Jenny Marx

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Jenny von Westphalen around 1835. Painting by an unknown hand.

Johanna Bertha Julie Jenny Marx, née von Westphalen (born February 12, 1814 in Salzwedel , † December 2, 1881 in London ) was a German socialist and the wife of Karl Marx .

Life

origin

Jenny Marx's birthplace on Jenny-Marx-Strasse in Salzwedel

Jenny von Westphalen was the daughter of the district administrator of Salzwedel, Ludwig von Westphalen , and his wife Caroline von Westphalen, née Heubel (1780–1856). Her grandfather Philipp von Westphalen was the secret secretary of Duke Ferdinand von Braunschweig and in 1764 received the title "Edler von Westphalen".

Her half-siblings Ferdinand von Westphalen (1850–1858 Prussian Interior Minister), Louise von Westphalen (1800–1863), Carl von Westphalen (1803–1840) and Franziska von Westphalen (1807–1896) came from her father's first marriage . Her siblings were Helena Laura Cecilia Charlotte Friderike von Westphalen (* March 16, 1817, † April 3, 1821) and Edgar von Westphalen .

Jenny was baptized on February 15, 1814 in the von Westphalen family home in Salzwedel.

trier

In April 1816, the father was transferred to Trier to work as a councilor in the district government . The von Westphalen family lived in Trier in house no. 389 (today Neustraße 83). On April 3, 1821, her sister Laura died of "sticky cough and scarlet fever", she was buried on April 5 in Trier. Jenny later named her second daughter after her sister.

On March 30, 1828 she was confirmed in the Trier Church of the Trier . In 1831 the Second Lieutenant Karl von Pannewitz (1803-1856) wooed Jenny, but she refused an engagement . On her 18th birthday in 1832, her father gave her 100 Reichstaler for a trip to Paris or Switzerland.

After Marx had completed his two semesters in Bonn, he "secretly" became engaged to Jenny in Trier in the summer of 1836. His sister Sophia and his father were the first to know about it. Marx sent Jenny poems ("Book of Love. First Part", "Book of Love. Second Part", "Book of Songs" and "Folk Songs"). The engagement period lasted seven years.

On August 2, 1837, Princess Marie , the wife of Prince Karl of Prussia , stayed in Trier. A committee held "a ball" to "glorify" the princess. Jenny was present with her parents and her half-brother. In 1863 Karl Marx reminded his wife:

"Dear dear hearty Jenny, [...] I am daily pilgrimage to the old Westphalian house (in the Römerstrasse), which interested me more than all Roman antiquities, because it reminds me of the happiest days of my youth and contained my best treasure. In addition, I am asked every day, left and right, about the quondam 'most beautiful girl in Trier' and the 'ball queen'. It is damn nice for a man when his wife lives on in the imagination of an entire city as an 'enchanted princess'. "

In 1838 she traveled with her half-brother Carl to take a cure in Niederbronn in Alsace . Carl died on March 8, 1840. His death shook the family. In September 1841 Jenny became the godmother of Anna Elisabeth Charlotte Jenny von Westphalen, the daughter of Ferdinand and Louise Mathilde Cassot von Florencourt.

Wedding ceremony in Kreuznach

The wedding took place in the Wilhelmskirche .

Her father Ludwig von Westphalen died on March 3, 1842. Shortly afterwards, her mother and Jenny moved to Kreuznach .

On January 28, 1843, Marx's mother Henriette gave her notarized consent to the wedding. The bids in Trier, Bonn, Cologne and Kreuznach were made on June 4th and 11th. On June 12, a marriage contract was signed, which provided for future community of property, and on June 19, 1843, the civil marriage of Mayor Franz Buss was performed. On the same day they were married in church in Kreuznach by Pastor Johann Wilhelm Schneegans . Both announced the wedding in newspaper advertisements in Kreuznach and Trier, which was still unusual at the time.

At the end of July 1843, Arnold Ruge arrived in Kreuznach to talk about the Franco-German yearbooks . He found that Jenny was "very privy to the new philosophy". The honeymoon took the couple to Ebernburg Castle and Bingen , then to Baden-Baden .

Paris

At the beginning of October 1843, Jenny and Karl Marx arrived in Paris . Here they also got to know Arnold Ruge's wife Agnes Wilhelmine, as well as Georg and Emma Herwegh , German Mäurer , Michail Bakunin , Karl Ludwig Bernays , Moses Hess and his wife Sybille and Heinrich Heine , who also corresponded with Jenny.

Their daughter Jenny Caroline was born in Paris on May 1st . At the end of May, Jenny traveled with her daughter Jenny to her mother Caroline in Trier. She stayed there until the beginning of September. In Trier she met Karl's sister Sophia and her daughter Henriette. She experienced the wedding of the terminally ill sister of Karl, Henriette Marx , and the "humbug with the holy coat " in Trier. She returned to Paris with the wet nurse "Gretchen from Barbeln " after Friedrich Engels had met Marx there for ten days to write The Holy Family .

Jenny commented on the assassination attempt by Heinrich Ludwig Czech on King Friedrich Wilhelm IV on July 26, 1844:

“I received your letter at the very moment when all the bells were ringing, the guns were firing and the pious crowd was pouring into the temples to bring the heavenly Lord a hallelujah that he might so miraculously save the earthly Lord. You can imagine the feeling with which I read the Heine songs during the celebration and also joined my Hosannah. Did your Prussian heart also quiver with horror at the news of that crime, that unheard of, unthinkable crime? O! about lost virginity, lost honor! These are the Prussian keywords. When I heard the little green hay horse, the cavalry captain X., declare that he had lost virginity, I didn't believe anything other than my holy immaculate virginity of Mother Mary, because that was officially confirmed - but of the virginity of the Prussian state! No, I had long since lost consciousness of that. "

- Jenny Marx : From the letter of a German lady.

On January 25, 1845, Marx received the deportation order. He and with it his wife and daughter had to leave Paris. On February 1, 1845, Marx traveled to Brussels with Heinrich Bürgers . Jenny had to break up her household. She suspected that Alexander von Humboldt had "arranged" the deportation on behalf of the Prussian government. Friedrich Engels was still of this opinion in 1881. However, there is evidence that Humboldt had nothing to do with the deportation.

Brussels

The only surviving page of the Communist Party's manifesto in the handwriting of Jenny Marx and Karl Marx

Their daughter Jenny Laura was born in Brussels on September 26, 1845. She met Friedrich Engels, who came there at the beginning of April 1845 and had lived in the neighboring house (Rue de l'Alliance 7) since August 26, 1845. She also met Wilhelm Wolff , Ferdinand Wolff , Georg Weerth , Stephan Born , Carl Wallau and others in Brussels .

Helena Demuth was sent to her by her mother Caroline von Westphalen in September 1846. From then on Helena Demuth ran the household of the Marx family.

Jenny Marx took part in the New Year's celebration of the German Workers' Education Association on January 31, 1847. In a newspaper report of the Deutsche-Brusser-Zeitung it was pointed out that after the banquet “a dramatic performance in which Dr. Marx developed her ingenious talent for declamation , ”took place. Only three days later, on February 3, 1847, Charles Louis Henri Edgar Marx was born, who was called "Musch" and was initially looked after by a wet nurse named Devalek.

In February 1848, Jenny, as Marx's secretary, wrote part of the manuscript of the Communist Party's manifesto . On March 4, 1848, at 3 a.m., after Karl Marx had been arrested an hour earlier, she was arrested on her doorstep. After serving 18 hours in detention, she was expelled from Belgium .

