Aix-les-Bains

Aix-les-Bains
region	Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Department	Savoie
Arrondissement	Chambery
Canton	Aix-les-Bains-1 (main town) ; Aix-les-Bains-2 (main town)
Community association	Grand Lac - Lac du Bourget
Coordinates	45 ° 41 ′ N , 5 ° 55 ′ E Coordinates: 45 ° 41 ′ N , 5 ° 55 ′ E
height	224-524 m
surface	12.62 km 2
Residents	29,794 (January 1, 2017)
Population density	2,361 inhabitants / km 2
Post Code	73100
INSEE code	73008
Website	aixlesbains.fr
	; Aix-les-Bains

Aix-les-Bains is a commune and a thermal spa with 29,794 inhabitants (at January 1, 2017) in the Savoie department in the region of Auvergne Rhône-Alpes . The city lies on the eastern shore of Lake Bourget and has the largest fresh water - Marina France.

As the holiday stronghold of princely families and wealthy people, Aix-les-Bains was an important city of the Belle Époque with an international reputation. The hot sulfur springs with a temperature of around 43–45 ° C are visited by several thousand spa guests every year . The water is used for both drinking cures and hydrotherapy . Even if it is still considered a “water town” today, the thermal facilities are no longer Aix's main business. Thanks to its favorable location, the city tries to compensate for the loss of spa guests by developing tourism.

Aix-les-Bains is also an industrial city with some large companies such as Alstom (formerly Areva / Savoisienne), an important industrial area (Savoie Hexapole), the headquarters of the companies Léon Grosse , ABB Cellier, Aixam and a leather goods manufacturer.

Thanks to the dynamism of the city and the special environmental conditions, Aix-les-Bains has seen constant population growth in recent decades.

geography

location

Aix-les-Bains on the east bank of the Lac du Bourget

In the foreground the Dent du Chat , in the background Aix-les-Bains on the east bank of the Lac du Bourget

Aix-les-Bains is located in the east of France 100 kilometers east of Lyon and about 18 kilometers north of Chambéry . The city is located in a corridor between Mont Revard to the east , which, together with the Bauges massif, served as the first natural protective wall, and Lac du Bourget in the west, which is the largest naturally formed lake in France. For this reason, the urban area extends mainly on a north-south axis and has already expanded so much that the suburbs are gradually merging with those of Chambéry. With 12.62 km² the area of the municipality is one of the larger in the department. The surrounding municipalities are Tresserve , Grésy-sur-Aix , Mouxy , Drumettaz-Clarafond , Pugny-Chatenod and Brison-Saint-Innocent .

The community is traditionally divided into two parts. While the lower town occupies the western shore of the lake, the upper town with the city center overlooks the Lac du Bourget. The city was initially built on a hill that offered protection from the numerous floods of the lake. These were later regulated by means of a dam that the Compagnie nationale du Rhône (CNR) built between the Rhone and the natural inflow and outflow of the lake, the Canal de Savières . The average height of the city is about 320 meters , with the lower part only 224 meters , at the level of the lake .

The 44.5 km² Lac du Bourget is mainly fed by the waters of the Leysse in the south and the Tillet and Sierroz in the east, both of which run through the Aixer area. The densely populated eastern shore of the lake is occupied by the Aixer thermal baths and the municipality of Tresserve and is mainly built on along the motorway and the railway tracks.

Aix-les-Bains is associated with the Massif des Bauges Regional Nature Park as an access point .

Cityscape

Most of the city life of Aix-les-Bains takes place on the heights, where the bustling town center and thermal facilities (national thermal baths of Chevalley and thermal baths of Marlioz) are located. The role of Aix as a thermal town is historically based and goes back to Roman times . The lower town on the banks of the lake initially remained uninhabited due to the risk of flooding. For this reason, agriculture and fish farming developed there . The economic hustle and bustle always took place in the upper town, where the cityscape has adapted to the special geographical conditions and has benefited from a variety of public and tourist facilities (racecourse, casino, thermal baths, luxury hotels, train station, hospital, golf courses ...).

Aix-les-Bains by night

Aix-les-Bains has five major boulevards : Boulevard Robert Barrier , Boulevard Lepic , Boulevard de Russie , Boulevard du docteur Jean Charcot and Boulevard des Côtes. In contrast to the wide, open boulevards, the streets in the city center are quite narrow. Other parts of the city seem crowded and chaotic due to the winding climbs of the nearby Bauges massif. Aix-les-Bains consists of a total of eleven different districts, which INSEE divides into four large districts. These are Center Ville (with Center Ville-Nord and Center Ville-Sud), Ouest (with Memard-Corsuet, Rondeau-Bord du Lac and Italie-Jacotot), Lafin-Saint-Simond (with Lafin and Saint-Simond ) and Est (with Tir aux Pigeons, Chantemerle-Saint-Pol and Marlioz).

Due to the population increase and the resulting lack of space, the urban area is expanding more and more, even a little more than the areas of the neighboring communities. Slowly one no longer speaks of the "town of Aix-les-Bains", but of the bassin aixois (ie "Aix basin") and refers to the neighboring communities of Tresserve, Grésy-sur-Aix, Mouxy, Méry , Drumettaz-Clarafond, Sonnaz as well as other communities. The phenomenon also applies to Chambéry, south of the city, where it is known as the bassin chambérien . The urban development of the basins will ultimately lead to the inevitable convergence of both settlement areas and the formation of a polycentric agglomeration . In order to harmonize the urban development of the Aix basin and the Chamberic basin, the Métropole Savoie association was founded, whose task is to implement the specifications of the SCOT framework plan for the Savoy Gorge, Chambéry and the Lac du Bourget.

climate

The climate of Aix-les-Bains is montane due to its location on the edge of the Savoy Pre-Alps . The effects are weakened by the presence of the lake, which in places mitigates the Aix basin. The climate is characterized by dry warm summers , moderate frost-free autumns and winters , and a slightly rainy spring . There is snow especially at the end of December and in January, and now and then in February. The water of Lac du Bourget cools more slowly than the ground, so the snow melts much faster than other communes in Savoie. The snow depths have been subject to strong fluctuations in recent years. The winter of 2007/2008 was characterized by a total lack of snow, whereas in 2010 a total of one meter of snowfall was again achieved.

Average monthly temperatures and precipitation for Chambéry / Aix-Les-Bains, 2010

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Temperature ( ° C )	0.6	3.8	6.9	11.9	14.2	18.8	22.8	19.8	15.5	11.3	6.9	0.8	O	11.1

Precipitation ( mm )	70.2	116.8	94.2	24.7	146.8	69.3	36.9	102.8	64.4	63.3	129.3	100.6	Σ	1,019.3

Hours of sunshine ( h / d )	1.91	2.35	5.46	7.51	4.88	6.87	9.31	6.58	6.17	3.42	2.41	2.12	O	4.9

Source: Météociel

population

Living situation

Aix-les-Bains owned 13,355 apartments in 2008. This year, with 16% of the main residences, there were only relatively few new buildings built after 1990 . This was 27.2% of the housing stock built before 1949 buildings . 74.3% of all apartments serve as main residences, around a quarter of which are single-family houses . 53.1% of residents are homeowners , 44.6% pay rent .

