, MEGA 2 Abt. III Vol. 2, p. 471.
  28. ↑ Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Hermann Marx confuses the foundations of life and work with Eduard Marx, p. 233, footnote 31 (Menni was the nickname of Eduard Marx).
  29. ^ Heinrich Marx to Karl Marx September 9, 1836, MEGA 2 Abt. III Vol. 1, p. 301.
  30. ↑ Stadtarchiv Trier Tb 15/318 Faz 1, sheet 178 f.
  31. ↑ Manfred Schöncke, p. 566.
  32. ↑ Evangelical Archive Office Koblenz, Trier Church Book No. 201,13,5.
  33. ↑ Quoted from Mohr and General. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1964, p. 266.
  34. ↑ In the birth certificate 578/1820 the parents are Heinrich Marx and Henriette Presburg.
  35. ↑ Evangelical Archive Office Koblenz. Church book 201, 1, 48.
  36. ↑ MEGA 2 Department III, Vol. 1, p. 329.
  37. ↑ MEGA 2 Department III, Vol. 2, p. 429.
  38. ^ Karl-Heinz Ludwig / Wolfgang König / Lothar Burchardt: Technology, engineers and society. History of the Association of German Engineers 1856–1981 . VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1981, ISBN 978-3184005108 , pp. 565, 569.
  39. ↑ C. Steinbicker: Westphalian Gender Book  6 (German Gender Book, Vol. 184), Limburg / Lahn 1980, p. 10.
  40. ↑ Quoted from MEGA 2 Department III, Vol. 2, p. 441.
  41. ↑ Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Basics of life and work. P. 235.
  42. ^ Carl Hans Werner von Westphalen died on March 8, 1840.
  43. ↑ MEGA 2 Abt. III Vol. 1, p. 321.
  44. ↑ Evangelische Archivstelle Koblenz, Church Book Trier No. 201, 13, p. 19.
  45. ↑ Trier City Archives, cemetery book Ruwererstraße TB 15/952, p. 223.
  46. ↑ Quoted from MEGA 2 Section III Vol. 2, p. 311.
  47. ↑ Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Basics of life and work, p. 242.
  48. ↑ MEGA 2 Abt. III Vol. 1, pp. 292, 301, 318, 332 f.
  49. ↑ Evangelical Archive Office Koblenz, Church Book Trier No. 201 p. 104.
  50. ↑ Quoted from MEGA 2 Section III Vol. 1, p. 301.
  51. ↑ MEGA 2 Abt. III Vol. 1, p. 301.