“In terrible fear I hurry after him, seek out men of influence to find out what the plan is. […] Suddenly a guard arrives at me, takes me prisoner and throws me into a dark prison. This was the place where homeless beggars, homeless wanderers, unhappy, lost women are housed. I am pushed into a dark room. I step in sobbing when an unhappy companion in suffering offers me her bed. It was a hard wooden cot. I sink down on my bed. [...] After a two-hour interrogation, during which little was found out about me, I was escorted to a car, accompanied by a gendarme, and arrived at my poor little 3 children towards evening. "

- Jenny Marx : Brief outlines of an eventful life. (1983), pp. 187-188 (1965: p. 208).

Paris and Cologne

Jenny traveled to Paris on April 6th with Stephan Born and their three children, as Marx had already been expelled from Belgium on April 3rd. She left Paris in mid-April and first went to Trier to see her mother. In June 1848 she arrived in Cologne , where the Marx family lived from then on at 7 Cäcilienstraße. Here Marx published the Neue Rheinische Zeitung . Jenny learned here a. a. Ferdinand Lassalle and Ernst Dronke know and had contact with the former guardian of Karl Marx and member of the Prussian National Assembly Johann Heinrich Schlink . At the beginning of January 1849 she and her husband visited Gottfried and Johanna Kinkel in Bonn . Jenny tried to get back the household she had left behind in Brussels. After the newspaper had stopped appearing on May 18, 1849 and Karl Marx had been expelled as a stateless person , Jenny sold all of the furniture and brought her silver items to the pawn shop.

On July 7, 1849, she and her children returned to Paris.

“You can imagine how anxious I was when I heard of the Paris uprising and how even the terribly raging cholera there held me in constant worry. In addition to all of this, there are the serious general sufferings and defeats that weigh on our party, the difficult situation in which almost all who fight for the principle of the new world have now got. "

- Jenny Marx to Caroline Schöler , June 29, 1849.

“I went with the 3 little ones via Bingen, where we met Heinzen and his beautiful wife, a former actress, and stayed for 8 days, after my old, expensive home in the arms of my beloved mother. […] Karl went […] to Paris, where a short time later the Ledru-Rollin affair of June 13 closed the brief dream of revolution. The reaction appeared everywhere in its wildest form. "

- Jenny Marx : Brief outlines of an eventful life. (1983), p. 189 (1965: p. 210).

In exile in London

Since Marx was expelled from France again, Jenny followed him with Helena Demuth and the children to London, where they arrived on August 24, 1849. Henry Edward Guy Marx was born on November 5, 1849. His nickname was "Föxchen" because his third first name Guy was named after Guy Fawkes , who had practiced the Gunpowder Plot on November 5, 1605 . Henry died on November 19, 1850. In March 1851, Jenny Eveline Francis Marx was born, called Franziska. She died on April 24, 1852.

On June 23, 1851, Henry Frederick Demuth was born as the illegitimate son of Helena Demuth in the apartment "28 Dean Street Soho". While a number of historians consider him an illegitimate son of Karl Marx, Terrell Carver lists a number of arguments that cast this into doubt. In October 1851 Jenny Marx tried to find a wet nurse for Henry Frederick Demuth from the Devalek family in Brussels, who had also looked after their son Edgar in 1847.

In February 1852 letter from Jenny Amalie Daniels, the woman is of the Cologne Communist trial accused Dr. med. Roland Daniels , intercepted by the police on October 26, 1852, is cited in the trial as evidence of the prosecution. In letters to Adolf Cluss , she informed about her contribution to the defense of the Cologne defendants .

For Marx's work on the New York Daily Tribune , Jenny not only copied his correspondence so that the editors could read and print his articles - Karl Marx's hard-to-read handwriting is well known - she also kept a notebook from January 28, 1853 listing the subjects of the articles and when they were posted. Occasionally she corresponded with the editor of the Tribune Charles Anderson Dana . Since Marx initially did not have the printed copies of the newspaper, he was able to draw a change to the newspaper at regular intervals , which secured the Marx family the necessary income. Ferdinand Freiligrath , who employed the General Bank of Switzerland (Crédit International Mobilier et Foncier) London Agency in London and was close friends with the Marx family in the 1850s, discounted the bills of exchange .

Jenny Julia Eleanor Marx was born on January 16, 1855 .

"My dear Mumchen this is written by your son himself he [give] you hundred kisses."

- Edgar Marx to Jenny

On April 6, 1855, Edgar Marx died in his father's arms.

On May 22, 1856, Jenny traveled to Trier with her children to visit their mother. Her mother Caroline von Westphalen died on July 23rd. Jenny took care of the inheritance. The inheritance consisted of 634 Reichstalers and 18 silver groschen , which Jenny and her brother Edgar allotted. In the same year she inherited 97 pounds sterling and 6 shillings, which allowed the family to rent a beautiful house on Hampstead Heath . On July 6, 1857, Jenny gave birth to another child, who only lived a few hours.

Jenny Marx, photograph 1864

In the spring of 1859 she copied the manuscript of Marx's work On the Critique of Political Economy and in 1860 the complete printed manuscript of Marx's Herr Vogt . In November 1860 she fell ill, it was smallpox . The children were born by Wilhelm Liebknecht and his wife Ernestine, b. Landolt until Christmas 1860. Jenny had a warm relationship with her. Only after the publication of the first volume of Das Kapital in 1867 did the Marx family's financial situation improve.

During the Paris Commune uprising in 1871, Jenny Marx wrote:

“You have no idea how my husband, the girls and we all suffered from the French stories. First the terrible war and now the much more terrible second siege of Paris. The death of Flourens , the bravest of the brave, touched us all deeply and now the desperate struggle of the commune, in which all of our oldest and best friends take part. The lack of military leadership, the natural mistrust of everything that is 'military', the intrusive interference of journalists, phrase heroes like Félix Pyat , the resulting quarrels, indecision and inconsistent action - all these evils, inevitably in such a bold one youthful movement - would certainly have been overcome by the core of capable, self-confident, self-sacrificing workers, but now, I believe, all hope has been lost since Bismarck has paid himself off with German money, the French channels of order, each of which is an infamous civil crime not only surrenders all prisoners, but all fortifications. A second June battle is ahead of us [...] "

- Jenny Marx to Louis Kugelmann , May 12, 1871.

In September 1872 Jenny Marx took part as a listener at the Hague Congress of the International Workers' Association . In 1864 she had already written a copy of Marx's "Inaugural Address".

Through Carl Hirsch's mediation , Jenny Marx was able to publish five articles in the Frankfurter Zeitung about London theater life and about the special Shakespeare worship in the Marx house . Similar correspondence from her appeared in the Viennese magazine Der Sprudel , directed by Ferdinand Fleckles . In 1877 she visited her home for the last time on the occasion of a cure with her husband Karl and their daughter Eleanor. She stayed in Bad Neuenahr from August 11, 1877 to the end of September 1877 . On the return trip to London, she visited her friend Bertha Augusti in Koblenz .

death

1880 Jenny cancer diagnosed. Her last attending physician was Horatio Bryan Donkin . At the age of 67, after a long suffering, she died in London on December 2, 1881. Laura Lafargue registered her death in the civil registry on the same day. Jenny Marx was buried in unconsecrated earth on December 5, 1881 because she was an atheist in Highgate Cemetery in London. Friedrich Engels gave the funeral speech.

The doctor forbade Karl Marx to attend the funeral. On the death of his wife , Sybille Hess (the widow of Moses Hess ), the communard Leo Frankel , the friend Wilhelm Liebknecht, the old communist Friedrich Leßner , the writer Minna Kautsky , the chairman of the London Communist Workers' Education Association , Amalie Daniels (the Widow of friend Roland Daniels ), the MP August Bebel , Marx's sisters Emilie Conradi and Sophia Schmalhausen , his niece Caroline Schmalhausen, his brother-in-law Edgar von Westphalen and others.