View of Aix-les-Bains from the hills

With only 1766 social housing , i. H. 13.2% of the housing stock in 2008, the city did not comply with the requirements of the Law on Solidarity and Urban Renewal from 2000, which stipulates that the proportion of social housing for French municipalities above a certain size is at least 20% . In addition, the proportion of vacant apartments was relatively high in 2008 at 7.5% , but fell slightly compared to 1999 ( 11.4% ). The Savoy housing associations ( OPAC ) hold over 1,600 of the social housing, most of them are in the Sierroz-Franklin residential area in the north of the city. The majority of the accommodations have three ( 25.6% ), four ( 22.7% ) or more rooms ( 22% ). One-room apartments are only just under a tenth of the Aix residential stock. Most of the apartments are well equipped. 97.1% have central heating , 61.2% a garage , a manipulated or parking .

Since the city is completely built up, it is becoming more and more difficult to build larger apartments, so that many families are moving to the surrounding area. The lakeshore and the hills have now been built up so that the city continues to expand to the neighboring communities.

Population development

Population development of Aix-les-Bains
year	1800	1861	1901	1931	1954	1962	1968	1975	1982	1990	1999	2009
Residents	1,596	4,253	8,120	13,020	15,680	18,132	20,627	22,210	23,451	24,663	25,782	26,819

classification

placement	surface	population	Population density
France France	15417.	342.	451.
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes	01338.	026th	032.
Savoie	00131.	002.	002.

history

The history of Aix-les-Bains is directly linked to the Lac du Bourget and, above all, to its warm springs, which have made the city one of the most famous thermal baths in the world. The development of the city and its cultural influences are closely linked to the history of Savoy .

Place name

"Aix" is derived from the Latin word aqua (dt. Water). The name refers to the thermal waters that were already used by the Romans. These occupied the area of today's Savoy around 120 BC. BC conquered and occupied. At that time the place was called Aquae Gratianae after the emperor Gratian , who was murdered not far from here in Lyon in 383 .

Origins

Although nothing is known about the exact origins of Aix-les-Bains, the history goes back to early antiquity . In the Neolithic (between 5000 and 2500 BC ) sedentary communities settled in the area. Archaeological remains found on the shores of the lake indicate the presence of Bronze Age stilt houses . Traces of a Celtic occupation have been discovered around the thermal springs in the city center, as well as an inscription on the Borvo springs.

Aquae: the Roman Aix

Roman campanus arch

Roman thermal baths

Aix originated in Roman times at the thermal springs, on the remains of a Celtic settlement. The first traces of an occupation are dated to the first century BC, but the archaeological remains do not indicate any permanent settlement, as only ruins of public facilities remain. One knows about the administrative status from inscriptions. According to this, Aquae was a Roman vicus in the first century and had a decemlecti (local council with 10 members). Administratively it belonged to the city of Vienne . Apparently some citizens in Aquae had enough financial means to donate a sacred grove and a vineyard to the gods .

Archaeologists have discovered an important thermal complex in the immediate vicinity of the spring during excavations. On a lower terrace a little to the west was the Campanus Arch , probably an arch of honor built in the first century for the family of Pompeius Campanus, who probably helped finance the thermal baths. On a second terrace further down, a temple of Diana from the second century was discovered. This served as a replacement for an older circular building that was probably built at the same time as the arch. The remains of several necropolises have been found north of the temple . In the Parc des Thermes and various other sites, numerous other remains of necropolises or potteries were discovered. However, the finds made do not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the extent or the settlement structure of the Gallo-Roman vicus. It is not yet known exactly where the Roman citizens of the city lived, where the estates were or where the economic focus of the vicus was.

Summarizing the history of this era, one comes to the conclusion that the area of today's inner city was occupied since the first century BC and then gradually expanded between the first and second centuries. The settlement apparently took place with the construction of the thermal complex, from which monumental structures radiated out. These were surrounded by terraces and were rebuilt several times in the course of Roman times.

middle Ages

The sources for Aix in Roman times are quite thin, but deteriorated further towards the end of the Roman Empire and in the early Middle Ages . One can only rely on assumptions that result from the burn marks of Gallo-Roman villas in the area ( Arbin ...). These probably point to destruction as a result of the Germanic storm of nations. What is certain is that the Roman thermal baths in Aix fell into ruins from the fifth century and that no further traces of building exist from that point on.

Donation deed from Rudolf III. to his wife Irmgard (1011)

In the inscribed sources, Aix is only mentioned again in the year 867. It was first mentioned in a document in 1011. The Burgundian King Rudolf III. This year gave away a manor in Aix, which served as the royal palace , along with colons and servants to his wife Irmgard, who in turn passed it on to the Bishop of Grenoble . From the document it can be seen that Aix was a small market town that owned a church and several lands . At the beginning of the twelfth century, Bishop Hugo of Grenoble gave the manor to the monastery of Saint-Martin de Miséréré . Boasting one with Saint Marie called priory . A cartular by Hugo indicates the existence of two other parishes at the end of the twelfth century: Saint Simond with its church building and Saint Hippolyte (now a suburb of Mouxy), which also ran a small priory.

The settlement of Aix could have looked like this at this point in time: a small market town is surrounded by a city wall, the start of which is unknown. The central point is the priory, which stood near the ancient Roman temple. Aix could also have been the administrative center, since the settlement had been a seigneury subordinate to the Seyssel family since the thirteenth century at the latest . The Seyssels owned a castle here, which was probably on the site of today's castle. In addition, two hamlets have survived. Saint Hyppolyte was in close proximity to the city but outside the city walls. A small priory served as the focal point, next to which there was a fixed house , which is now below the Villa Chevalley . The house belonged to the Savoy family and could be dated to the thirteenth century. The second important town, Saint-Simond (Saint-Sigismond), was equipped with a church and a cemetery. The church was built as a parish and was subordinate to Saint Hyppolyte.

Renaissance

Map from Aix around 1674 to Borgonio, from the Theatrum Sabaudiae

According to the texts, there were other villages, but their existence is only assured from 1561. A general census for salt tax was held that year . Of the 1,095 people who lived in Aix, 46% lived within the city walls. Saint-Simond had 125, Puer 91, Choudy 87 and Lafin 86 inhabitants. The remaining 100 or so inhabitants were distributed among the remaining hamlets (Marlioz was not included in the census). This type of settlement seems to have persisted until the end of the nineteenth century. The neighboring Cistercian Abbey of Hautecombe also owned a larger estate on the hill of Saint-Simond.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century, the old church of Sainte-Marie was the victim of a devastating fire. For the reconstruction, the Aixer turned to Claude de Seyssel , who was a member of the ruling family of the city and received the dignity of bishop. Claude was Bishop of Marseille and advised in particular the King of France Louis XII. He was also the author of some legal documents. Thanks to his support, the Seyssels were able to build a new collegiate church, which was equipped with a collegiate chapter consisting of twelve canons . The monastery was headed by a dean , whose appointment was reserved for the count. The church building was built next to the cemetery and was equipped with a choir in the Gothic flamboyant style. The choir was owned by the collegiate monastery, but the nave belonged to the parishioners and was very simple. The poorly crafted vault collapsed in 1644. One of the side chapels was reserved for the Seyssels, who had their family members buried there. The collegiate monastery, which was completely converted into a parish church after the French Revolution, was demolished in 1909 after a new church was built. Aix Church was known for keeping a relic of the Holy Cross , which was venerated there for a long time. The rulers' castle of Aix was rebuilt in the late Middle Ages. The ceiling of the large hall dates from 1400, the magnificent staircase of honor was built around 1590.

