Telecommunication tower Mannheim
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Telecommunication tower Mannheim
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| Basic data | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Place: | Mannheim - Schwetzingerstadt / Oststadt | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Country: | Baden-Württemberg | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Country: | Germany | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Altitude : | 97 m above sea level NHN | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Coordinates: 49 ° 29 ′ 13 " N , 8 ° 29 ′ 31.8" E | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Use: | Telecommunication tower , radio transmitter , revolving restaurant , observation tower | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accessibility: | Transmission tower open to the public | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner : | German radio tower | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Tower data | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Construction time : | 1973-1975 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Operating time: | since 1975 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Last renovation (tower) : | April 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total height : | 217.8 m | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total mass : | 18,000 t | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Data on the transmission system | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Last modification (antenna) : | January 21, 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Last modification (transmitter) : | May 2016 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Waveband : | FM transmitter | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Radio : | VHF broadcasting | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Send types: | DVB-T2HD, directional radio , land mobile radio | ||||||||||||||||||||
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The Mannheim Telecommunication Tower is a 217.8 meter high telecommunication tower planned by the architects Heinle, Wischer and Partner and built between 1973 and 1975 between Luisenpark and the left bank of the Neckar . From the antenna increase in early 2016 until the completion of the Thyssenkrupp test tower in 2018, it was the tallest building in Baden-Württemberg and is also one of the tallest telecommunications towers in Germany . In terms of structural development, the Mannheim telecommunications tower was the first in West Germany whose structure of the tower cage was supported by a special radial girder system, which was structurally breaking new ground. The tower is a modern landmark of the city of Mannheim .
The Mannheim telecommunications tower, built to supply the radio and telecommunications services in the Mannheim area, was a publicly accessible attraction at the 1975 Federal Garden Show . In addition to transmitting equipment for directional radio and radio services in the VHF and TV range, the tower houses a revolving restaurant at a height of 124 meters and a viewing platform at 121 meters from which you can enjoy a panoramic view of Mannheim and the surrounding area to the Odenwald , Palatinate Forest and, if visibility is good, up to to the easternmost part of the North Palatinate mountainous region with the Donnersberg .
history
prehistory
The unsatisfactory telecommunications supply for Mannheim and its region in the 1960s was the trigger for planning a telecommunications tower that was originally around 90 to 120 meters high. This should be as central as possible; Originally, the site of the Lanz Villa in Mannheim's Oststadt was considered for the erection of the tower , where a radio relay station had previously been installed that was no longer able to cope with the growing demands.
Due to the proximity to the Neuostheim airfield (today: Mannheim City), the aviation authority initially opposed the erection of a telecommunications tower. The Mannheim city administration also originally had concerns because the building did not correspond to the character of the Oststadt with its noble residential and commercial buildings. At times, the Friedensplatz at the motorway entrance, the Luisenring and the “ Wohlhotels ” industrial park were also considered as locations . At the end of the 1960s, the municipality wanted to build the tower near the planned Federal Horticultural Show in 1975 and thus establish it as the new landmark of a modern city of Mannheim. In addition to broadcasting, the structural attraction of the Federal Garden Show was clearly the focus of all planning considerations. As a special attraction, however, the previously planned height appeared to be too low. As early as the end of the 1950s, a telecommunications tower, the Florian Tower , was built in Dortmund for a federal horticultural show.
The municipality decided to equip the tower with a high-altitude restaurant and a viewing terrace. In order to secure the financing, the Hamburg- based Gewerbebauträger GmbH was won as an investor and builder, which contributed 30 million DM to the financing .
planning
When choosing the characteristic tower cage , five requirements had to be met in the best possible way. In addition to the floor space and the cable feed, the basket should be variable in the use of space, offer the best possible view, meet a degree of innovation and be economical in terms of external surface and enclosed space. Out of 18 possible basic shapes, the shape of two truncated cones of different sizes and running opposite each other was chosen. Erwin Heinle finally presented five draft versions in February 1972.
The southern bank of the Neckar was selected as the final location, right next to the Luisenpark site , where the Aerobus also got a terminal stop.
After the first test drillings in May 1971, planning work for the Mannheim telecommunications tower began in spring 1972, and the shell construction work was put out to tender in September of the same year.