"The letters of condolence that I receive from far and near and from people of so different nationalities, professions, etc., etc., are all, in the esteem of Möhmchen, animated by a spirit of truth and a deep feeling, as is seldom in such, mostly only conventional announcements. I explain this by the fact that everything about her was natural and true, unbiased, nothing made; hence the impression on third persons lively, full of light; Frau Hess even writes: 'In her, nature has destroyed her own masterpiece, because in my entire life I have never met such an intelligent and loving woman'. "

- Karl Marx : Letter to Jenny Longuet, December 17, 1881.

Karl Marx died in 1883. The inscription on the grave slab of the family grave read: "Jenny von Westphalen / The beloved wife of / Karl Marx / Born February 12. 1814 / Died December 2. 1881 / And Karl Marx / Born May 5. 1818, died March 14. 1883 / And Harry Longuet / Their grandson / Born July 4. 1878, died March 20. 1883 / And Helene Demuth / Born January 1. 1823, died November 4. 1890 “In 1954 the grave was reburied and the urn of the daughter Eleanor, who died in 1898 died, united. In 1956 a tomb with a large bust of Karl Marx was finally erected. The text on the plaque set into it begins as before and also lists Eleanor.

progeny

children

  • Jenny Caroline (1865)

  • Jenny Laura (1863)

  • Edgar Marx

  • Eleanor (1888)

The Marx couple had seven children. Only three daughters reached adulthood. The first son died at the age of eight, the second son and a daughter died shortly after their first birthday. A seventh child died on the day of birth.

  • Jenny Caroline (1844-1883)
  • Jenny Laura (1845-1911)
  • Charles Louis Henri Edgar , called "Cornel Musch" (February 3, 1847 - April 6, 1855)
  • Heinrich Edward Guy, called Guido or "Föxchen" (November 5, 1849 - November 19, 1850)
  • Jenny Eveline Francis, called Franziska (March 28, 1851 - April 14, 1852)
  • Jenny Julia Eleanor , called "Tussy" (1855–1898)
  • unnamed as it lived only a few hours on July 6, 1857.

Sons-in-law and grandchildren

  • Son-in-law
    Paul Lafargue (1869)

  • Grandson Charles Étienne Lafargue (1871)

  • Son-in-law
    Charles Longuet (1871)

  • Grandson Jean Longuet (1918)

On September 26, 1866, Jenny Laura became engaged to Paul Lafargue . The two married on April 2, 1868 in London. Their three children all died young:

  • Charles-Étienne Lafargue, called "Schnaps", "Fouchtra", "Toole II" and "Flamingo" (born January 1, 1869 in London; † May 1872 in Madrid )
  • Jenny Lafargue (born January 1, 1870 in Paris, † end of February 1870 there)
  • Marc Laurent Lafargue (born September 1870 in Bordeaux - † 26 August 1871)

Jenny Caroline married Charles Félix César Longuet on October 10, 1872 in London. The marriage had six children:

  • Charles Félicien Longuet, called "Caro" (born September 2, 1873 in London; † July 20, 1874 ibid)
  • Jean-Laurent-Frederick Longuet , called "Johnny" (born May 10, 1876 in London, † September 11, 1938 in Aix-les-Bains )
  • Henri Longuet, called "Harry" (* August 4, 1878 in London; † March 20, 1883 ibid)
  • Edgar Marcel Longuet , called "Wolf" (born August 18, 1879 in Ramsgate ; † December 21, 1950 in Alfortville )
  • Marcel Longuet (born April 1881 in Argenteuil , † 1949)
  • Jenny Longuet, called "Mémé" (born September 16, 1882 in Argenteuil; † 1952)

Afterlife

Memories of Jenny Marx

“What such a woman, with such a keen, critical mind, with such political tact, with such energy and passion of character, with such devotion for her comrades-in-arms, has done in the movement for almost forty years has not made its way to the public that is not recorded in the annals of the contemporary press. You have to see it yourself. But I know that if the women of the Commune refugees will remember them often, we others will often enough miss their bold and wise advice - bold without boasting, wise without ever forgiving anything. "

- Friedrich Engels : Jenny Marx, b. von Westphalen. (1881)

“On the only Sunday we spent in London at that time, we were all invited to dinner at Marx. I had already met Mrs. Jenny Marx, she was an elegant figure who immediately won my sympathy, who knew how to entertain her guests in the most charming and amiable way. "

- August Bebel : The canoe trip to London. (1881). In: From my life.

“It is no exaggeration when I say that without Jenny von Westphalen, Karl Marx could never have been who he was. Both matched perfectly and complemented each other. […] And I sometimes believe that a bond was almost as strong as their dedication to the cause of the workers - their inexhaustible, indestructible sense of humor. "

- Eleanor Marx-Aveling : Karl Marx. Loose leaves. (1895)

"Lenchen had the dictatorship in the house, Frau Marx ruled."

- Wilhelm Liebknecht : Karl Marx in memory. (1896)

Honors

Portrait of Jenny Marx on a special postage stamp of the GDR for the women's congress in 1964
  • Jenny Marx's birthplace in Salzwedel is still standing. It is called the " Jenny Marx House " and after 1969 served as a museum. For several years it has been used as a music school and for changing exhibitions on contemporary art and contemporary history. The Jenny Marx memorial complex is also located there . In the garden of the house there is a bronze sculpture Jenny by the sculptor Heinrich Apel from 1981.
  • In 1982, a plaque in honor of Jenny Marx was attached to the von Westphalen family home in Trier, Neustraße 83. But it showed a portrait of Gertrud Kugelmann . In December 2008 a new commemorative plaque by the Trier sculptor Franz Schönberger was attached. It bears the inscription "Jenny von Westphalen / 1814–1881 / wife of Karl Marx / parental home".
  • The section of the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation in Rhineland-Palatinate is named after her Jenny Marx Society for Civic Education Rhineland-Palatinate eV
  • In Trier (Petrisberg), Salzwedel, Ihleburg , Eberswalde and Teutschenthal streets are named after her.
  • To celebrate its 200th birthday on February 12, 2014 was regional the Deutsche Bahn named after Jenny Marx.

Writings and letters

Publications by Jenny Marx

  • From a letter from a German lady. In: Forward . Paris, No. 64, August 10, 1844.
  • Ernest Charles Jones : Statement against Karl Heinzen. Translated by Jenny Marx. About March 4, 1852.
  • Jenny Marx: Signs of the Times. In: Philadelphian Democrat. Philadelphia, December 1, 1852.
  • Brief outlines of an eventful life. In: Mohr and General. 5th ed. 1983, pp. 184-213 (2nd ed. 1965, pp. 204-236).
  • From a letter from Jenny Marx to Johann Philipp Becker of January 29, 1866. In: Der Vorbote . No. 2, February 1866.
  • Mrs. Marx on Gustave Flourens. In: The People's State . No. 31 of April 15, 1871.
  • From the London theater world. In: Frankfurter Zeitung and Handelsblatt. Frankfurt am Main, No. 328 of November 21, 1875.
  • London season. In: Frankfurter Zeitung and Handelsblatt. Frankfurt am Main, No. 95 of April 4, 1876.
  • English Shakespeare Studies. In: Frankfurter Zeitung and Handelsblatt. Frankfurt am Main, No. 3 of January 3, 1877.
  • Shakespeare's " Richard III " in the London Lyceum Theater . In: Frankfurter Zeitung and Handelsblatt. Frankfurt am Main, No. 39 of February 8, 1877.
  • From the London theater. In: Frankfurter Zeitung and Handelsblatt. Frankfurt am Main, No. 145 of May 25, 1877.
  • The most outstanding personalities in the English salon world. In: Der Sprudel. General German bathing journal. Vienna, IX. Vol. 3, May 18, 1879.
  • Irving at home. In: Der Sprudel. General German bathing journal. Vienna, IX. Vol. 7 of June 23, 1879.