18th century and thermal baths of Viktor Amadeus III.

When a major fire broke out on April 9, 1739, 80 houses were destroyed in the city center. H. about half the city burned down. For the reconstruction, an alignment plan was drawn up with royal support , and the engineer Garella was commissioned to implement it. The plan went beyond a simple reconstruction, as it provided for a real street alignment and prescribed some building regulations. From now on, new houses had to be built with two floors and a ground floor . The use of thatched roofs was also banned. However, the construction plan was limited to the burned down district, i.e. H. on the main street (Rue Albert I ^er ), on the central square (Place Carnot) and on the Rue des Bains. The implementation of the plan took place until 1808, but only sporadically, because the community did not have enough money to buy the remaining houses for the demolition and the construction of a street. The owners were forbidden to carry out further renovations , so that the buildings fell into ruins and had to be completely rebuilt.

In the early 17th century the people of Aix and the medical world began to become aware of the importance of warm water sources, also thanks to the famous writings of the Dauphin doctor Jean Baptiste Cabias . In reality, the use of the sources has never been completely forgotten since ancient times. Both in the Middle Ages and up to the end of the 18th century , people bathed in Aix, either in the only remaining Roman open-air bath or in private quarters, where thermal water was brought from water carriers. According to Cabias, the French King Henry IV is said to have valued his Aix baths very much. In 1737 the General Administration ( Intendance Générale ) initiated an important building project to protect the thermal water from the infiltrating stream that ran through the city. Outside the city walls, a new bed was dug for the Mühlenbach . This led to a change in the cityscape, as the four mills of the Marquis d'Aix, which until then were in the city center, had to be relocated.

The city owes its revival to the Duke of Chablais , a son of King Victor Amadeus III. He valued the beneficial effects of the springs very much, but complained about the inadequate accommodation, so he suggested the king build a thermal facility. Viktor Amadeus III. commissioned the Count of Robilant by royal decree on June 11, 1776 with the planning of a bathing facility, which was built from 1779 to 1783 under the supervision of the engineer Capellini. The demolition of the old town began with the construction of the new baths. A new space was created around the bathing facility, for which some old houses had to give way.

The first spa became an important development factor for the city. From that time until the Revolution, the city received around 600 spa guests a year, the majority of whom were French. As a result, the population increased continuously and reached about 1,700 inhabitants in 1793. In 1783 the local council had a public promenade built for the benefit of the spa guests, called Le Gigot - today's Square Alfred Boucher . At that time it was lined with chestnut trees and was designed by the architect Louis Lampro. Aside from the gardens, it was the first urban development measure to include green spaces, and it gave the city a boost in development that worked within the city walls along the road to Geneva.

French Revolution

Sans-culottes

The nascent ideas of the revolution were well known and widespread among the bourgeoisie and sections of the artisan class, thanks to the many Savoyans who lived and worked in Paris and thanks to the writings of Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau from Geneva . On the night of September 21-22, 1792, General Montesquiou's troops crossed the borders of the Duchy of Savoy and launched a surprise attack. The Savoy army was forced to flee across the border to Piedmont together with the king and many officials and clergy .

At the end of October, the National Assembly of Savoy, convened in the Cathedral of Chambéry , decided to end the tyranny, the repression through labor and the salt tax, the dissolution of the militia and the creation of the historic Mont-Blanc department , which would unite the six provinces of the Duchy . Aix-les-Bains belonged to France for 23 years. The arrival of the French troops and the escape of the Duke of Savoy was initially greeted with enthusiasm by the inhabitants. But the mobilization of the masses, the noble and ecclesiastical councilors who fled to Piémont and, above all, the anti-religious policies of the revolutionary leaders made the citizens dissatisfied, which in 1793 ultimately led to counterrevolutionary uprisings.

Aix-les-Bains remained a French city until the fall of the Napoleonic Empire . After that the House of Savoy was able to regain its lost land. Anne-Marie Claudine Bédat, Baroness Brunet de Saint-Jean-d'Arves after marrying Noël Brunet, became the new owner of the Aix Castle, today's town hall, which she sold on to the Marquis de Seyssel in 1821 .

With the incursion of the French Revolutionary Army in 1792 under the command of Montesquiou, the spa and bathing system came to a standstill. The Army of the Republic confiscated the thermal baths and sent their wounded soldiers there to recover. With the end of the revolution, Aix-les-Bains also abolished noble privileges. Above all, the city no longer had to repay the Marquis of Aix the large sum of money it owed him for the purchase of the manorial rights. In addition, the free trade introduced after the return of peace brought new impetus to the creation of an economy based on the use of baths. It came to the construction of pensions , hotels and nightclubs. On the other hand, the revolution left a negative mark on church property: the collegiate church had to be abandoned after the bell tower and the church furniture were destroyed.

The small pier , built in 1720 under the Ancien Régime , began to develop into a real port . Initially approached by the supply ships of the Alpine Army and equipped with a magazine , it was gradually expanded to load goods, especially glass beads , which were made in workshops on the shores of the lake. It is now called Port de Puer . The development of the port district included the construction of a riverside road, along which many more new buildings were built outside the center and the existing villages. In the surrounding villages the revolution caused the decay of the old aristocratic estates and the loss of church cultural monuments. Pre-industrial trades settled on the outskirts of the village that had not been found there before: mills, sawmills, forges etc.

Second Empire (1852–1870)

On April 22nd, 1860, the residents of Aix-les-Bains confirmed the annexation of Savoy to the French Empire by 1,090 votes to 13, which had been established a few days earlier in the Treaty of Turin . The city was now finally on the French side. The affiliation was symbolized by an official visit by Napoleon III. celebrated. On August 29, 1860 he visited the Aix thermal baths, where he was showered with wreaths and applause.

Belle Époque (1890-1914)

Foundation of the Astoria luxury hotel in Aix-les-Bains

At the time of the Belle Époque and well into the 1960s , Aix was considered a holiday stronghold for princely families and wealthy people. This is proven by numerous luxury hotels above the city, which have now been converted into condominiums. Queen Victoria was served in the Café des Bains and the Grand Cercle casino, which opened in 1850 , among other places . The Belgian King Albert I and even Agha Chan were regulars in the spa town, which was also known for its entertainment options. The city owes the establishment of an 18-hole golf course (1899), a tennis hall and a horse racing track to this era . Several plays and stories by Sacha Guitry , such as the novel of a swindler , have become part of Aix-les-Bains. Queen Victoria visited the city very regularly. In view of her rank and for diplomatic reasons, she always traveled discreetly under the title Comtesse de Balmoral . Falling for the charm of the city and to enjoy the advantages of the water and the climate, she planned to build a property on the hill of Tresserve and to build a real estate. The project had already been decided in 1888, but could not be implemented for unknown reasons.