At the end of 1972, disagreements arose between the post and commercial developer and the city of Mannheim, which demanded conditions for the design of the basic building. This resulted in additional costs of around three million marks. For this reason, the project threatened to fail completely shortly before construction began. For this reason, the then Lord Mayor Ratzel increased the budget of the Federal Horticultural Show by 1.2 million marks. On January 16, 1973, the local council approved the budget increase.
Construction and opening
The foundation stone was laid on April 10, 1973 in the presence of the then Lord Mayor Ludwig Ratzel and the Ministerial Director Heinrich Bethmann from the Federal Ministry for the Post and Telecommunications, around four months after the foundation work had already started in January of the same year .
About 70 workers erected the tower in three shifts of roughly equal numbers. The concrete wall grew daily between 0.70 and 1.50 meters. The 100 meter mark was exceeded in August 1973 and the 125 meter mark in early September. At the end of 1973, a 140-ton frame construction was built from 85 cubic meters of wood, with the help of which the tower cage was erected at a height of 120 to 137 meters. On April 9, 1974, the entire concrete shaft was raised to a height of 166.20 meters. With the final completion of the entire shell, the topping-out ceremony could be celebrated on June 5, 1974 . This was followed by the establishment of the technical installations and the interior of the pulpit. The first of the two passenger lifts was put into operation in mid-November 1974, the second as well as the company elevator followed in mid-December. The expansion of the operating floor and the radio operating rooms began in December 1974.
The official inauguration took place on March 27, 1975. In the first weeks of the new opening, more than 2000 visitors came to the viewing platform and around 600 people came to the restaurant. A driveway for adults cost 3.50 DM in the opening year, for children 1.50 DM. The tower was finally completed on May 26, 1975 with an original total height of 204.9 meters, which also made it the tallest building in the city. The structural planning was carried out by Leonhardt, Andrä & Partner , the execution was in charge of Grün & Bilfinger . The client was Gewerbebauträger GmbH , a subsidiary of Neue Heimat from Hamburg.
The technical systems of the new telecommunications tower in Mannheim made it possible to increase the capacity from 10,000 to 25,000 telephone lines . All technical facilities were designed so that operations could take place without staff.
Operation after opening
With the commissioning of the Mannheim telecommunications tower in 1975, the expansion work for the Bundespost was not finished. By 1978 the company invested a further ten million marks in the telecommunications equipment, which was intended for the expansion of the radio relay system and for telephone, telex and data traffic. Mannheim has been a hub in the radio relay system since 1954. When it opened, only three parabolic antennas were installed on the telecommunications tower . It was not until the following years 1977 and 1978 that further directional radio antennas were successively installed, thus expanding the network. In March 1979, the Post installed a second city transmitter for the radio paging service. Owners of radio signal receivers could be radioed using a signal and call back from the nearest telephone. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, this was an inexpensive alternative to the then very expensive publicly mobile land radio services .
On January 14, 1983, the ownership of the Mannheim telecommunications tower was transferred from Gewerbebauträger GmbH , the developer of the tower, to the Deutsche Bundespost , which sold the structure, with the exception of the restaurant, the viewing pulpit, the entrance hall and the two high-speed elevators, for around DM 18 million bought. The takeover was preceded by an attempt to sell the telecommunications tower - the Bundespost was initially not interested. After no interested party had reported, the previous shareholders saved the property from the economic collapse with grants.
On the night of December 5, 1994, a rescue helicopter belonging to Lufttransportgeschwader 61 , a Bell UH-1D , collided with the top of the telecommunications tower on its return flight from the hospital in Bad Kreuznach , fell over 200 meters vertically and burned out completely. All inmates, three crew members and an emergency doctor died. About 17 meters of the top of the mast with the transmitting antennas were damaged and fell down. A spokesman for Telekom announced that at 3:28 a.m., a fault in the lighting of the tower was indicated. The experienced helicopter pilot had not made an emergency call. Years later the tower was fitted with a new antenna with a new total height of 212.8 meters. The tip has now been painted red and white and equipped with new flight safety lights. At the foot of the tower there is a memorial stone for the victims.
In April 2014, an armored glass pane weighing around 600 kilograms and measuring around two by three meters had to be knocked out by the fire department on the restaurant floor of the tower. The window, which was under tension and cracked, could not be broken out inwards and for this reason fell in a controlled manner 120 meters from the tower cage into a cordoned off area. After the pane-free window was initially secured by a temporary arrangement made of wood and metal, a replacement pane was only installed on January 16, 2016 using a special crane. The day before, the work had to be canceled due to technical difficulties.