Letters

More than 320 letters from and to Jenny Marx have survived.

  • Letters and excerpts from letters from Joh. Phil. Becker , Jos. Dietzgen , Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx a. A. to FA Sorge and others. JHW Dietz successor, Stuttgart 1906.
  • Gustav Mayer (ed.): The correspondence between Lassalle and Marx. Along with letters from Friedrich Engels and Jenny Marx to Lassalle and from Karl Marx to Countess Sophie Hatzfeldt . German publishing company, Julius Springer, Stuttgart / Berlin 1922.
  • Bert Andréas : Letters and documents from the Marx family from the years 1862–1873, along with two unknown essays by Friedrich Engels. In: Archives for Social History. 2nd volume. Publishing house for literature and current affairs, Hanover 1962.
  • Georg Eckert (Ed.): Wilhelm Liebknecht. Correspondence with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Mouton & Co., The Hague 1963. ( Sources and studies on the history of the German and Austrian labor movement. Volume 5. International Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam.)
  • The Marx family in letters. Edited by Manfred Müller. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1966.
  • Jürgen Reetz: Four letters from Jenny Marx from the years 1856-1860. Trier 1970. ( Writings from the Karl-Marx-Haus . Issue 3.)
  • Heinrich Gemkow : Newly found letters from Karl and Jenny Marx. In: Contributions to the history of the labor movement. Berlin 1976, No. 6, pp. 1014-1029.
  • Fritz Böttger (Ed.): Women on the move. Letters from women from the pre-March period and the revolution of 1848. Verlag der Nation, Berlin 1977.
  • The daughters of Karl Marx. Unpublished letters. Translated from the French and English by Karin Kersten and Jutta Prasse. Edited by Olga Meier. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1981, ISBN 3-462-01432-3 .
  • Perepiska Karla Marksa, Fridricha Ėngel'sa i členov sem'i Marksa 1835–1871 gg. [Correspondence between Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and Marx's family members - Переписка Карла Маркса, Фридриха Энга чнгелеа, 18–18 ридриха Энгелеле71, Moskva чнгелеле71, ридриха 1983.
  • Jenny Marx. An eventful life. Compiled and introduced by Renate Schack. Illustrations by Erika Baarmann . Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-320-01024-7 . Most extensive collection of articles and most of the letters to date.
  • "You can imagine how I often felt too courageous ..." Jenny Marx in letters to a trusted friend. Edited by Wolfgang Schröder . Verlag für die Frau , Leipzig 1989, ISBN 3-7304-0233-1 .
  • Heinz Monz : Two letters from Niederbronn (Alsace). Reports from Jenny von Westphalen from 1838 to Karl Marx in Berlin and her mother Caroline von Westphalen in Trier. In: Kurtrierisches Jahrbuch. Trier, 30. Jg., 1990, pp. 237-252.
  • Jan Gielkens: Ten letters from Lion , Nanette and August Philips to Karl Marx, Jenny Marx and Jenny Marx jr., 1861–1868. In: The Reception of Marx's Theory in the Netherlands. Trier 1992, pp. 455-473.
  • Galina Golovina, Martin Hundt : Jenny Marx as "managing director". A new source on Marx's contribution to the New-York Tribune. In: MEGA studies. 1996/2, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-320-01943-0 , pp. 109-112.
  • Una carta de Jenny Marx. In: El Viejo Topo. No. 236, 2007, ISSN  0210-2706 , pp. 60-63.
  • Rolf Hecker , Angelika Limmroth (ed.): Jenny Marx. The letters. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-320-02297-6 . Contains all 329 letters from and to Jenny Marx known up to 2013, including many that have never been published before. All foreign language letters are translated into German. Contents.

Entry in her daughter Jenny's Confession book

Jenny Marx signed her daughter Jenny's poetry album in English in 1865 .

question answer
Your favorite virtue ( Your favorite virtue ) Honesty ( sincerity )
... with man ( ... in man ) Persistence ( perseverance )
... woman ( ... woman ) Affection ( affection )
... main characteristic ( ... chief characteristic ) Sensitivity ( sensi tive ness )
Conception of happiness ( Idea of happiness ) Health ( health )
... misery ( ... misery ) Dependence ( dependence )
The vice that you are most likely apologize ( The vice you excuse most ) Indecision ( indecision )
... most likely to abhor ( ... detest most ) Ingratitude ( ingrattitude )
Their dislike ( Your aversion ) Liabilities ( debts )
Favorite activity ( Favorite occupation ) Handwork ( needle work )
... poet ( ... poet ) ( Göthe )
Writers ( Prose writer ) Martin Luther .
Hero ( Hero ) Coriolanus
Hero ( heroine ) Florence Nightingale
Flower ( Flower ) Rose ( rose )
Color ( Color ) Blue ( blue )
Favorite Maxime ( Favorite maxim ) It's not that bad ( Never mind )
Motto ( motto ) Nile desperandum ( do not despair )
Jenny, Julia, Joan, Bertha Marx (1865)