Aix-les-Bains was a city full of activities and festivities, at least in summer. In winter it was more like a ghost town. During the summer it was the capital of the aristocrats, the upper class European society of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Prince Nicholas of Greece , whose family was closely connected to most of the European royal families, spent his summers between Aix-les-Bains and Denmark , where he met his foreign cousins. Here he was known under the name Greek Nicky ("the Greek Nicky"), which distinguished him from his future cousin Nicholas II of Russia .

First World War

French soldier of the First World War (1914-1918)

The First World War officially began in 1914, but had a long preparatory phase. Since 1901, 45 beds have been booked every year in the thermal hospital ( Hospice Reine- Hortense ). These should be made available to the military authorities when war broke out. In agreement with the municipal administration, the French War Ministry had planned to set up two additional hospitals in the spa town. The first was created in 1911 in the Bernascon School on Boulevard des Anglais , the other two years later in the girls' school at 2 rue Lamartine . On August 5, 1914, the chairman of the Women's Humanitarian Union declared his primary school hospital ready to accept war victims. On August 8, the Société de Secours aux Blessés Militaires ("Society for the Assistance of the Military Wounded"), a predecessor of the French Red Cross , announced the official opening of the hospital at the Bernascon School. Soon afterwards, on August 14th, the prefecture called on the Aix municipal administration to discharge patients who were easy to treat in order to make room for the wounded soldiers.

On August 28th, the casino administration made the facilities of the Grand Cercle and the Villa des fleurs available to the municipal coordination office. On the same day, the Savoy prefecture received a message from the governor of the 14th military region (Lyon) with the request: "For diplomatic reasons, please suspend hospitalization of the wounded in the neutralized zone of Savoy ." Another telegram followed three days later more precise information: "The placement of wounded, including Germans in Aix-les-Bains, is not possible in the neutral zone without instructions from the Minister." Basically, the admission of wounded soldiers was prohibited, not only in the Haute-Savoie department , but also in that part of Savoy that was mentioned in the Second Peace of Paris of 1815 and to which the city of Aix-les-Bains belonged.

Map from 1914

On September 2nd, the prefecture sent a surprising phone call to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs : “The Foreign Minister made it very clear that we cannot accept French wounded in Aix-les-Bains who are able to return to the army. However, there does not seem to be any objection to placing in the neutral zone German or French wounded who are very seriously ill, whose lives are in danger or who are unlikely to heal before the end of the fighting. ”The same minister telegraphed on September 4th Finally, to the Prefecture: “Given the French interpretation of the Treaties, Aix-les-Bains seems to be considered to be outside the neutral zone; therefore there is no reason not to hospitalize the wounded. "

Suddenly Aix-les-Bains was no longer part of the neutral zone, which had existed as a holdover since Savoy was annexed to France. However, that did not change the fact that Haute-Savoie was still part of this zone, which led to the establishment of the local headquarters of the Red Cross in the neighboring department of Savoy. The headquarters of Annecy , Annemasse and Évian were also located in Aix-les-Bains. In September 1914, the medical service in the spa town made 1135 beds available. On September 10, the first 330 wounded were brought in by train. A further 85 injured arrived on the night of September 12th and 13th. On the same day, the ambulance of the Grand Cercle provided 200 additional improvisational beds in the arcade, as well as in the café and theater hall. In the small room opposite the bridge room and the northwest gallery, two operating theaters were housed. By the end of September, six more hospital wards had been set up in the city's luxury hotels. On October 1, 1914, the city received a massive influx of war casualties, a total of 1,180 in number, which was divided into 14 stations.

Mustard gas victim

At the municipal council meeting on October 5, 1914, three important demands were made. On the one hand, the doctors drafted for military service were supposed to return to Aix. Furthermore, the medical service was asked to send only the lightly wounded to Aix because the necessary surgical staff was lacking and the operating theaters, with the exception of the city hospital, were not equipped for the treatment of serious injuries. The last demand was not to transport the wounded in cattle wagons if possible . At the end of May 1915, the mayor asked the authorities to vacate the Grand Cercle, which had served as a “general convalescent camp” since the beginning of the war. The city's magistrate said: "As soon as Savoy is liberated from war, it is absolutely essential that we provide our visitors and bathers with the greatest possible comfort." After reviewing the request, the evacuation of the Grand Cercle building began. Lasted November 1915 to January 15, 1916. In the following year, the remaining hotels were cleared and spa guests were allowed to take in.

Conference on the independence of Morocco

Memorial fountain in the city park, in memory of the negotiations for independence from Morocco

In September 1955, negotiations for independence from Morocco took place in Aix-les-Bains. The French Prime Minister Edgar Faure publicly summarized the results of the conference under the term L'indépendance dans l'interdépendance (“Independence in the case of mutual dependence ”). Until then, the Moroccan area was legally a French protectorate , whose sultan Mohammed Ben Youssef lived in exile. The negotiations were held in the presence of numerous French and Moroccan individuals and organizations. On the Moroccan side, both the Parti Démocratique de l'Indépendance (PDI) and the Istiqlal party sat at the negotiating table, represented in particular by Ben Barka , Omar Benabdeljalil , Abdelhadi Boutaleb , Abderrahim Bouabid and M'hamed Boucetta . The French delegation consisted of Edgar Faure, Pierre July and Robert Schuman , among others . In addition, guests from a wide range of areas were invited to give competent advice on the situation in Morocco and its independence. Loyal allies of the Protectorate and the traditional tribal leaders, who were given priority to the disappointment of the Istiqlal party, were also invited.

While the negotiations in Aix-les-Bains were an important step towards the independence of Morocco, it should be noted that France did a lot to prepare this transition. The French government was actually convinced at the time of the need to grant the North African area its independence. But the many economic interests and business relationships, including the pashas and economic bosses, urged France to ensure that nothing was rushed in this transition and that a smooth transition could be heralded. The fate of the sovereign Kingdom of Morocco took shape during the Aix-les-Bains conference.

Politics and administration

Town hall of Aix-les-Bains

The city of Aix-les-Bains is divided into the two cantons of Aix-les-Bains-1 and Aix-les-Bains-2 , which also include several neighboring communities.

The municipality of Aix-les-Bains hosts several government and public institutions on its territory. These include a post office , a police station , a municipal police , a gendarmerie , a labor office , a tax office , a community dog enclosure , a Maison des Associations , a community center , a social center and a railway station . The headquarters of the community association Grand Lac - Lac du Bourget is also located in Aix-les-Bains.

The Mairie of Aix-les-Bains has three civil offices in the city, which offer the city's main services. Citizens can go to the authorities here, apply for assistance or receive information. The authority offers labor market advice, supports citizens' projects, but is also responsible for health issues, legal matters, leisure, education and culture. These decentralized institutions provide information on site about current and future planned urban projects and offer citizens the opportunity to express their opinion there.