On January 21, 2016, the telecommunications tower was fitted with an omnidirectional cylinder antenna that was five meters longer , which slightly exceeded the Stuttgart television tower (216.6 m). The new antenna has a mass of 150 kilograms. With the help of an Ecureuil AS 350 B3E helicopter, the individual parts of the old 13-tonne slewing crane were carried down from the top of the three platforms on the tower in 14 flights on January 19th. The background to the antenna increase is the introductory phase of DVB-T2 HD in 2016. Since 2017, significantly more television programs can be received in HD resolution in the greater Mannheim area .
location
The Mannheim telecommunications tower is located east of the city center, not far from the south bank of the Neckar Canal on the northern edge of the Luisenpark at a height of 97 m above sea level. NHN . The Fernmeldurm stop of the Mannheim – Heidelberg light rail line running parallel to the canal is right next to the tower on Hans-Reschke-Ufer . Visitor parking spaces are available to the west of the telecommunications tower. In the vicinity of the telecommunications tower there are venues and premises for sports clubs, including the TSV Mannheim stadium . Directly opposite the entrance to the television tower is the entrance to the Luisenpark, which is called the entrance to the telecommunications tower .
In addition to the actual tower, the building complex of the Mannheim telecommunications tower includes the base building to the southwest, south of the visitor car park, and the entrance hall to the southeast, which gives the public access to the tower. Both separate structures are each connected to the telecommunications tower via underground passages. The area is framed by trees so that it blends in with the landscape of the Luisenpark, which, however, is a separate and enclosed property. The property of the telecommunications tower and its surrounding buildings, parking spaces for around 80 vehicles and paths covers around 4,200 square meters.
description
Base building and entrance hall
At the base southwest of the tower is an underground building for telecommunication and housekeeping rooms as well as rooms for the kitchen. The building was designed as a so-called support mushroom ceiling construction; the facade consists of precast concrete elements. Although some of the operating rooms for the telecommunications technology are also located in the tower cage , most of them are housed in the base building for reasons of economy and practicality. The telecommunications tower can be reached from the base building via an underground passage. The connecting passage is made of in-situ concrete and is separated from the shaft of the tower by expansion joints .
To the southeast of the tower is the entrance hall, which has entrances from two sides. The entrance on the side of the Neckar bank (Paul-Martin-Ufer) leads over a curved ramp into the part of the waiting area below. The building with a circular floor plan has a further entrance in the lower part opposite an entrance to the Luisenpark (entrance at the telecommunications tower) . The storage space in front of the elevators at the base of the tower can be reached from the entrance hall via an underground corridor. The roof ceiling of the entrance hall is formed by a sloping in-situ concrete slab that protrudes far above the supports. Together with the floor-to-ceiling glazing, this creates the impression of a “floating” cover.
When designing the entrance hall, Erwin Heile insisted that the transition from the Neckar on the one hand and the park of the Federal Horticultural Show on the other acted as a link.
Tower foundation and cellar
Due to its proximity to the Neckar, the foundation of the telecommunications tower was formed by 160 in-situ concrete ramming piles , which extend in six concentric rings under a 3 meter thick foundation plate with a 27.4 meter diameter up to 9 meters into the earth. A disadvantage of this type of foundation is the unavoidable torques of the slab as a result of the relatively small shaft diameter and the expansive accommodation of the piles required slab floor plan area . In order to counteract this and the deformation of the slab caused load redistribution on the piles near the shaft, the piles in the shaft area were placed closer than in the outer area of the plate. In addition, the foundation slab was pre-tensioned in a ring with 24 tendons below the middle surface of the slab (→ ring foundation ). Four external pilaster strips protect the tendons from corrosion .
A machine and transformer building is located in the basement of the tower base . The 370 HP emergency diesel generator set in it fills one of these rooms. This ensures that the elevators and the extinguishing water pumps can also be operated in the event of a power failure . Apart from the elevators, the water pumps are also operated using the machines. Without additional pumps, the water from the city pipes would only rise up to half the height of the tower at normal pressure. In addition to drinking water, the service and heating water is also pumped through the pipe system, as is the cooling water for the air conditioning system. There is also a lifting system for the wastewater. All water pipes in the tower are heated so that they do not freeze.