literature

Biographies

Lexicons

Essays

  • Jenny Marx . In: Women of the German Revolution 1848. Ten life pictures and a foreword by Anna Blos . Kaden & Comp., Dresden. 1928.
  • Mohr and General. Memories of Marx and Engels. 5th edition Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1983 (2nd complete edition 1965).
  • Wolfram Körner: A personal medical history from Jenny Marx and a letter from Karl Marx. In: Contributions to the history of the labor movement. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1966, Issue 1, pp. 71-74.
  • Bruno Kaiser : Jenny Marx as a theater critic. To a significant rediscovery. In: Contributions to the history of the labor movement. Berlin 1966, No. 6, pp. 1031-1042.
  • Jenny Marx as a theater critic. In: Shakespeare Yearbook. 105th volume. Kamp, Quelle & Meyer, Bochum / Heidelberg 1969, ISSN  0070-4326 , pp. 54-69.
  • Emile Bottigelli: Seven unpublished documents by Friedrich Engels. In: Friedrich Engels. 1820-1870. Lectures, discussions, documents. Editor: Hans Pelger. Verlag für Literatur und Zeitgeschehen, Hannover 1971, pp. 319–325.
  • On the personality of Marx's father-in-law Johann Ludwig von Westphalen. Trier 1973. ( Writings from the Karl-Marx-Haus . Issue 9.)
  • Georg Eckert : Jenny Marx and the Florencourt family. Chance finds from the Braunschweig archives. Pp. 81-131 and 158-166.
  • Ingrid Donner, Birgit Matthies: Jenny Marx on the Robert Blum meeting on November 9, 1852 in London. In: Contributions to Marx-Engels research 4. Berlin 1978, pp. 69–78.
  • Irina Pechernikova: Education in the Marx family. Translated from the Russian by Helga Gutsche. A family chronicle and photo supplements were added by Dr. Harald Wessel . People and Knowledge, Berlin 1978.
  • Jörg H. Damm: Jenny's personality. Portrait graphic, original 1964 on cardboard, 42 × 30 cm. In: Altmärkischer Heimatkalender. 9th year, 1980. Ed .: District management Salzwedel of the Kulturbund and department culture at the council of the district Salzwedel, Volksdruckerei Stendal, 1980.
  • Gero von Wilcke: Jenny von Westphalen. On the genealogy of Karl Marx's wife and comrade in arms. In: Rudolstädter Heimathefte. Volume 20, 1974, Issue 3/4, pp. 44-57.
  • Heinrich Gemkow : Inheritance waiver from Jenny Marx. In: Contributions to the history of the labor movement. Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 22nd year, 1980, issue 1, pp. 59-62.
  • Christa Krause: Birth announcement of Marx's daughter Jenny. In: Contributions to Marx-Engels research 10. Berlin 1981, pp. 115–116.
  • Heinrich Detloff von Kalben: Jenny Marx born. von Westphalen. Birthplace and life at the side of the creator of scientific socialism. In: From the Altmark. 66th annual report of the Altmark Association for Patriotic History in Salzwedel . Bremen 1986, pp. 177-180. complete annual report.
  • Wolfgang Schwalbach: Jenny Marx - most important daughter of the Altmark town of Salzwedel. Biographical sketches. Ed. Commission for research into the local history of the labor movement of the SED district leadership in Salzwedel. Volksdruckerei Stendal, Salzwedel 1987.
  • Heinz Monz : Bad Kreuznacher reminiscences of Karl Marx. In: Regional history quarterly papers. Vol. 34, 1988, No. 2, pp. 77-78.
  • Manfred Kliem : New press publications by Jenny Marx about William Shakespeare and Henry Irving discovered in the 1879 “Sprudel”. In: Contributions to Marx-Engels research 28. Berlin 1989, pp. 198–216.
  • Heinz Monz : From Bad Kreuznach to Baden-Baden. Verification and ambience of a honeymoon. Regional studies quarterly. Trier 1991, issue 4 (special print).
  • Ulrich Kalmbach: The Jenny Marx House in Salzwedel. Ed. Museums of the City of Salzwedel. Salzwedel 1992.
  • Heinz Monz: No postage stamp for Jenny Marx. Marginal notes on contemporary history. In: Yearbook for West German State History. Koblenz, Volume 31, 2005, pp. 531-534.
  • Heinrich Gemkow: From the life of a Rhenish family in the 19th century. Archival finds on the von Westphalen and Marx families. In: Yearbook for West German State History. 34th year, 2008, special edition, pp. 497-524.
  • Ulrich Kalmbach: Marx and Salzwedel. On the Jenny Marx honor in Salzwedel during the time of the GDR from 1949 to 1989. In: Altmark-Blätter. Local supplement of the Altmark newspaper. Uelzen 2010. ISSN  0943-1144 , Part 1. No. 50 (December 11, 2010), pp. 197-200, and Part 2. No. 51 (December 18, 2010), pp. 201-203.
  • Erhard Kiehnbaum: A day in the life of Jenny von Westphalen. In: Regional history quarterly papers. Trier, vol. 59, 2013, issue 3/4, pp. 75–84. ISSN  0458-6905 , digitized Greifswald 2013 (PDF file, 301 kB). Jenny von Westphalen to Marx in Bonn, Neuss, September 13, 1841.
  • Johanna C. Newcomer: Jenny - familiar stranger. Jenny Marx in Salzwedel. KulTour company Salzwedel, Salzwedel 2014.

Fiction

  • Gerhard Hardel : Jenny. Children's book publisher, Berlin 1961. (10th edition 1972.)
  • A rose branch. Salzwedel stories. Dedicated to Jenny Marx on the occasion of her 150th birthday. Deutscher Kulturbund , district board member Salzwedel. Salzwedel 1964.
  • Helmut Meyer : Franziska and the student from Trier. Children's book publisher, Berlin 1973. (7th edition 1979.)
  • Günter Kaltofen, Hans Pfeiffer: Salute to all. Marx. A piece based on letters from Karl and Jenny Marx and Friedrich Engels. Henschel, Berlin 1976.
  • Vyacheslav Manevsky: Karl and Jenny Marx. Piece in two acts. German by Günter Jäniche. In: Theater of Time. Journal for Politics and Theater. Volume 38. Theater der Zeit, Berlin 1983, No. 3, March, pp. 64-71, ISSN  0040-5418 .

Movies

  • Jenny Marx - The Red Baroness. Documentary, Germany, 2014, 29:10 min., Script and direction: Marina Farschid, production: Studio Dresden, MDR , first broadcast: February 13, 2014 on MDR, table of contents ( memento from February 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) by MDR.

Images that do not depict Jenny Marx

  • Daughter Jenny Caroline Marx (1864) left with her father Karl Marx.

  • Daughter Jenny Caroline Marx. Photograph by German Fehrenbach, London, January 1869.

  • Gertrud Kugelmann, wife of Louis Kugelmann . Photographer Julius Giere , Hanover.

  • Boris Rudjak : An amazing mix-up. In: Marx-Engels research reports. Issue 6, Karl Marx University Leipzig, Leipzig 1990, pp. 159-164. Digitized About the photographs that are supposed to depict Jenny Marx and / or her daughter Jenny Longuet , but which actually depict Gertrud and Franziska Kugelmann .
  • Boris Rudjak: One mistake needs to be corrected. Over five photographs that became known as portraits of the wife and eldest daughter of Karl Marx. In: Marx-Engels-Jahrbuch. Volume 13, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1990, pp. 320-328. Digitized These images show Gertrud and Franziska Kugelmann and not Jenny Marx and her daughter Jenny as is often assumed.