Judiciary

The city of Aix-les-Bains has several courts : a district court , which was merged with that of Chambéry after the reform of the judicial system in 2007, a labor court and a Maison de la Justice et du Droit (MJD). Other dishes responsible for the Aix basin can be found in the city of Chambéry. There is an appeal court , a civil court , a youth court , a commercial court and a social court .

Environmental policy

Traditional house in front of Mont Revard

The water quality of the Lac du Bourget began to gradually deteriorate with the rapid population development and the emergence of tourism, which led to eutrophication of the lake in the 1950s to 1970s . At that time the lake served as a natural flood relief for all sewers , especially for those from Chambéry and Aix-les-Bains. Numerous motorboats also contributed to the pollution , leading their oil into the lake and some of the strong exhaust gases from which were dissolved in the water. The associated noise pollution was harmful to many birds and small mammals . To counteract eutrophication, a program to de-pollute the lake was launched in the mid-1970s. The long-term goal is to achieve the same water quality as Lac d'Annecy .

Water treatment systems have been installed in Savoie, and particularly in Aix-les-Bains . Rivers like the Tillet or Sierroz have been cleaned, which has led to an improvement in the water quality and the regeneration of the water inhabitants. Aix-les-Bains has a public aquarium that enables the conservation of native species such as trout , char and carp and specializes primarily in freshwater fish . The Aquarium du Lac du Bourget not only helps to preserve the local fauna , but also provides preventive and educational work for visitors.

Aquarium du Lac du Bourget in Art Deco style

The city also offers well-marked footpaths that hikers can take towards Mont Revard. The routes are particularly popular with athletes , hikers and cyclists . To prevent the spread of rubbish in the parks , the paths are regularly maintained. With the Parc du Bois Vidal , the municipality also has a city park , where there are also many hiking trails . The wish here was to offer a simple forest without a lot of extras, where nature can develop freely.

Numerous environmental events take place in Aix-les-Bains. The congress building, as well as the Victoria Cinema and the Grand Cercle Casino, host thematic conferences, as well as screenings of documentary and environmental films. From September 27-29, 2005, the city's first national water conference was organized. The purpose of the event was to improve the exchange of information and experience in the field of water protection .

Attractions

Aix-les-Bains is an integral part of Savoy. Both the city and the region share a similar culture and history. Cultural heritage is the result of a multitude of influences derived from numerous historical invasions. It owes much to its status as a health resort, which brought it considerable growth and rich and diverse cultural capital during the Belle Époque.

Riverside area

Numerous restaurants and night bars have settled in the southeast of the lake. On the shore there is a bathing center with a swimming pool and a beach. The main entrance from 1936 is designed in the Art Deco style . Behind it, further north, is the aquarium , in which local fish can be seen, and a long esplanade , which is ideal for a walk and where special events take place regularly. The square also offers a panoramic view of the lake and the Dent du Chat rock (in German "Katzenzahn").

The esplanade is bordered to the north and south by the Grand port and Petit port , which together form the Aixer Hafen. With 1,500 berths, the port is the largest freshwater port in the country and is reserved for the lake's yachtsmen, who use it for their boats in the summer or all year round. Every year in May, Aix-les-Bains hosts a water sports festival ( Fête du Nautisme ), where historic boats from all over the world are shown. There is also a trade fair, demonstrations and a wide range of entertainment.

Grand Cercle Casino

The Grand Cercle Casino

The Grand Cercle Casino , alongside the Évian-les-Bains Casino, is an important architectural ensemble in Savoy. The casino was opened in 1850 by the Savoy Duke Victor Emmanuel II . The ceiling of the lobby is covered with a beautiful mosaic , consisting of 3.5 million small glass cubes, which are mounted on a gold background. In its early days, the central part of the building contained a ballroom flanked by two rooms, one for games and the other for reading and correspondence. Thirty years later, the casino gained in importance and two side pavilions were added. In 1899 the building was equipped with a theater that had 900 seats and was equipped with stage machinery made of wood. A few years ago four works by the painter Di Credico found their way into the traditional arcade (with boules , roulette , blackjack , ...) . Casino Grand Cercle was ranked 24th among all French casinos for the period 2004-2005 based on its gross gaming revenues.

Château de la Roche du Roi

The 20th century Château de la Roche du Roi is located on the heights of Aix-les-Bains. Built on the slope of a hill overlooking the racecourse and golf course, the castle dominates much of the city. It was built in 1900 by the city architect Jules Pin and the company Léon Grosse. The castle is now a historic monument ( Monument historique ). Its architectural style is a mixture of oriental palaces and renaissance castles. The total area of the building is approximately 500 m². It stands on a terrace and is supported by a substructure made of vaulted arches. Outside the castle there is a very dense forest in the immediate vicinity, which consists of several old trees, shrubs and plants that are widespread in the region. The castle currently belongs to a private owner from abroad. Given that it has been vacant for years, the city is trying to acquire the monument after several major damage was observed and the fire brigade intervened.

Notre-Dame d'Aix-les-Bains

The Assumption Parish Church of Notre-Dame-des-Eaux is located in the center of Aix-les-Bains. An architectural competition was organized for the design of the church, which Arthur Bertin won. The Bonna company was commissioned with the construction. Work began in 1890 and ended in 1892, although in truth changes were still being made until 1905. The building is in the shape of a cross and has a Byzantine architectural style . The crossing has a dome . The roof of the 55 meter high church tower is made of wood and is colored green due to oxidation . The simple barrel vaults of the church are more Romanesque in style. The cross-way panels , listed as a supplementary inventory, come from Spain, from where General Forestier brought them with him during his campaigns under Napoleon Bonaparte . Like the tablets of the Twelve Apostles , which have been protected since 1976 and kept in the choir , they probably come from Italy and, according to experts, are dated to the 17th century. With its considerable height, the church towers over the city center of Aix and is very present in the everyday life of the residents. Due to its central location, the square in front of the church is transformed into a public parking lot during the week .

Faure Museum

The Musée Faure originally emerged from a private collection that the doctor Faure (1862–1942) bequeathed to the city and that has been housed in a villa from the turn of the century since 1949. With a total of 34 sculptures and numerous studies, the museum has the second largest collection by the sculptor Auguste Rodin in France. Another collection shows impressionist paintings by painters who were close to the style epochs of Romanticism , Post-Impressionism and Symbolism . It is the second largest Impressionist collection in the region. Works by Corot , Boudin , Jongkind , Ravier , Puy , Cézanne , Sisley , Pissarro , Degas , Bonnard , Vuillard , Lebourg , Lebasque , Marquet , Robert Antral , Charles Cottet , Jules Desbois , Edmond Aman-Jean , John Singer Sargent can be seen , Victor Vignon , Constant Troyon , Stanislas Lépine , as well as by Adolphe Monticelli , Georges Michel and Jean-Victor Bertin .

Green spaces

Japanese garden

Aix-les-Bains is a ville fleurie with 4 flowers awarded by the Conseil national des villes et villages fleuris . She received the grand prix national du fleurissement and in 1992 the grand prix européen du fleurissement .

