Enontekio
| coat of arms | map |
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| Basic data | |
| State : |
 Finland
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| Landscape : | Lapland |
| Administrative community : | Fjell Lapland |
| Geographical location | 68 ° 22 ′ N , 23 ° 37 ′ E |
| Surface: | 8,391.52 km² |
| of which land area: | 7,945.90 km² |
| of which inland waterways: | 445.62 km² |
| Residents : | 1,852 (Dec 31, 2018) |
| Population density : | 0.2 inhabitants / km² |
| Municipality number : | 047 |
| Language (s) : | Finnish , North Sami |
| Website : | enontekio.fi |
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Enontekiö [ ˈɛnɔntɛkiœ ] ( North Sami Eanodat , Swedish Enontekis ) is a municipality in the Finnish part of Lapland . It is almost 8,400 square kilometers and has only 1,852 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2018). This sparsely populated municipality is located in the far north-west of the country between Sweden and Norway . In the north of Enontekios is the highest mountain in Finland, the 1324 meter high Haltitunturi , where the municipality has a share of the Scandinavian Mountains . The administrative seat of the municipality is the place Hetta . About a fifth of the population of Enontekios belongs to the Sami people . The main industries are tourism and reindeer herding .
geography
Position and extent
The bulge between the Swedish and Norwegian borders, which is occupied by the municipality of Enontekiös, is called Käsivarsi (Finnish for "poor") because the borders of Finland on the map before the Second World War had the shape of a female figure ( Suomi-neito ) and the area when her raised right arm appeared. The vast and very sparsely populated municipal area is 8,392 square kilometers, more than three times the size of Luxembourg . Enontekiö is the third largest municipality in Finland after Inari and Sodankylä . With only 0.25 inhabitants per square kilometer, it is the second most sparsely populated Finnish municipality after Savukoski .
Neighboring communities of Enontekiö are Inari in the east, Kittilä in the southeast and Muonio in the south, as well as Kiruna in the west on the Swedish side and Storfjord , Kåfjord , Nordreisa and Kautokeino in the north on the Norwegian side . The common border between Enontekiös and the two neighboring countries is more than 450 km long. The border with Sweden is formed by the Muonionjoki river and its tributary Könkämäero .
Villages
The main town of Hetta is in the south of the municipality and has around 800 inhabitants. There is no place called Enontekiö, but Hetta is often referred to by the name of the municipality. Other important places are the village of Kilpisjärvi near the border triangle Finland-Sweden-Norway as well as Kaaresuvanto and Palojoensuu , both of which are on the border with Sweden on Muonionjoki. The villages of Enontekiös are concentrated in the southern part and the banks of the Könkämäneno and Muonionjoki rivers in the west of the municipality. Often there is also a village on the opposite Swedish bank that usually bears the same name (or its Swedish form of name), for example Kaaresuvanto / Karesuando . Away from the rivers, however, the Käsivarsi area is almost completely uninhabited.
The following villages belong to Enontekiö (Sami name forms, if any, in brackets):
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topography
In its northern tip, Enontekiö is the only municipality in Finland to have a share of the Scandinavian Mountains . Because of this and its location in the far north of Finland, Enontekiö differs geologically and scenically from the rest of the country. The Haltitunturi , with 1324 meters the highest mountain of Finland, is also in Enontekiö like all other 21 Eintausender the country. Besides Haltitunturi, the most famous and most strikingly scenic mountain is the 1029 meter high Saana , which rises above the village of Kilpisjärvi. The southern part of the municipality is less mountainous, but here, too, isolated fells ( tunturi , hills that tower above the tree line) rise from the otherwise rather flat surroundings. Among other things, part of the Pallastunturi - Ounastunturi massif protrudes into the municipality of Enontekiös.
A little over five percent of the community area consists of water. Several large rivers have their origins in Enontekiö: The Muonionjoki , Ounasjoki , Ivalojoki and one of the source rivers of the Tenojoki all have their origins in the municipality. Enontekiö owes its name to this: Eno is an old Finnish word for “electricity” and tekiö is derived from the verb tehdä “make”. The 825 lakes in the municipality are all rather small. The largest lakes are Pöyrisjärvi , Kilpisjärvi near the village of the same name and Ounasjärvi near Hetta.
Flora and fauna
The vegetation in Enontekiö is very sparse due to its extreme northern location. The northern limit of the distribution area of the spruce corresponds roughly to the southern limit of the municipality, and the pine only occurs up to about 20 km north of Hetta. To the north only birch trees grow . The tree line is around 600 meters, above which there is tundra-like vegetation. The largest part of the municipal area consists of such plateaus or moors , which predominate on the rivers. Only 19% of Enontekios area is forested. Around 70% of the total area is under various degrees of nature conservation . In Enontekiö there are parts of the Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park as well as the wilderness areas Käsivarsi , Pulju , Pöyrisjärvi and Tarvantovaara .
Because of the harsh climatic conditions, the fauna of Enontekiös is not exactly rich in species. On the other hand, arctic animal species live in the community that are absent in southern Finland, such as mountain lemings , arctic foxes , snowy owls , ringed plovers , ptarmigan and ring owls . In addition to the semi-domesticated reindeer , small mammals and various bird species are particularly numerous.
climate
The climate of Enontekiös is characterized by the extreme northern location, the higher altitude compared to the rest of Finland and the proximity of the Arctic Ocean . Due to the moderating influence of the Gulf Stream , the winters are not quite as harsh as in the more continental Central Lapland, but the summer is shorter and cooler.
On an annual average, Enontekiö has the lowest temperatures in Finland. In Kilpisjärvi in the north of the municipality, the long-term average is −2.3 ° C (for comparison: Helsinki approx. +5 ° C, Berlin approx. +9 ° C). The warmest month is July with an average temperature of +10.9 ° C, the coldest is January with -13.6 ° C. Under these extreme climatic conditions, the growth period only lasts a little over 100 days, but the winter is very long with a duration of almost 200 days. The mean annual rainfall is 459 mm.
In the cold season, significant amounts of snow can fall: The highest snow depth ever recorded in Finland was measured on April 19, 1997 at 190 cm in Kilpisjärvi. A permanent snow cover usually falls in October and only melts again towards the end of May. The snow can stay longer in sheltered areas, for example in Kilpisjärvi skiing is traditionally held on midsummer night.
The municipality of Enontekiös is about 200 to 300 kilometers north of the Arctic Circle . Accordingly, there are extreme seasonal differences in the duration of sunshine: The midnight sun shines in Kilpisjärvi between May 22nd and July 22nd . Accordingly, the polar night (kaamos) prevails between November 25th and January 17th . Nowhere else in Finland do the auroras occur as frequently as in Enontekiö: in the area around Kilpisjärvi you can watch this natural spectacle on average three out of four nights during the dark season and when the weather is clear.
history
Prehistory and Swedish time
The oldest human settlement in Enontekiö came about after the glaciers retreated towards the end of the last Ice Age , when members of the Komsa culture immigrated from the Arctic coast . The oldest traces of settlement come from the shores of Lake Ounasjärvi and date back to around 6000 BC. Dated. Later, through the mixing of this Stone Age indigenous population and the from the 3rd millennium BC Finno-Ugrians immigrated to the Sami population of Lapland, who remained dominant in Enontekiö for a long time. At first, the inhabitants of Enontekiös lived from hunting and fishing and kept only a few reindeer as draft animals.
In the early modern period, Enontekiö came under Swedish influence in the course of the Christianization of the previously shamanistic Sami . The first Enontekiös church was built in the 16th century. It was a small wooden building in the village of Rounala on the right bank of the Könkämäneno River, now part of Sweden. According to tradition, the church was built by three Sami brothers who converted to Christianity. It was a central meeting place where the Sami gathered for church ceremonies, where vendors came to sell their wares, and where Swedish officials held court sessions at certain times. In 1611 a new church was built in the village of Markkina. After this was destroyed, a successor building was built in the same place in 1661.
From the end of the 17th century, the reindeer-Sami culture based on the keeping of large herds of reindeer spread from Norwegian and Swedish Lapland to Enontekiö. The reindeer seeds Enontekiös had a nomadic way of life and moved with their animals in the annual cycle between summer and winter pastures from the coniferous forest areas in the south of Enontekiös to the Arctic coast to Kåfjord , Kvænangen and Nordreisa . The last nomads of Enontekiös did not settle down until the 1960s, but the reindeer seed culture has still been preserved in large-scale reindeer herding. From the 17th century the first Finnish new settlers settled in the south of Enontekiös and introduced the sedentary farming culture. Due to the Finnish immigration and the assimilation of the long-established Sami population, a Finnish majority emerged over time.
Russian time
When Sweden ceded what is now Finland to Russia in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809 , Enontekiö also became part of the newly founded Grand Duchy of Finland . Because the church of Markkina was on the wrong bank on the Swedish side due to the Swedish-Russian border, it was removed in 1826 and its beams rafted down the Muoniojoki to Palojoensuu, where the fourth Enontekiös church was built. As early as 1864 the church was moved to Hetta, which had meanwhile developed into the largest settlement in the area. The closure of the Russian-Norwegian border in 1852 and the Russian-Swedish border in 1889 had serious consequences for the Enontekiös reindeer nomads because they could no longer move their herds to the Arctic coast as before. As a result, they moved their pastures to the southeast inland and thus helped the reindeer herding culture to spread to the rest of Lapland. In the course of the separation of the administration of the rural parishes from the church administration, the political municipality Enontekiö was created in 1877.
Since independence
With the Finnish declaration of independence in 1917, Enontekiö also became part of the independent Republic of Finland.
During the Continuation War from 1941 to 1944, in which Finland fought in a so-called brotherhood in arms with Germany against the Soviet Union , Enontekiö, like all of Northern Finland, belonged to the area of operations of the Wehrmacht . From 1942, the Germans began to build the storm ram position in Enontekiö to protect the Arctic ports in occupied Norway and in Petsamo . When Finland signed the Moscow armistice with the Soviet Union on September 4, 1944 , in which it undertook to drive the German troops out of the country, the Finnish-German Lapland War broke out. The civilian population of Lapland had to be brought to safety within a short period of time. The population of Enontekios was evacuated to neutral Sweden like all residents of western Lapland. After the Germans had quickly withdrawn from southern Lapland, the 12,000-strong 7th Mountain Division of the Wehrmacht occupied the battering ram position at the end of October. In their retreat, the Germans used scorched earth tactics and wreaked havoc in Enontekiö as well. During the cold winter there was a positional war between the Germans entrenched in their fortifications and the Finnish troops who had taken up positions in the village of Markkina. After the Wehrmacht had withdrawn from Petsamo and northern Norway, the ram position no longer had any strategic value and was evacuated without a fight in early January 1945. In order to secure the flank of Lyngen , their last position in northern Norway, the Germans were still operating in the north of the Käsivarsi area in the spring, where minor fighting broke out, before the last Wehrmacht soldiers left Finnish soil near Kilpisjärvi on April 27.
population
Population development and structure
Enontekiö currently has almost 2000 inhabitants. At the beginning of the 1990s the population was 2500. But because the structurally weak Lapland was hit harder by the Finnish economic crisis than the south of the country, a wave of emigration to the growth centers of the south began in the middle of the decade. In Enontekiö too, the population initially decreased rapidly, but has now consolidated at a lower level. 16.7% of the inhabitants of Enontekiös are younger than 15 years, 67.7% between 15 and 64 years old and 15.6% older than 64 years. What is striking is the majority of men, who make up 53.2% of the population.
| year | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 |
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| Residents | 2,286 | 2,415 | 2,472 | 2,413 | 2,378 | 2,365 | 2,324 | 2,225 | 2.145 | 2,100 | 2,073 | 2,022 | 1,998 | 2,000 | 1.997 |
Seeds
Enontekiö belongs to the settlement area of the indigenous people of the Sami . 19% of the community's population are ethnic Sami. However, only 10% speak Sami as their mother tongue. The community belongs to the legally established Sami "home area" (kotiseutualue) , in which the Sami have special minority rights. The variant of Sami used in Enontekiö, the North Sami language , has an official status in the community alongside Finnish and may be used in dealing with the authorities. Well-known seeds from Enontekiö are the artist Nils-Aslak Valkeapää and the joik singer Wimme .
religion
The Evangelical Lutheran believers in Enontekiö belong to the Enontekiö parish. This is subordinate to the diocese of Oulu and has been an independent parish since 1916, previously it belonged to Muonio as a chapel parish . As in all of Lapland, Laestadianism , a conservative Lutheran revival movement , is strongly represented in Enontekiö. The Laestadians are organized within the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Lars Levi Læstadius , the founder of Laestadianism, was a pastor in Karesuando , Sweden, from 1826 to 1849 , from where his teachings quickly spread to neighboring Enontekiö. The first revivals in Finland are reported from the winter of 1846/47 in Enontekiö and Muonio.
politics
administration
As is generally the case in rural Finland, the Center Party is the strongest political force in Enontekiö . In the local elections in 2017, she received almost half of the votes. In the municipal council, the highest decision-making body in local affairs, it has 9 out of 17 members. With 4 MPs, the National Collection Party is the second strongest party, followed by the local Sami electoral list Johtti Sápmelaččat with two, and the Green Federation and the Christian Democrats with one MP each. In the 2017 local elections, the turnout was 66.4%.
| Political party | Election result 2017 | Seats |
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| Center Party | 49.0% | 9 |
| National rally party | 19.3% | 4th |
| Johtti Sápmelaččat | 15.8% | 2 |
| Green covenant | 8.8% | 1 |
| Christian Democrats | 7.1% | 1 |
coat of arms
The Enontekiö coat of arms was designed by Olof Eriksson. It shows a silver, red- armored willow grouse in the blue field . The red grouse is a very common bird in Northern Lapland and was an important source of food for the residents of Enontekiös in the past, which is why it is also called the "bird of life".
Community partnerships
Enontekiö has parish partnerships with three of its neighboring parishes : Kiruna in Sweden and Storfjord and Kautokeino in Norway.
Economy and Infrastructure
economy
The service sector has a large share in Enontekios' economic structure: 76% of the working population are employed in the tertiary sector, 45% of them in the public sector. Agriculture and forestry employ 13% of Enontekios' residents, and processing 6%.
As in general in structurally weak Lapland, unemployment is a big problem in Enontekiö: In January 2007 the municipality had the second highest unemployment rate of all Finnish municipalities at 24.7%. At the height of the Finnish economic crisis, the unemployment rate in 1996 was close to 40%.
The reindeer herding has long been the dominant source of income in Enontekiö. Reindeer herding culture has been deeply rooted in northwest Lapland for centuries, unlike in the rest of the Finnish reindeer herding area, where it was only introduced on a larger scale in the 19th century after the wild forest reindeer was extinct . Reindeer herding also plays a major role in Enontekiö today. The reindeer herders Enontekiös are organized in the reindeer herding cooperatives (paliskunta) of Näkkälä and Käsivarsi and own a total of 20,000 semi-domesticated reindeer. Because of the climatic conditions, arable farming is hardly possible, but there is a small amount of dairy farming. Forestry plays a subordinate role because of the barren vegetation.
The tourism in Enontekiö an important source of income, although visitor numbers are smaller than in those municipalities of Lapland, which have large ski resorts. Enontekiö mainly attracts nature tourists who come to Lapland for hiking, fishing, canoeing, skiing or snowmobiling, as well as car tourists who are about to pass through to the North Cape . Over 100,000 overnight stays are registered every year. 20% of the tourists come from abroad. The largest group is formed by the Norwegians, followed by Germans, Swedes, Dutch and British. Norwegians visit Enontekiö mainly because of the lower price level. Norwegian shopping tourism accounts for 40% of retail sales in the whole of Enontekiö, and even 60 to 70% in Kilpisjärvi near the border.
traffic
The main traffic connection of Enontekiös is the state road 21 . It follows the course of the Finnish-Swedish border for its entire route, which begins in Tornio on the Gulf of Bothnia , and ends in Kilpisjärvi on the border with Norway. Main road 93 branches off from state road 21 in the village of Palojoensuu and first leads east to the Hetta community center and then further north to the Norwegian border. The villages in the southern part of the municipality are connected by smaller roads. In the northern part of Enontekiö, on the other hand, state road 21, which runs on the banks of the Muonionjoki or Könkämäneno, is the only road; the uninhabited area between the river valley and the Norwegian border is completely pathless. There are three border crossing points in Enontekiö: The village of Karesuvanto is connected to the opposite Swedish bank via a bridge, and border crossings to Norway are at Kilpisjärvi and Kivilompolo.
With Enontekiö Airport west of Hetta, the municipality has its own airport. It is mainly served by charter flights, whose passengers make up 95% of the airport's passenger volume. Regular flight connections to Enontekiö only exist in spring: Finnair offers direct flights from Helsinki-Vantaa to Enontekiö in March and April . In 2007, 25,086 passengers used the airport.
Enontekiö is not connected to the rail network. The next train station is in Kolari, about 150 km south.
Education and Social
There are five primary schools in Enontekiö municipality: in Kilpisjärvi, students are taught from pre-school to ninth grade, and in Karesuvanto, Hetta and Peltojärvi from pre-school to sixth grade. Enontekiö high school is attended by students in the seventh to ninth grades. Pupils can acquire the higher education entrance qualification at the grammar school of Enontekiö after finishing upper school. In the primary schools in Kilpisjärvi and Karesuvanto and in the upper school in Enontekiö, Sami students are offered lessons in their mother tongue. Adult education is provided by an adult education center. The community library is located in the main town of Hetta, more remote areas are supplied with a mobile library. The University of Helsinki has a biological research station in Kilpisjärvi.
Health care is organized in association with the neighboring municipality of Muonio . In Enontekiö there are two state health centers for inpatient treatment, one in Hetta and one in Karesuvanto. Bed places are available in the Muonio health center.
Culture and sights
Buildings
The church of Enontekiö was built between 1951 and 1952 as the sixth church building of the community in the central town of Hetta instead of its predecessor, which was destroyed in the Lapland War. It is a modern brick and concrete building designed by the architect Veikko Larkas. The slender 30 meter high church tower is connected to the nave by a canopy. The artist Uuno Eskola created the church's altar panel as a combination of fresco and mosaic techniques . It shows the risen Jesus Christ who blesses the land and people of Lapland. The organ of the church is a present from Germany in 1958.
The villages Kultima, Näkkälä, Nunnanen, Peltovuoma, Pöyrisjärvi and Raittijärvi are officially recognized as heritage-protected cultural landscapes thanks to their preserved old buildings. Also listed is the stone bridge at Ahdaskuru, built in 1943 near the Norwegian border, as the only bridge in Lapland that was not destroyed in the Lapland War.
Museums
There are three museums in Enontekiö: The buildings of the Enontekiö Museum of Local History, which opened in 1991, have been moved from various villages in the municipality to Hetta. It is a farmhouse from Raattama from the end of the 19th century, a living room from Ylikyrö built in the 1920s, a storehouse from the 18th century also from Ylikyrö, a sauna from Muotkajärvi built in 1937 and a cattle shed from the village of Kaukonen in the neighboring municipality of Kittilä. The Fjell-Lapland nature and cultural center is maintained by the Finnish Forest Authority (Metsähallitus) and is also located in Hetta. It presents the nature of Northern Lapland and the culture of reindeer seeds in its exhibitions. In Järämä around 20 km north of Karesuvanto, part of the battering ram position from the Lapland War has been restored. A museum has been attached since 1997, which deals with the history of the Lapland War in Enontekiö.
Regular events
At the beginning of March, a Sami cultural event has been taking place regularly since 1971, the Hetta Marian Days (Hetan Marianpäivät) . It ties in with the old Sami tradition of gathering in the church village on certain holidays. Today, the Marian days include Sami music performances, art exhibitions, and competitions in reindeer sledding and lassoing. A church and chamber music festival, the Hetta's Music Days (Hetan musiikkipäivät) , is held in Enontekiö at Easter . Between the end of April and the beginning of May, an ice fishing competition (Kilpisjärven pilkkiviikot) attracts anglers. In late summer there is an orienteering race (Suomen tunturisuunnistus) on the fells near Kilpisjärvi .
Personalities
- Niko Valkeapää , musician
- Nils-Aslak Valkeapää (1943–2001), writer, musician, artist and actor
- Wimme Saari (* 1959), musician
literature
- Mauno Hiltunen: Norjan ja Norlannin välissä: Enontekiö 1550–1808; asukkaat, elinkeinot yes maanhallinta. Oulun Historiaseura, Oulu 2007. [= Oulun Historiaseuran julkaisuja: Scripta historica 32] ISBN 978-952-99544-1-4
Web links
- Website of the municipality (English / Finnish)
- Tourism portal of the municipality (English / Finnish)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Maanmittauslaitos (Finnish land surveying office): Suomen pinta-alat kunnittain January 1, 2010 (PDF; 199 kB)
- ↑ Statistical Office Finland: Table 11ra - Key figures on population by region, 1990-2018
- ↑ Finnish Museum of Natural History: Enontekiön kasvillisuuden erityispiirteitä ( Memento of the original from June 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Finnish)
- ↑ Website of the biological station Kilpisjärvi of the University of Helsinki: Basic climatological data on Kilpisjärvi , based on data from the Finnish Institute of Meteorology ( Memento of the original of October 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Finnish Institute of Meteorology: Suomen ja maapallon sääennätyksiä (Finnish)
- ↑ Finnish Institute of Meteorology: Talven lumista ja lumisuudesta (Finnish)
- ↑ The Kilpisjärvi Biological Station of the University of Helsinki, PowerPoint Slide Show (Finnish)
- ↑ Finnish Institute of Meteorology: Where and when are the Northern Lights most seen? ( Memento of the original from January 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ Tourism portal of the municipality of Enontekiö: Prehistory (English)
- ↑ Website of the municipality of Enontekiö: Tilastotietoa Enontekiön kunnasta ( Memento of the original from January 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Tilastokeskus (Finnish Statistics Office) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ As of 2000, Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health ( Memento of the original from January 17, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ As of 2006, Tilastokeskus (Finnish Statistics Office) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Finnish Ministry of Justice: Result of the 2017 local elections
- ↑ As of 2001, Enontekiö municipality: Enontekiön kehittämisstrategia ja toimepideohjelma 2003-2008 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 12. (Finnish)
- ↑ Kuntalehti: Työvoiman riittävyys mielenkiinnon kohteeksi , March 7, 2007 ( memento of the original from September 30, 2014 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Finnish)
- ↑ Municipality of Enontekiö: Enontekiön kehittämisstrategia ja toimepideohjelma 2003-2008 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 12. (Finnish)
- ↑ Tourism portal of the municipality of Enontekiö: Poronhoito ja muut luontaiselinkeinot ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Finnish)
- ↑ As of 2002, Enontekiö municipality: Enontekiön kehittämisstrategia ja toimepideohjelma 2003-2008 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 34. (Finnish)
- ↑ Municipality of Enontekiö: Enontekiön kehittämisstrategia ja toimepideohjelma 2003-2008 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 30. (Finnish)
- ↑ As of 2007, Finavia (Finnish Aviation Office) ( Memento of the original from June 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Finnish Monument Protection Register 1993: Kultiman kylä , Näkkälän kylä , Nunnasen kylä , Peltovuoman kylä , Pöyrisjärven kesäkylä , Raittijärven kylä , Ahdaskurun silta (Finnish)