Web links

Commons : Jenny Marx  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The painting was acquired by the Museum of German History in 1953 from Frédéric Longuet , a great-grandson of Karl Marx. Longuet was a painter himself, especially a landscape painter. He visited the stages of his great-grandfather's life and put together sketches, pen drawings and watercolors to make a picture portfolio (commissioned by the Institute for Marxism-Leninism of the CPSU); he was also a guest at what was then the Marx memorial in Salzwedel. (First illustration in: Museum for German History (Hrsg.): Marx-Engels exhibition in the former armory on Unter den Linden. Berlin 1953, p. [28].)
  2. ^ Heinrich Gemkow: Edgar von Westphalen. In: Yearbook for West German State History. Vol. 25, 1999, p. 404.
  3. ↑ Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-89144-185-1 , pp. 871 and 874 f.
  4. ↑ Your godparents were: “Countess von der Schulenburg, Johanne geb. Meyer, Mrs. Gerlach District Office, Mrs. Major von Groeben, Mrs. Prediger Krausen, Mr. Tribunal judge von Heeringen, Mr. Tribunal judge Johann Christ, Wilhelm Schulz, Mr. Stallmeister Heubel, Mrs. Kaufmann Mertens, Mrs. Kaufmann Krause, Mrs. Post Director Meinecke, Mrs. v. Nordeck, Mrs. Rector Solbrig ”. Facsimile in: Wolfgang Schwalbach: Jenny Marx - most important daughter of the Altmark town of Salzwedel. Biographical sketches. P. 4.
  5. ↑ Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Cologne 1993, p. 873.
  6. ↑ Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Cologne 1993, p. 874 f.
  7. ↑ Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Cologne 1993, p. 835.
  8. ↑ "Jenny was a beautiful girl endowed with the charms of youth, with an expressive countenance, and with her bright mind and energetic disposition, she outnumbered most of her contemporaries. It could not fail to attract all the eyes of the young men; an officer of the garrison, a Mr. Pannwitz from Silesia, courted her hand; […] However, Jenny finally turned down this application. ”(Ferdinand von Westphalen: Memories. Quoted from Heinrich Gemkow: From the life of a Rhenish family in the 19th century. Archival finds on the families of Westphalen and Marx. P. 512 f. )
  9. ^ Heinrich Gemkow: From the life of a Rhenish family in the 19th century. Archival finds on the von Westphalen and Marx families. P. 512.
  10. ↑ “Book of Love. My dear, ever-beloved Jenny v. Westphalen. Berlin 1836, at the end of autumn. KH Marx. "( Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe 2 . Division I. Volume 1, Berlin 1975, p 477-521.)
  11. ↑ “Book of Love. My dear, ever-beloved Jenny v. Westphalen. Berlin 1836 November ". ( Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe 2 . Division I. Volume 1. Berlin 1975, p 523-553.)
  12. ↑ “Book of Songs. My dear, ever-beloved Jenny v. Westphalen. Berlin 1836. Karl Marx. "( Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe 2 . Division I. Volume 1. Berlin 1975, p 555-613.)
  13. ↑ “Folk songs of all German dialects, Spanish, Greek, Latvian, Lappish, Estonian, Albanian etc. compiled from various collections etc. for my sweet heart Jenny. KH Marx. Berlin 1839. 'I have never forgotten you, / I have always thought of you, / You are always close to my heart, / Hearts, hearts, / How d' Ros 'hangs on the stem.' Old folk song. "( Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe 2 . Division I. Volume 1. Berlin 1975, p 773-855.)
  14. ↑ Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. P. 876.
  15. ^ Karl Marx to Jenny Marx, December 15, 1863. Marx-Engels-Werke , Volume 30, p. 643.
  16. ↑ Heinz Monz: Two letters from Niederbronn (Alsace).
  17. ↑ Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Cologne 1993, p. 879.
  18. ^ Marriage certificate no. 51/1843. Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. P. 844 ff.
  19. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition 1 . Volume 1/1, Berlin 1927, pp. 310-312.
  20. ↑ Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Trier 1973, p. 351.
  21. ↑ Since the Pauluskirche in Kreuznach was being renovated at that time (cf. Albert Rosenkranz: Geschichte der Evangelischen Gemeinde Kreuznach. Bad Kreuznach 1951, p. 166), the wedding probably took place in the Wilhelmskirche. See also Angelika Limmroth: Jenny Marx. The biography. P. 82.
  22. ↑ Kreuznacher Zeitung No. 98 of June 20, 1843, p. 4, and Trierer Zeitung No. 166 of June 22, 1843. In: Heinz Monz: Bad Kreuznacher Reminiszenzen an Karl Marx.
  23. ^ Helmut Elsner: Karl Marx in Kreuznach 1842/43. Data - Persons - Kreuznacher Excerpts. In: Studies on Marx's first stay in Paris and the emergence of the German ideology. Trier 1990, ISBN 3-926132-16-7 , p. 117.
  24. ^ Heinz Monz: From Bad Kreuznach to Baden-Baden. Verification and ambience of a honeymoon.
  25. ↑ Rolf Hecker, Angelika Limmroth (ed.): Jenny Marx. The letters. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin 2014, p. 62.
  26. ^ Yvonne Kapp: Eleanor Marx. Family life. Vol. I. Lawrence and Wishart, London 1972, ISBN 0-85315-248-9 , p. 25.
  27. ↑ “That my daughter Jenny Marx gave birth happily to a healthy girl in Paris on May 1st, I show my participating friends with the utmost devotion. Trier, May 4th 1844. Privy Councilor of Westphalen ”. Quoted from Christa Krause: Birth announcement of Marx's daughter Jenny. P. 115.
  28. ↑ Quoted from Jacques Grandjonc: “Forward”! 1844. Marx and the German Communists in Paris. Berlin / Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1974, ISBN 3-8012-1071-5 , p. 55.
  29. ↑ Jenny Marx to Karl Marx, February 10, 1845. (Rolf Hecker, Angelika Limmroth (Ed.): Jenny Marx. The letters. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin 2014, p. 64.)
  30. ↑ “The Prussian government persecuted Marx even in Paris. I regret to mention that a man like A. v. Humboldt found himself ready to work with the Prussian government to have the government expel Louis-Philippe Marx from France. ”Quoted from Friedrich Engels: Speech at the grave of Jenny Marx. In: Marx-Engels works. Volume 19, p. 293.
  31. ^ Kurt R. Biermann : Alexander von Humboldt and his presumed involvement in Marx's expulsion from Paris in 1845. In: Contributions to the history of the workers' movement. Berlin, 26th year, 1984, No. 6, pp. 779-782.
  32. ↑ In June 2013 the manifesto was included in the UNESCO document heritage : Writings of Karl Marx: “The Manifesto of the Communist Party” (1848) and “Das Kapital”, first volume (1867).
  33. ^ Acte des Naissance. No. 364. (Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. P. 849 f.)
  34. ↑ Michael Knieriem: known and unknown personal historical data on Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, during the Brussels time 1845–1848. P. 91 f and p. 83 f.
  35. ↑ Stephan Born: Memories of a forty-eight person. Edited and introduced by Hans J. Schütz. JHW Dietz Nachf., Berlin / Bonn 1978, ISBN 3-8012-0031-0 , p. 38 ff.
  36. ↑ Stephan Born: Memories of a forty-eight person. 3rd edition Georg Heinrich Meyer, Leipzig 1898, p. 41.
  37. ↑ Deutsche-Brusser-Zeitung of January 6, 1848, No. 2, p. 2, column 3.
  38. ^ Report on the New Year celebrations of the German Workers' Education Association in Brussels. In: Herwig Förder, Martin Hundt , Jefim Kandel, Sofia Lewiona: The League of Communists. Documents and materials. Volume 1. 1836-1849. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1970, pp. 641–644, here p. 644.
  39. ↑ Michael Knieriem : known and unknown personal historical data on Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, during the Brussels time 1845–1848. In: Protocol of the international colloquium of the Marx-Engels-Stiftung e. V. on November 28, 1980 in Wuppertal-Elberfeld. Wuppertal 1981, p. 81. The first names are those of Karl Marx, Ludwig von Westphalen, Heinrich Marx and Edgar von Westphalen.
  40. ↑ François Devalek to Jenny Marx, October 15, 1851. (Rolf Hecker, Angelika Limmroth (ed). Jenny Marx's letters.. 111.)