The flower park at the thermal baths consists of centuries-old rare trees. In the open-air theater with 3,000 seats concerts take place, especially in the summertime.

The parc du Bois Vidal in the center of the city includes a forest, meadows, numerous hiking trails and a fitness trail on an area of 18 hectares.

At the city limits, the Forêt de Corsuet extends over an area of around 16 hectares. It has numerous hiking trails, a fitness trail and is particularly popular with mountain bikers .

There is a Japanese garden at the entrance to the Radisson Blu on Avenue du Général-De-Gaulle . Its design is based on the Kanji -special 心 for "heart."

Luxury hotels and townhouses

Palace Hotel Astoria

During the Belle Époque, several luxury hotels were built , most of which were converted into apartments. In spite of all this, both its imposing external facades and its masterful wrought-iron entrance portals from the margrave's time have been preserved. Of the many hotels with names such as Beau-site, Grand-Hôtel, Bernascon, Splendide, Royal and Mirabeau, only the Astoria is still in operation.

The town hall of Aix-les-Bains was originally a former castle of the margraves who resided here in the 16th and 17th centuries. Right behind the town hall is a Gallo-Roman Temple of Diana, one of the last three still completely preserved temples in France. The building houses an archaeological museum that exhibits numerous statues and objects from the ancient and bronze ages.

The number of hotel construction projects in Aix increased between 1883 and 1914. The two rivals Gaudens-Antoine Rossignoli (1837-1908) and Jean-Marie Bernascon (1826-1912) stood out as donors. Most of the buildings were built by the Geneva architects Antoine Gouy and Alfred Olivet, as well as the chief urban architect Sébastien Pin (known as Jules Pin ).

List of luxury hotels

Le Splendide (1884) by Gaudens Antoine Rossignoli
L'Excelsior (1906) by Gaudens Antoine Rossignoli
Le Bernascon (1909) by Jean-Marie Bernascon, with the Villa Regina as an annex
Le Royal (1914) by Louis Rossignoli
Le Mirabeau (1910)

Other big hotels

Le Grand Hôtel (1858) by CB Pellegrini, with outbuilding Les Ambassadeurs (1877)
L'Hôtel du Globe (1868), today the Hôtel de l'Europe with the outbuilding Villa Victoria (1883)
L'Hôtel Beau Site (1883)
L'Hôtel International (1893), burnt down several times between 1985 and 1995, now renovated
L'Hôtel des Iles Britanniques (1903)
Astoria (1904)
Le Panoramic

Economy and Infrastructure

Companies

Aixam brand car

On January 1, 2006, there were 2624 companies and branches in Aix and the surrounding area. Aix-les-Bains counted 198 start-ups in 2004. This put the city in 216th place in a national comparison. The majority of companies are in the service sector (33%), in trade (28.4%), in education and health - and social economy (16.1%) as well as in the construction sector (7.7%). A smaller proportion can be found in the real estate business (4.4%), in the agricultural and food industry (3.3%) and in the transport sector (2.5%).

The four largest companies in Aix in 2008 were the construction company Léon Grosse with sales of 323 million euros, the car manufacturer Aixam and the independent Aixam production business unit with sales of 74 and 47 million euros, and the Swiss electronics group ABB with sales of 25 million euros . Numerous other companies are located in the Aix basin. The dairy company Savoie-Yaourt, the beverage manufacturer Société des eaux minérales d'Aix-les-Bains , the wine company Cavaillé, the industrial group Areva , a leather goods manufacturer, a subsidiary of Bauer AG and the solar thermal manufacturer Clipsol are also present. In addition, there seems to have been a development in the hospitality industry in recent years . The industry giant Accor is present throughout the Aix basin and is benefiting from the growing wellness and spa business.

Thermal beings

National thermal baths

The thermal springs flowing out of two openings on the hillside were already known to the Celtic tribe of the Allobroger , who worshiped them under the protection of the god Borvo. After the conquest by Caesar , the Roman Vicus Aqua developed around a bath facility that was constantly expanded and improved. The bathing tradition has been preserved over the centuries. From the time of King Henry IV around 1600, the Bain Royal is the only Roman bath of this era that has come down to us. In 1783 the first modern thermal facility was built thanks to financial support from Viktor Amadeus III. These royal thermal baths, expanded several times in the first half of the 19th century, became national thermal baths in 1860 when Savoy was annexed to France. In 1897 and especially 1934 new buildings completed the complex. In 1996, the French state had another facility built with the Chevalley thermal baths, which can be traced back to the development of several new, deeply located springs.

traffic

Aix-les-Bains is on the main route between Chambéry and Annecy . The northern part of the A41 motorway , which runs east of the city, offers direct access to Annecy and then via the continuation of the A40 to Geneva . There are two connection points for the community in the north and south. From the two Routes Départementales that run through the urban area, the D991 leads south to Viviers-du-Lac and Chambéry. The D1201 branches off to the west of the D991 in the city center and runs southwest along the Lac du Bourget to the municipality of Le Bourget-du-Lac .

The city is also accessible by train. At the time, when Aix-les-Bains was still administered by the dukes of Savoy , it was one of the first European municipalities to have a railway network on its territory. From 1892 to 1937 a cogwheel train led to Mont Revard . Today the city is connected to Chambéry as well as Annecy and Culoz . The transalpine rail link Lyon-Turin will bring the cities of Paris , Lyon and Turin closer together in the years after its completion . Aix-les-Bains station has been equipped with a combined platform since 2007 . Aix-les-Bains-Le Revard station is served by the TGV to the west of the city center, on Boulevard du Président-Wilson . The city of Paris can be reached from here in around three hours.

Chambéry-Savoie International Airport , formerly known as Chambéry - Aix-les-Bains, is located in the south of the city in the municipality of Voglans , a few meters from the south bank of Lac du Bourget. Mainly major British cities ( London , Manchester , Birmingham , Edinburgh ...) are served from here. Since there are a few winter sports resorts nearby, numerous other routes are opened during the season. Five low-cost airlines now offer regular flights. In 2002 the airport recorded a record number of visitors with 3,600 aircraft movements per year. More than 10,000 passengers were handled every weekend, most of them mainly in winter.

Street in the city center

Despite the attempts made by the Roue Libre association to establish an urban cycle network, the car remains one of the locals' favorite means of transport. Traffic is slow at peak times, especially in summer with the influx of tourists. The section of the D1201 along the lake towards Chambéry and the exit towards Albens and Annecy are particularly sensitive . The situation seems to be improving, however, thanks to the creation of roundabouts to facilitate traffic flow and two parking zones in the city center.

Two main bus lines and fourteen supplementary lines run regularly as public transport in the village. To reach the slope of Mont Revard or the Mont du Chat chapel, two other lines are available on call. The Ondéa bus network operated by the Keolis company employs 45 people and is commissioned by the Grand Lac - Lac du Bourget municipal association to ensure public transport . During the summer, a small tourist train runs between the esplanade by the lake, the beach and the city center.

Construction projects

View from the esplanade on the lake

Several construction projects are currently underway in the city center, on the lakefront in the west and mainly in the south. The point is to locate new business parks in order to attract more companies to the Aix basin. There are also plans to set up a new residential park. In cooperation with the municipalities of Méry and Drumettaz-Clarafond, and coordinated with the urban spatial planning , the city of Aix-les-Bains is participating in the construction of a new business park called Savoie Hexapôle . In addition, the construction of a large shopping park is planned to supply the southern area of the Aix basin.

The redevelopment area ZAC des Bords du Lac , which is also under construction, extends over an area of approximately 15 hectares and includes, among other things, the former commune campsite of Sierroz. A complex with 700 apartments ( 20% of which are social housing) is to be built on a fifth of this area . The remaining 80% are intended for green spaces. The extremely controversial building project is being promoted by the local council and the député-maire Dominique Dord . The new residential area built by the Société d'Aménagement de la Savoie will be called “Aix-le Lac”.

Between the Boulevard Barrier and Boulevard Garibaldi , an Allée promenade des bords de lac has already been laid out over a width of 36 meters . This is essentially a narrow thoroughfare, but it also includes pedestrian and bicycle paths and is planted with trees. A “green” residential area and shops will be built on the avenue, from which the residents of the surrounding district will benefit.

According to a future study commissioned by CALB and presented to the municipal council on July 6, 2009, the Grand Port marina is to be replaced by an underground parking area. This should arise below the groundwater . To do this, the fairway and the anchorage for the sailing boats must be filled in. In addition, a 20 m high building with living space and shops is planned. In the study, further buildings are planned in the immediate vicinity of the bank.

Town twinning

Aix has signed the following city partnerships:

United States Fairbanks in the United States
Russia Kislovodsk in Russia
Italy Milena (Sicily) in Italy (1992)
Morocco Moulay Yacoub in Morocco (1994)
Canada Rosemère in Canada

Personalities

Soheil Ayari (* 1970), racing car driver
Gilles Bernheim (* 1952), rabbi , since January 2009 Chief Rabbi (Grand Rabbin) of France
Philippe Cavoret (* 1968), former skeleton pilot
Myriam Décroze (* 1963), artist (painting, sculpture, textile art)
Jacques Forestier (1890–1978), internist and rheumatologist
Gabriel-Marie Garrone (1901–1994), Archbishop of Toulouse and later Cardinal Curia of the Roman Catholic Church
Christiane Legrand (1930–2011), jazz singer
Alexandre Moret (1868–1938), Egyptologist
Victor Muffat-Jeandet (* 1989), ski racer
Hervé Renard (* 1968), soccer coach and former soccer player
Claude de Seyssel (1450–1520), humanist, lawyer and philologist
Agnès Soral (* 1960), theater and film actress
Patrice Sulpice (* 1974), former track cyclist
Thierry Tulasne (* 1963), former tennis player and today's tennis coach

Others

From 1949 to 1960, on the approximately 2.4-kilometer street circuit Circuit du Lac international Formula 2 race held.

Web links

Commons : Aix-les-Bains - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikisource: Aix in the Topographia Palatinatus Rheni (Matthäus Merian) - sources and full texts

Remarks

↑ Philippe Gloaguen: Le guide du routard - Alpes . Hachette Tourisme, 2007, ISBN 978-2-01-240635-3 .

^ Les lacs de Savoie et le tourisme . (Revue trimestrielle de la Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie No. 126). 1997, p. 14 .

↑ INSEE : Zone map of Aix-les-Bains. (PDF; 477 kB) May 2001, accessed on December 3, 2011 (French).

^ Report of the Commission "transports et déplacements". (PDF; 77 kB) Conseil de développement de Métropole Savoie, April 11, 2007, archived from the original on October 18, 2007 ; accessed on February 23, 2013 (French).

↑ L'eau - cette magicienne de la nature. (No longer available online.) Canadian Department of the Environment, 2001, archived from the original March 13, 2013 ; Retrieved December 2, 2011 (French).

↑ ^a ^b INSEE : Results du recensement de la population - 2008 - Aix-les-Bains. (No longer available online.) 2008, formerly in the original ; Retrieved December 3, 2011 (French). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )@1@ 2

^ Projet Aix-les-Bains (Savoie) - Sierroz, Franklin. Association Régionale des organismes d'HLM de Rhône-Alpes (ARRA), accessed on December 3, 2011 (French).

↑ La ville d'Aix-les-Bains. annuaire-mairie.fr, accessed December 5, 2011 (French).

↑ CIL 12, 2443 , CIL 12, 2444

^ Alain Canal: Report des fouilles en sauvetage sous la place Maurice Mollard . Drac (dact.), Lyon 1992.

↑ Epigraphic texts in the Lapidarium of Aix-les-Bains.

↑ The excavations were carried out under the direction of Alain Canal in 1988 in the city hall parking lot.

^ Joël Lagrange: Site du Patrimoine d'Aix-les-bains. (No longer available online.) Inventaire général du patrimoine culturel, 2006, archived from the original on February 25, 2008 ; Retrieved December 9, 2011 (French). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

^ Gabriel Pérouse: La vie d'autrefois à Aix-les-Bains . Chambery: Dardel 1922.

↑ Original Latin text and French translation of the deed of gift. In: imagesdupatrimoine.ch. Société d'histoire et d'archéologie du canton de Neuchâtel, 2011, accessed on December 13, 2011 (French).

↑ Jean Pierre Legay, Jean François Connille: Histoire d'Aix-les-Bains et de sa region . Aix-les-Bains 1988.

↑ Christine Pernon: Études des vestiges de la maison forte de Saint Paul et prospection . Lyon 1993.

^ Archives départementales de Savoie. Série SA

↑ Joël Lagrange: Aix-les-Bains en 1561, aperçus demographiques . Ed .: Société d'art et d'histoire d'Aix-les-Bains (= Extrait d'Art et Mémoire N ° 13 ). Aix-les-Bains 1998.

↑ Art et Mémoire n ° 15, la collégiale Notre Dame, 2000.

↑ Les Merveilles des bains d'Aix en Savoye. Réimpression textuelle de la première édition (1623) avec une préface par le docteur L. Brachet et une notice bibliographique par V. Barbier.

↑ Geneviève Frieh-Giraud: Les Thermes Nationaux d'Aix-les-Bains. Le fil de l'eau . Figep, Aix-les-Bains 2005, ISBN 978-2-9523975-0-6 .

↑ Michèle Brocard: Les châteaux de Savoie.

↑ Jean-Marie Jeudy: Chambery et Aix-les-Bains autrefois. éd. Horvath, 1984, ISBN 2-7171-0341-4 , p. 38.

↑ Paul Guichonnet: Comment la Savoie se Rallia à la France. éd. SIPE, 1960, p. 106.

↑ elytis-defisc.fr: Histoire d'Aix-les-Bains. Archived from the original on August 31, 2007 ; Retrieved September 29, 2012 (French).

^ Commission Départementale de l'Information Historique pour la Paix (CDIHP): Les hopitaux savoyards dans la grande guerre. (PDF, 826KB) Archived from the original on November 25, 2006 ; Retrieved September 29, 2012 (French).

↑ Together with the Association des Dames Françaises and the Société de Secours aux Blessés Militaires one of the three predecessors of the French Red Cross .