Tower shaft
The Mannheim telecommunications tower is a special tower with a tower shaft of circular cross-section. The shaft tapers from 13.30 meters in diameter and 60 centimeters in wall thickness on the ground floor to 4.6 meters in diameter and 25 centimeters in wall thickness at 166 meters in height. For structural and design reasons, the tower shaft has a conical shape with a parabolic surface line . The shaft for the elevator and emergency staircase in the shaft consists of a steel construction. The antenna mast, which grows out of the concrete shaft, is a steel grid construction that is covered with a closed glass fiber reinforced synthetic resin jacket and is therefore both corrosion-resistant and is intended to reduce the formation of ice. The mantle originally continued the shape and color of the concrete shaft to the top of the tower. At that time, this design was new for television towers. After the collision of a helicopter in 1994 , the gray color of the antenna jacket was changed into a white-red safety sign and the safety lights were changed for air traffic control reasons .
Tower cage
The tower cage consists of two opposing truncated cones . The lower truncated cone widens from 20.5 meters to 30.1 meters; Seamlessly attached to this, the upper truncated cone tapers from 20.3 meters to 18.4 meters. In the lower part there is the 250 person viewing floor at 120.9 meters and the restaurant floor at 124.7 meters. The revolving restaurant rotates around its own axis once an hour. The incline of the lower part of the tower cage intended for the public was deliberately chosen so that the immediate area below, the area of the former Federal Garden Show and the city center could be better seen.
The upper three floors are unglazed except for portholes on the service floor and house a machine floor at 129.5 meters, a service floor at 132.8 meters and a shunting floor with the elevator machine room at 135.8 meters. In addition to the elevator, 650 steps lead up to the tower cage. Tension bars are located in the so-called machine floor above the restaurant floor. There they do not interfere with use and statically support the attached trusses on the lower floors; the upper floors are supported on it. The method of fastening the 7000-ton tower cage, which is not visible from the outside, via these twelve bar triangles attached radially to the tower shaft, was used for the first time in this form.
Antenna platforms and top
The outer skin of the tower cage consists of anodized aluminum sheet, which in the lower part has non-openable windows made of vapor-coated multi-pane insulating glass . Above the cage are three concrete antenna platforms (145.4 meters, 153.2 meters and 160.4 meters), which are reduced in cross-section to form an optical unit with the upper part of the tower cage. The platforms serve as space for directional radio antennas ; the second platform also serves as an air analysis station. Until January 2016, there was a hoist on the top of the three platforms for antenna installation .
From a height of 166.2 meters, there is a 51.6 meter high white and red antenna tip. The steel lattice mast is covered with a plastic jacket to protect it against icing.
Public facilities
The lower two floors of the tower cage are open to the public. The observation floor with bistro is located at 120.9 meters and the 390 square meter Skyline revolving restaurant at 124.7 meters . With 156 seats, it is one of the largest restaurants at this height. The tables are mounted on an outer rotating ring that allows the guests to be completely bypassed in an hour. The inner part of the circular plan is solid. The observation floor is the lowest of all publicly accessible special towers in Germany. Over 70,000 guests visit the revolving restaurant every year.
Two Kone passenger elevators carry visitors from the base of the tower to the two publicly accessible floors at a speed of 6 meters per second. In emergencies it is possible to change between the two elevators. The elevator shaft is 10.60 meters below the ground floor (height ± 0 meters). The transport capacity of the two elevators is 1,600 visitors per hour.
The dishes for the revolving restaurant are prepared in the base building and taken to the restaurant's warm kitchen using one of the passenger elevators in a special container. With an additional door through the heated kitchen of the restaurant and the bar on the observation floor, the kitchen can be supplied directly without the public traffic being impaired. The rooms for the kitchen, building services and visitor toilets are arranged in a circle around the wall of the tower shaft on both public floors in the tower cage.
reception
Similar to the Mannheim telecommunications tower, in the Koblenz telecommunications tower, which was completed in 1976, the supporting structure of the operating floor is implemented using train diagonals that are not visible from the outside. A few years later this was also implemented in other towers of the same type. This type of fastening can be seen most clearly on the Colonius in Cologne, which was completed in 1981 , where the bar triangles visible on the outside support the tower cage on the tower shaft. With the suspension specially supported by a radial support system, he broke new ground.
The Mannheim telecommunications tower is mentioned as a sight in almost all tourist travel guides and city guides and presentations due to its public accessibility. Nonetheless, its importance to tourism, especially if one uses its visitor numbers for comparison, is comparatively low with other publicly accessible television towers in Germany .
Due to the flat northern Upper Rhine area and only a few high buildings in the square city , the telecommunications tower can be easily recognized kilometers from the city limits. The telecommunications tower is a modern landmark of the city and is a well-known landmark .
Frequencies and Programs
Analog radio (VHF broadcast)
In addition to using the Mannheim telecommunications tower for radio relay traffic, it broadcasts the following VHF radio programs :
| Frequency (MHz) |
Program name | RDS-PS | RDS-PI |
ERP (kW) |
Regionalization |
Diagram round (ND) / directional (D) |
Polarization horizontal (H) / vertical (V) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 87.8 | bigFM | _bigFM__ | D8A9 (regional),
D3A9 |
1 | Baden-Württemberg | ND | H |
| 93.2 | Rockland Radio | ROCKLAND | D3AA | 1 | Rhine-Neckar | ND | H |
Digital television (DVB-T2)
Until May 2016, the Mannheim telecommunications tower was never used to transmit television programs. Since June 2016, the DVB-T2 standard has been on channel 35 and a. broadcast the TV programs ARD HD, ZDF HD, SAT1 HD, PRO7 HD, RTL HD and VOX HD.
In detail, the Mannheim telecommunications tower broadcasts the following HD television programs:
| channel | Programs in multiplex |
ERP (kW) |
Antenna pattern / round (ND) directed (D) |
Polarization horizontal (H) / vertical (V) |
Modulation method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 21st | 6.3 | ND | H | 64-QAM | |
| 24 | 6.3 | ND | H | 64-QAM | |
| 35 | 6.3 | ND | H | 64-QAM | |
| 41 | 6.3 | ND | H | 64-QAM | |
| 49 | 6.3 | ND | H | 64-QAM |
literature
- Dietrich Elias (Hrsg.): Yearbook of the electrical telecommunications. Verlag für Wissenschaft und Leben Georg Heidecker, 1974, ISBN 3-87862-125-6 , pp. 33–51.
- Jörg Schlaich , Willi Kunzl: The Mannheim telecommunications tower. In: Concrete and reinforced concrete construction. Verlag Wilhelm Ernst Sohn, Berlin, May 1977, No. 5 V. 72, pp. 121-124.
- Erwin Heinle , Fritz Leonhardt : Towers of all times, of all cultures. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-421-02931-8 , pp. 232/233.
- Jörg Schlaich: Engineer construction manager Baden-Württemberg. Bauwerk Verlag, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-934369-01-4 , pp. 482-483.
- Andreas Schenk: Mannheim and its buildings 1907–2007. Volume 4: Buildings for traffic, industry, health and sport. Mannheim 2004, ISBN 3-923003-87-0 .
Web links
- Telecommunication tower Mannheim. In: Structurae
- Tourist information Mannheim: Telecommunication tower Mannheim - brief description with audio guide file
- Telecommunications tower: new antenna mounted on top. Helicopter use ended. - Newspaper article from January 22, 2016 from Mannheimer Morgen with video contribution
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Schlaich, Kunzl: The telecommunications tower Mannheim. P. 121.
- ^ The Brockhaus Mannheim: Lexicon for the 400th anniversary of the city. Brockhaus in the Wissenmedia 2006, ISBN 3-7653-0181-7 , p. 384.
- ^ A b c d Schlaich: Ingenieurbaufführer Baden-Württemberg. P. 112.
- ↑ Elias: Yearbook of the electrical telecommunications. P. 36.
- ↑ a b Schlaich, Kunzl: The telecommunications tower Mannheim , p. 124.
- ^ Mannheimer Morgen: Telecommunications tower threatened to burst. He can be saved with a million. Issue 12 from January 16, 1973.
- ^ Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung: Ready to start for the new landmark. Issue 13 from January 17, 1973
- ↑ MARCHIVUM : Chronicle star . April 10, 1973. Retrieved September 28, 2018 .
- ^ Mannheimer Morgen: Telecommunication tower grows on Paul-Martin-Ufer. Issue 156 from July 10, 1973.
- ↑ Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung: One hundred meter mark exceeded. Issue 193 from August 23, 1973.
- ↑ Mannheimer Morgen: The 125 meter mark exceeded. Issue 210 from September 11, 1973.
- ^ Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung: The crane is growing ... Issue 20 of January 24, 1974
- ↑ Mannheimer Morgen: The last "end" at the telecommunications tower was yesterday afternoon. Issue 85 of April 10, 1974.
- ^ Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung: Up at six meters per second. , Issue 2668 from August 19, 1974.
- ↑ MARCHIVUM: Chronicle star . March 27, 1975. Retrieved September 28, 2018 .
- ^ Mannheimer Morgen: Teething troubles are cured. Issued April 17, 1975.
- ^ Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung: After twenty seconds in dizzy heights , issue 72 of March 27, 1975.
- ↑ Elias: Yearbook of the electrical telecommunications. P. 33.
- ↑ a b Stuttgarter Zeitung : A "television tower" replaces the water tower. Issue 119 from May 24, 1974
- ↑ Stuttgarter Zeitung: For 30 million a new view of the city of Mannheim. Issued March 27, 1975.
- ^ Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung: Fernmeldeamt knows no bottlenecks in the expansion of the directional radio network , issue 209 of September 9, 1976.
- ^ Mannheimer Morgen: Lure from the telecommunications tower . Issue 53 of March 5, 1979.
- ↑ MARCHIVUM: Chronicle star . January 14, 1983. Retrieved September 28, 2018 .
- ↑ Mannheimer Morgen: Will the Post buy the head of the telecommunications tower? Issue 284 of December 10, 1982.
- ↑ Helicopter hit TV tower . In: Berliner Zeitung . December 6, 1994.
- ^ Rhein-Neckar TV : Incident at the Mannheim telecommunications tower: Broken pane crashed , April 4, 2014
- ↑ morgenweb.de: window pane arrived at the top , article from January 16, 2016
- ↑ Helicopters in action - tightrope act in the sky , article from January 21, 2016 in Mannheimer Morgen, accessed on September 3, 2016
- ↑ mannheim24.de: Mannheim has the longest (telecommunications tower) , article from January 20, 2016, accessed on January 21, 2016
- ^ Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung: High time for the tallest building , issue 204 of September 4, 1972
- ↑ Elias: Yearbook of the electrical telecommunications. P. 46.
- ↑ a b c Elias: Yearbook of the electrical telecommunications. P. 44.
- ↑ a b c Elias: Yearbook of the electrical telecommunications. P. 47.
- ↑ Elias: Yearbook of the electrical telecommunications. P. 42.
- ↑ a b c Elias: Yearbook of the electrical telecommunications. P. 48.
- ↑ Mannheimer Morgen : A new landmark for Mannheim is to stand for the Federal Garden Show. , Issue 67 of March 21, 1972
- ^ Schlaich: Ingenieurbaufführer Baden-Württemberg. P. 482.
- ↑ a b c Schlaich, Kunzl: The Mannheim telecommunications tower , p. 122.
- ↑ a b Mannheimer Morgen: A tower full of technology , article from March 18, 1987
- ↑ Elias: Yearbook of the electrical telecommunications. P. 33.
- ↑ History and technical data on the Mannheim telecommunications tower ( Memento from September 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Elias: Yearbook of the electrical telecommunications. P. 42.
- ^ Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung : "Green light" for the telecommunications tower. Issue 67 from March 21, 1972.
- ^ A b Stuttgarter Zeitung : Towers in Baden-Wuerttemberg: Where you can look contemplatively at Mannheim , August 19, 2014
- ^ A b Heinle, Leonhardt: Towers of all times, of all cultures. P. 232.
- ↑ Heinle, Leonhardt: Towers of all times, of all cultures. P. 233.
- ↑ Website of the revolving restaurant Skyline on the Mannheim telecommunications tower , accessed on September 1, 2016
- ↑ Elias: Yearbook of the electrical telecommunications. P. 45.
- ↑ FM band scan Erbeskopf / Hunsrück ( Memento from April 20, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b www.senderfotos-bw.de: Mannheim (telecommunications tower)