  41. ↑ Bert Andréas: Marx's arrest and expulsion. Brussels February / March 1848. Trier 1978, p. 29. ( Writings from the Karl-Marx-Haus. Issue 22.)
  42. ↑ “Finally, a few words about the expulsions of the Germans that took place here. [...] also Marx, whom his wife and children followed yesterday ”. In: C. Brussels, March 6th: French Republic and Belgium. Expulsions from Brussels. Mannheimer Abendzeitung , March 13, 1848. Quoted from Walter Schmidt: Brussels correspondence in the "Mannheimer Abendzeitung". On the effectiveness of the German newspaper correspondence office in Brussels. In: Marx-Engels-Jahrbuch 10. Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-320-00914-1 , p. 318.
  43. ^ Studies on Marx's first stay in Paris and the development of the German ideology. Trier 1990, ISBN 3-926132-16-7 , p. 206. ( Writings from the Karl-Marx-Haus. Issue 43.)
  44. ^ Heinrich Billstein: Marx in Cologne. Pahl-Rugenstein, 1983, ISBN 3-7609-0766-0 , p. 120 f.
  45. ↑ estate recording Heinrich Marx 24 August 1838. (Manfred Schöncke: . Karl Marx and Heinrich and her siblings Cologne 1993, p 287.)
  46. ^ Johann Heinrich Schlink to Jenny Marx, July 15, 1848. (Angelika Limmroth, Rolf Hecker (Eds.): Jenny Marx. The letters. Pp. 82–83.)
  47. ↑ February Gottfried Kinkel to Karl Marx, January 13, 1849 and Johanna Kinkel to Karl Marx, 18, 1849. ( Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe 2 . Division III. Volume 3. Berlin 1981, pp 130 and 133.)
  48. ↑ August Schnée to Jenny Marx, December 12, 1848. Victor Faider to Jenny Marx, January 16, 1849. (Angelika Limmroth, Rolf Hecker (eds.): Jenny Marx. The letters. Pp. 84–87.)
  49. ↑ “You know that we don't keep anything for ourselves. I came to Frankfurt to move my silver, the last thing we had; I had my furniture sold in Cologne because I ran the risk of seeing laundry and everything seized up. ”Jenny Marx to Joseph Weydemeyer, May 20, 1850. In: Mohr und General. 5th ed. 1983, p. 216 (2nd ed. 1965, p. 239).
  50. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition 2 . Department III. Volume 3. Berlin 1981, p. 725.
  51. ↑ Henriette Heinzen, née Schiller. She was married to Karl Peter Heinzen since 1840.
  52. ↑ Irina Pechernikova: Education in the Marx family. People and Knowledge, Berlin 1978, p. 177.
  53. ^ Yvonne Kapp : Eleanor Marx. Family life. Vol. I. Lawrence and Wishart, London 1972, ISBN 0-85315-248-9 , p. 21.
  54. ↑ “On November 5th, while the people's voices rang out outside with the cry of Guy Fawkes for ever and little boys, masked in baroque style, were walking up and down the streets on artificially fabricated donkeys, my poor little Heinrich was born during the din. In honor of the great conspirator, our little newcomer was called Fox. [...] In November the tender child succumbed to a seizure, the result of pneumonia . My pain was so great. It was the first child I lost. ”Jenny Marx: Brief outlines of an eventful life. (1983), pp. 191 and 194 (1965: pp. 211-212 and 215).
  55. ^ Yvonne Kapp: Eleanor Marx. Family life. Vol. I. Lawrence and Wishart, London 1972, ISBN 0-85315-248-9 , p. 21.
  56. ↑ “On March 28, 1851, a little girl, Franziska, was born to us. The poor little thing was housed with a wet nurse , as it was impossible to raise the child in the three narrow rooms. [...] Easter of the same year 1852 our poor little Franziska fell ill with severe bronchitis . The poor child struggled with death for three days. It suffered so much. His little dead body rested in the little room at the back; we all hiked together in the front one, and when night drew near, we bedded ourselves on the ground, and there the 3 living children lay with us, and we wept for the little angel who rested cold and hereditary next to us. "Jenny Marx : Brief outlines of an eventful life. (1983), pp. 194 and 196 (1965: pp. 216 and 217).
  57. ↑ Izumi Omura, Shunichi Kubo, Rolf Hecker, Valerij Fomičev (eds.): Karl Marx is my father. The documentation of Frederick Demuth's parentage. Karl Marx is my father. A documentation on the origins of Frederick Demuth. Far Eastern Booksellers, Tokyo 2011, ISBN 978-4-87394-004-5 .
  58. ^ Marx Myths and Legends , accessed August 26, 2013.
  59. ↑ François Devalek to Jenny Marx, October 15, 1851. (Rolf Hecker, Angelika Limmroth (ed). Jenny Marx's letters.. S. 111-112.)
  60. ↑ "It can be assumed that the child to be cared for was the ten-week-old Frederick Demuth [...]" Angelika Limmroth: Jenny Marx. The biography. Pp. 152–153, here p. 153.
  61. ^ Karl Bittel : The Communist Trial in Cologne 1852 in the mirror of the contemporary press. Rütten & Loening, Berlin 1955, p. 127 f.
  62. ↑ Jenny Marx to Adolf Cluß, October 15, 1852, MEW, Volume 28, pp. 637-639 , and Jenny Marx to Adolf Cluß, October 28, 1852, MEW, Volume 28, pp. 640-642 .
  63. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition 2 . Department I. Volume 12, Berlin 1984, p. 674 f.
  64. ↑ Jenny Marx's notebook has the signature in RGASPI, Moscow F. 1. op. 1. d. 386.
  65. ↑ Angelika Limmroth, Rolf Hecker: Jenny Marx. The letters. Pp. 169-170, 174-175.
  66. ^ Freiligrath's correspondence with Marx and Engels. Part I. Editing and a. by Manfred Häckel. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1968, p. 66 ff.
  67. ^ Yvonne Kapp: Eleanor Marx. Family life. Vol. I. Lawrence and Wishart, London 1972, ISBN 0-85315-248-9 , p. 21.
  68. ↑ Facsimile in: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Your life and your time. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1978, p. 139. Printed in: Rolf Hecker, Angelika Limmroth (Ed.): Jenny Marx. The letters. P. 95.
  69. ↑ “The poor musch is no more. He fell asleep (literally) in my arms today between 5 and 6 o'clock. ”Karl Marx to Friedrich Engels on April 6, 1855. Marx-Engels-Werke , Volume 28, p. 443.
  70. ↑ Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, p. 333.
  71. ↑ Jenny Marx to Wilhelm von Florencourt, October 4, 1856. (Jürgen Reetz: Four letters from Jenny Marx from the years 1856–1860. Pp. 6–7.)
  72. ↑ “On July 6th, our family was enriched again by a small being, which unfortunately only survived the hour of birth by a few moments, so again a silent hope of the heart was carried to the grave, us anew the old pain and the old longing to wake up after the loved ones who have passed. ”(Jenny Marx to Louise von Westphalen, January 29, 1858. In: Jürgen Reetz: Four letters from Jenny Marx from the years 1856–1860. p. 9.)
  73. ^ "In the spring of 1859 he sent in the manuscript that I had copied". Jenny Marx: Brief outlines of an eventful life. (1983), p. 203 (1965: p. 225).
  74. ↑ She also excerpted an article for Marx, “ v. Vincke ”, from the Neue Rheinische Zeitung No. 244 of March 13, 1848. (Cornelia Kometz: Marx's excerpts for the“ Neue Rheinische Zeitung ”from the spring of 1860. Halle 1990, Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, Diss. A, 1990, p . 60 f. And 160.)
  75. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition 2 . Department I. Volume 18. Berlin 1984, p. 746.
  76. ^ The diagnosis of smallpox was made on November 20, 1860. Jenny Marx to Louise Weydemeyer, March 11, 1861. In: Mohr and General. 5th ed. 1983, p. 231 (2nd ed. 1965, pp. 250-261).
  77. ^ Wolfgang Schröder: Ernestine. About the unusual life of Wilhelm Liebknecht's first wife. Verlag für die Frau, Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-7304-0085-1 .
  78. ↑ "You can imagine how I often felt too courageous ..." Jenny Marx in letters to a trusted friend. Edited by Wolfgang Schröder. Verlag für die Frau, Leipzig 1989.
  79. ^ Diary of the Paris Commune. Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1971, pp. 230-232.
  80. ↑ Conversations with Marx and Engels. Edited by Hans Magnus Enzensberger . Second volume. Insel-Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1973, p. 424.
  81. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition 2 . Department I. Volume 20. Berlin 1992, p. 868.
  82. ↑ Marian Comyn: My memories of Karl Marx. Translated and annotated by Frank T. Walter. Trier 1970. ( Writings from the Karl-Marx-Haus. Issue 5.)