^ ^A ^b Société d'Art et d'histoire d'Aix-les-Bains et de sa région: Arts et mémoire n ° 9. December 1987.

↑ Original text: Veuillez surseoir pour motifs diplomatiques à organization hospitalization blessés in Zone Savoie neutralisée.

↑ Original text: Hospitalization blessés, même allemands à Aix-les-Bains, zone neutralisée, impossible sans instructions ministérielles.

↑ Original text: Le Ministre des affaires étrangères déclare de la façon la plus formal que nous ne devons pas mettre à Aix-les-Bains des blessés français susceptibles de retourner aux Armées. Toutefois, il ne paraît y avoir aucun inconvénient à ce que des blessés français ou allemands, très gravement atteints dont la vie serait en danger ou qui seraient présumés ne pas devoir guérir avant la fin des hostilités, soient placés en zone neutre.

↑ Original text: Au point de vue de l'interprétation française des traités, Aix-les-Bains semble devoir être considéré comme étant en dehors de la zone neutre; par suite, il n'y a pas de motif pour n'y pas hospitaliser les blessés.

↑ Original text: Au moment où la Savoie s'ouvre, il est absolument nécessaire pour nous de thunder à nos visiteurs et baigneurs le maximum possible d'agréments.

↑ artsouk.com: Les Grandes énigmes du Maroc. Retrieved September 30, 2012 (French).

↑ Article in the special magazine “Le Guido” N ° 9, page 7

^ Sergio Palumbo: Le Maroc à Aix les Bains. 123savoie.com, October 27, 2006, archived from the original on June 16, 2009 ; Retrieved September 10, 2012 (French).

↑ Le CDAD de la Savoie - Conseil Départemental de l'Accès au Droit de la Savoie accessed on February 23, 2013 (French)

^ Official website of the Lyon Court of Appeal - Reform of the judicial system

^ Brigitte Vinçon-Leite, Bruno Tassin, Jean-Claude Druart: Phytoplankton variability in Lake Bourget. (PDF; 1.6 MB) In: Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management 2002. Accessed on February 23, 2013 .

^ Official website of the Aquarium du Lac du Bourget. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on March 31, 2015 ; Retrieved November 21, 2012 (French). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

^ V. Cadieu, F. Boisson: Seul mot d'ordre: économiser l'eau! Source gestion de l'eau pour demain? Planète Bleu, September 11, 2005, archived from the original on June 26, 2009 ; Retrieved November 21, 2012 (French).

↑ Aix-les-Bains, aux portes de la Savoie. RTBF , archived from the original on February 8, 2009 ; accessed on February 23, 2013 (French).

↑ Presentation de la fête. Site officiel de la Fete du Nautisme, archived from the original on April 16, 2012 ; Retrieved December 2, 2011 (French).

↑ Article in the La Tribune of December 16, 2005.

↑ Aix-les-Bains: Société d'Art et d'histoire: Notre-Dame d'Aix-les-Bains in Art et Mémoire No. 15 June 2000.

^ Musée Faure. evene.fr , accessed on January 2, 2013 (French).

↑ ^a ^b ^c Les villes et villages fleuris - Aix-les-Bains. Conseil National des Villes et Villages Fleuris, archived from the original on March 14, 2013 ; Retrieved March 11, 2013 (French).

↑ Entente florale 2004: Cahors au dessus du Lot! (PDF; 299.4 kB) 2004, p. 27 , accessed on March 11, 2013 (French).

↑ La quiétude du jardin japonais à Aix-les-Bains (73). www.petit-patrimoine.com/, accessed on March 13, 2013 (French).

↑ Les lacs de Savoie et le tourisme , Revue trimestrielle de la Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie No. 126, 1997, p. 50.

↑ Patrimoine en Savoie - Sites, Monuments et Personnages célèbres. (PDF; 5.3 MB) Conseil général de la Savoie, p. 11 , accessed on March 11, 2013 (French).

↑ Patrimoine. Official website of Aix-les-Bains, archived from the original on October 28, 2001 ; Retrieved March 11, 2013 (French).

^ Entreprises et services, Aix-Les-Bains - Savoie (73100). Consolidated figures based on INSEE statistical data. In: L'Encyclopédie des Villes de France. L'Internaute, accessed March 11, 2013 (French).

↑ Violette Nustal: Thermalisme - Le retour aux sources. In: L'Express . February 27, 2003, accessed March 11, 2013 (French).

↑ Gabriel Pérouse: La Vie d'autrefois à Aix-les-Bains , 1922 (new edition 2002).

↑ Le projet Grand Lac. Conseil général de la Savoie, 2005, archived from the original on March 10, 2006 ; Retrieved December 2, 2011 (French).

↑ La ligne du temps ferroviaire en Pays de Savoie. Association pour la Préservation du Matériel Ferroviaire Savoyard (APMFS), March 14, 2006, accessed on December 2, 2011 (French).

↑ Gare SNCF de Aix les Bains le Revard: Tous les horaires de train et les informations sur la gare. (No longer available online.) Gares en mouvement , an official SNCF site , archived from the original on December 29, 2011 ; Retrieved December 2, 2011 (French).

↑ ^a ^b History of the airport. Aéroport Chambéry-Savoie, archived from the original on February 26, 2014 ; Retrieved December 2, 2011 (French).

↑ List of departure destinations. (No longer available online.) Aéroport Chambéry-Savoie, archived from the original on October 19, 2011 ; Retrieved December 2, 2011 (French). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.

↑ ^a ^b Roland Zanardi: ZAC des bords du lac d'Aix les Bains: le projet avance. In: Petit Canard Aixois. chambe-aix.com, December 2006, accessed December 4, 2011 (French).

↑ On the city's website , only the two cities Moulay Yacoub and Milena are mentioned.

↑ Alaska's Sister States & Sister Cities. Official website of the US state of Alaska, archived from the original on June 9, 2011 ; Retrieved November 22, 2012 .

^ Jumelages France-Russie-CEI-Pays baltes. russie.net, accessed November 22, 2012 .

↑ ^a ^b Villes jumelées avec Aix-les-Bains. Official city website, archived from the original on October 25, 2011 ; Retrieved November 22, 2012 .

^ Villes jumelées France-Québec. GrandeQuebec.com, accessed November 22, 2012 .

[1] Philippe Gloaguen: Le guide du routard - Alpes . Hachette Tourisme, 2007, ISBN 978-2-01-240635-3 .

[2] Les lacs de Savoie et le tourisme . (Revue trimestrielle de la Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie No. 126). 1997, p. 14 .

[3] INSEE : Zone map of Aix-les-Bains. (PDF; 477 kB) May 2001, accessed on December 3, 2011 (French).

[4] Report of the Commission "transports et déplacements". (PDF; 77 kB) Conseil de développement de Métropole Savoie, April 11, 2007, archived from the original on October 18, 2007 ; accessed on February 23, 2013 (French).

[5] L'eau - cette magicienne de la nature. (No longer available online.) Canadian Department of the Environment, 2001, archived from the original March 13, 2013 ; Retrieved December 2, 2011 (French).