  83. ↑ Bruno Kaiser: Jenny Marx as a theater critic. To a significant rediscovery.
  84. ↑ Manfred Kliem: New press publications by Jenny Marx about William Shakespeare and Henry Irving in the "Sprudel" of 1879 discovered.
  85. ^ Heinrich Gemkow: Karl Marx 'last stay in Germany. As a spa guest in Bad Neuenahr 1877. Plambeck, Neuss 1986, ISBN 3-88501-063-1 .
  86. ↑ Bertha Augusti: A fateful year. Newly edited, introduced and commented on by Heinz Monz. Görres, Koblenz 1989, ISBN 3-920388-04-6 .
  87. ^ Letter from Karl Marx to Dr. Ferdinand Fleckles from September 29, 1880.
  88. ^ Marx to Jenny Longuet April 11, 1881 ( Marx-Engels-Werke . Volume 35, p. 177). Marx to Jenny Longuet December 7, 1881. (Marx-Engels-Werke . Volume 35, p. 241).
  89. ↑ “Frau Marx died on December 2nd, 1881, as she had lived, a communist and materialist. Death was no horror for them. When she felt that the moment of dissolution had come, she exclaimed: ›Karl, my strength is broken.‹ These were her last, clearly audible words. “Paul Lafargue: Personal memories of Karl Marx . In: Mohr and General. 5th ed. 1983, p. 312 (2nd ed. 1965, p. 318).
  90. ^ Heinz Monz: Karl Marx , NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, p. 354. (Death certificate 429/1881.)
  91. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition 2 . Department I. Volume 25. Berlin 1985, pp. 287-294; The daughters of Karl Marx. Unpublished letters . Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Cologne 1981, ISBN 3-462-01432-3 , pp. 337-341.
  92. ↑ "Since I have not even left the sickroom, the medical interdict against my participation in the funeral was relentless." Marx to Jenny Longuet, December 7, 1881. (MEW, Volume 35, p. 240.)
  93. ^ Sybille Heß to Karl Marx, December 11, 1881.
  94. ^ Frankel to Marx December 18, 1881 (Magda Aranyossi: Leo Frankel, Berlin 1957, pp. 358-360); MEW, Volume 35, p. 475.
  95. ^ Georg Eckert (ed.): Wilhelm Liebknecht, correspondence with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . Mouton & Co., The Hague 1963, p. 280.
  96. ↑ Friedrich Leßner to Marx, December 9, 1881.
  97. ↑ Minna Kautsky to Marx, December 9, 1881.
  98. ↑ December 16, 1881.
  99. ^ Amalie Daniels to Marx, December 11, 1881.
  100. ^ August Bebel's correspondence with Friedrich Engels. Edited by Helmut Hirsch . Mouton & Co., The Hague 1965, pp. 119 ff.
  101. ↑ Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Pahl-Rugenstein, Cologne 1993, p. 799 f.
  102. ↑ Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Pahl-Rugenstein, Cologne 1993, p. 549 ff.
  103. ^ Edgar von Westphalen to Marx, December 8, 1881.
  104. ^ Marx-Engels works. Volume 35, p. 250.
  105. ^ Helena Demuth was born on December 31, 1820. (Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, p. 355.)
  106. ↑ Mohr and General. 5th ed. 1983, p. 159 (2nd ed. 1965, p. 175).
  107. ↑ Michael Knieriem : known and unknown personal historical data on Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, during the Brussels period 1845 - 1848 . In: Protocol of the international colloquium of the Marx-Engels-Stiftung eV on November 28, 1980 in Wuppertal-Elberfeld . Wuppertal 1981, p. 81.
  108. ^ Yvonne Kapp : Eleanor Marx. Vol I. Family life (1855-1883) . London 1972, p. 21.
  109. ↑ ibid.
  110. ^ "Too my dear granny Toole II" (dedication by Karl Marx on the back of the photograph).
  111. ↑ Jenny Marx to Ernestine Liebknecht around October 14, 1866. ( "You can imagine how I often felt too courageous ..." Jenny Marx in letters to a trusted friend. Pp. 89 f.)
  112. ↑ "Your little boy, now 3½ years old, the only one left of three children, was sick with dysentery for 9 months and is emaciated because the poor parents had given up the child." Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht, 26. May 1872. (MEW, Volume 33, p. 703.)
  113. ↑ Manfred Schöncke: Karl and Heinrich Marx and their siblings. Cologne 1993, p. 831.
  114. ↑ "As soon as it arrives, Jenny's little boy dies, about a year old." Friedrich Engels to Friedrich Adolph Sorge, September 12-17, 1874. (MEW, Volume 33, p. 643.)
  115. ↑ “I hope the better news about Johnny continues. You have to send me bulletins every day and always have the exact truth. ”Karl Marx to Jenny Longuet, September 16, 1878. (MEW, Volume 34, p. 343.)
  116. ↑ He was buried in the grave of his grandparents Karl and Jenny Marx.
  117. ↑ "The children bloom like roses, and I can see Harry getting stronger every day. Amazingly, he is now beginning to love and find interesting everything that Wolf does [...] Little Edgar is a very sunny and awakened child ”. Jenny Longuet to Charles Longuet, October 1, 1880. (MEW, vol. 34, p. 530.)
  118. ^ Family Marx private. The photo and questionnaire albums of Marx's daughters Laura and Jenny. An annotated facsimile edition ed. by Izumi Omura, Valerij Fomičev, Rolf Hecker and Shun-ichi Kubo. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2005, p. 418.
  119. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition 2 . Department I. Volume 25. Berlin 1985, p. 292.
  120. ↑ August Bebel. Selected speeches and writings. Volume 6, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1983, p. 611.
  121. ↑ Mohr and General. 5th ed. 1983, pp. 249-250. (2nd ed. 1965, pp. 277–278.)
  122. ↑ Mohr and General. 5th ed. 1983, p. 99. (2nd ed. 1965, p. 109.)
  123. ↑ Jenny plaque returned. Volksfreund, Trier, December 2nd, 2008.
  124. ↑ Zug named “Jenny Marx”. ( Memento of February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) ( MDR , accessed February 14, 2014.)
  125. ↑ Jenny Marx Karl Marx, 4 to 7 August 1844. ( Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe 2 . Division II. Volume 1, Berlin 1975, p 439.)
  126. ↑ Marx-Engels Complete Edition 2 . Department I. Volume 11. Berlin 1985, pp. 478-479 and 1074-1077.
  127. ↑ Printed in: Ingrid Donner, Birgit Matthies: Jenny Marx on the Robert Blum Meeting on November 9, 1852 in London. In: Contributions to Marx-Engels research 4. Berlin 1978, pp. 74–78.
  128. ^ Marx-Engels works. Volume 16, pp. 510-511.
  129. ↑ reprinting of excerpts in Volksstaat printed letter fragment of Jenny Marx to Wilhelm Liebknecht (to 10 April 1871) In: Diary of the Paris Commune. Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels. Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1971, pp. 111-113.
  130. ↑ Jenny Marx. An eventful life. Pp. 305-311.
  131. ↑ Jenny Marx. An eventful life. Pp. 312-316.
  132. ↑ Jenny Marx. An eventful life. Pp. 317-321.
  133. ↑ Jenny Marx. An eventful life. Pp. 322-327.
  134. ↑ Jenny Marx. An eventful life. Pp. 328-335.
  135. ^ Manfred Kliem: New press releases from Jenny Marx. Pp. 208-210.
  136. ^ Manfred Kliem: New press releases from Jenny Marx. Pp. 210-212.
  137. ↑ Correspondence between Jenny Marx and Ernestine Liebknecht.
  138. ^ Family Marx private. The photo and questionnaire albums of Marx's daughters Laura and Jenny. An annotated facsimile edition ed. by Izumi Omura, Valerij Fomičev, Rolf Hecker and Shun-ichi Kubo. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-05-004118-8 , pp. 119 and 236 f.
  139. ↑ In it the chapter Jenny von Westphalen - the beloved wife of Karl Marx. Pp. 9-78.
  140. ↑ Review by Heinz Monz: On the biography of Jenny von Westphalen. In: New Trierisches Jahrbuch. 1996. Numerous mistakes by Françoise Giroud are listed there.
  141. ↑ Review by Antje Schrupp: An alleged book about Jenny Marx. April 16, 2012.
personal data
SURNAME Marx, Jenny
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Westphalen, Johanna Bertha Julie Jenny von (maiden name); Westphalen, Jenny von (short form)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German socialist and wife of Karl Marx
DATE OF BIRTH February 12, 1814
PLACE OF BIRTH Salzwedel , Mark Brandenburg , Kingdom of Prussia
DATE OF DEATH December 2, 1881
Place of death London , England , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland