Rott fossil deposit

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Palaeogeography of Central Europe in the Early Oligocene, MB = Bay of Mainz

The Rott fossil deposit is a limnic deposit of fossils from the Oligocene near the Rott district of the city of Hennef (Sieg), world-famous for the wealth and the exceptionally good conservation of fossil plants and animals in paleontology .

About 23 to 24 million years ago, in the Late Oligocene ( Chattium / Arvernium , MP 29-30), there was a meromictic freshwater lake only a few tens of meters deep in a humid and warm-temperate to subtropical climate at today's location in Rott (Rotter Lake) with a diameter of over 3 km with inflows and outflows, where palm trees grew and crocodiles and turtles lived and in whose layers of mud many remains of plants and animals have been preserved in fossil leaf coal and in a silica slate. The thickness of these deposited lake sediments of the Rott Formation is between 3 and 10 m. Since the sedimentation and Fossilationsbedingungen in Rott simultaneous preservation of the flora as well as fauna have made it possible, here are the relatively accurate in the geological sense simultaneously is stratigraphic mapping of the discovered plant and animal species and as a result a more extensive comparison with remote deposits possible. According to the research history of the Rott fossil deposit published by Thomas Mörs, 250 plant species, 630 insect species and 20 amphibian and reptile species were described in around 470 publications that deal with the fossil deposit or the individual fossils themselves.

Over the former mining area, which was designated as a two-dimensional natural monument in July 1942, a golf course was laid out in several stages of development up to 1986 against the resistance of numerous scientists. Further attempts by the scientists to obtain protection status at least for the area between tees 6, 7 and 9 of the golf course failed and the golf course with its 18 holes plus four practice courses was realized. After completion of the construction work and the creation of a well-tended grassy area, the coal deposits between Rott and Söven were again designated as a ground monument in 1986 .

system series step ≈ age ( mya )
higher higher higher younger
Paleogene Oligocene Chattium 23.03
⬍
28.1
Rupelium 28.1
⬍
33.9
Eocene Priobonium 33.9
⬍
38
Bartonium 38
⬍
41.3
lutetium 41.3
⬍
47.8
Ypresium 47.8
⬍
56
Paleocene Thanetium 56
⬍
59.2
Seelandium 59.2
⬍
61.6
Danium 61.6
⬍
66
deeper deeper deeper older

Mining

On February 24, 1751, a brown coal works was muted in Rott . The fine-layered charcoal found here is at a depth of 20–30 m. In the not far away deposits of the Stösschen mine on the Minderberg near Linz on the Rhine (operating time around 1785 to 1869) and the Vereinigung mine on the Orsberg near Erpel (operating time around 1810 to 1866), coal was also mined. This was burned, used as fertilizer or made into tar. Leaf charcoal provides 15–20% tar when heated. Iron vitriol was also extracted in Rott , alum clays and pyrite enrichments below the leaf charcoal .

In 1849, the Rott deposit was examined by the Societé des schistes bitumineux du rhin in order to extract mineral oil. The successor company August Wiesmann & Co. built the Augustenhütte in Combahn (today Bonn-Beuel ) . Industrial production began in 1851, and a little later the leaf charcoal from Rott and the Am Stößchen mine was delivered there from the Minderberg to be carbonized. In 1854 a stock corporation founded in Bonn took over most of the Rotter mines. In 1864 a charring plant was built directly in Rott. The raw tar was delivered to the Augustenhütte by horse-drawn tram .

There a light mixture of luminous oils (Photogen), solar oil (German petroleum), heavy oils and asphalt were produced as an iron paint . The paraffin photogen was first commercially produced in Germany and was trend-setting for lighting technology over a period of ten years. Due to cheaper foreign imports, production was switched to sulfuric acid products , but the plant had to be closed in 1887.

Another mining attempt took place from 1890 to 1894, whereby the lignite was brought to Siegburg by field railway. In 1911 and 1915 to 1919 further attempts to exploit the mines commercially failed.

research

In the report of Bergrat Christoph Ludwig Dörring, which was prepared in 1766 and printed for 1775 in 1779, which hardly goes beyond brief mining references and still refers to dark lignite varieties as hard coal, no fossils from the leaf coal level were listed.

The Jesuit and natural scientist Franz Martin Beuth also did not mention any finds from this area in his extensive registers of Bergisch-Jülische fossils and minerals from 1776 and 1779.

In 1786, the Dutch naturalist Camper mentioned the occurrence of leaf charcoal ( light bituminous clay ) in the Stößchen mine near Linz in the footnotes of the 3rd bone letter from Darmstadt naturalist Johann Heinrich Merck .

In 1789/90, the doctor and mineralogist Karl Wilhelm Nose described in detail the charcoal from pestle and mentions leaf prints of wild sage and common willow.

The pharmacist Joseph Funke, who trained with Johann Bartholomäus Trommsdorff in Erfurt and has been working in Linz on the Rhine since 1800, obtained an asphalt-smelling oil and a burning gas while distilling coal and then published an analysis of the lignite from Stößchen near Linz on the Rhine in 1801.

In 1803, Johann Ludwig Jordan , a medical doctor who worked as a coin or mountain school teacher in Clausthal, reported that the hardened leaf clay from the pestle contained leaves, blades of grass and rarely crushed remains of insects.

In 1805 the physician and chemist Ferdinand Wurzer published his pocket book on traveling the Siebengebirge and the neighboring, partly volcanic regions .

The mining official and mineral collector Ludwig Wilhelm Cramer , who in 1805 published a complete description of mining, smelting and hammering , was aware of evidence of the maple from Orsberg.

The nose student Johann Jacob Nöggerath , who later worked as a professor at the University of Bonn , published his mineralogical studies on the mountains on the Lower Rhine in 1808 . It lists leaves and seeds from the pestle and from the Orsberg, but still belongs to recent species.

The first scientific work was published in 1828 by the zoologist and paleontologist Heinrich Georg Bronn in Heidelberg . His work on the fossil remains of paper coal from Geistinger Busch in the Siebengebirge (= Rott) lists fish, frog larvae and shrimp as well as plant remains .

In 1831 Georg August Goldfuss , zoologist and paleontologist at the University of Bonn, published the results of his years of research on vertebrate finds.

The Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz described fish remains from the Rotter leaf coal in 1832.

Also in 1832 the antiquarian and geologist Samuel Hibbert , who changed his surname to Hibbert-Ware in 1837, reported on plant finds from Orsberg.

First geological map of the Siebengebirge by Leonard Horner (1836)

The Scottish geologist Leonard Horner was in Godesberg from 1831 to 1833 and, with the support of Bonn university lecturers, compiled a "geology" of the area around Bonn, which he presented to the Geological Society in London in 1833 and published in 1836. Horner made the first geological map of the Siebengebirge, which he created on a scale of 1: 50,000 and in an eastward orientation, which is rather unusual for Germany.

Geological map of the Siebengebirge by Johann Gottfried Zehler (1837)

The Goldfuss pupil Johann Gottfried Zehler , who worked as a natural history teacher in Krefeld from 1836 to 1838, provided more detailed information on the fossils found in Rott in his book about the Siebengebirge in 1837 . In addition, he created a geological map of the Siebengebirge on a scale of about 1: 25000 in northeast orientation.

In 1837, the entomologist and mineralogist Ernst Friedrich Germar from Halle depicted parts of the beetle finds by Georg August Goldfuss on colored panels.

The natural scientist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg , who is considered the founder of micropalaeontology, reported from 1839 on the occurrence of diatoms (diatoms) accompanied by coal leaves in the Siebengebirge and illustrated them in his microgeology published in 1854/1856 .

Goldfuss's successor at the Bonn chair, Franz Hermann Troschel , researched various vertebrate remains from 1851 to 1862.

Another researcher in Rott was the geologist Heinrich von Dechen , who was the head of the Oberbergamt in Bonn from 1841 to 1864 and who, among other things, handed over the discovery of a turtle from the Krautgarten pit to the paleontologist Hermann von Meyer for processing.

From 1851 to 1861, the surgeon, pathologist and palaeobotanist Karl Otto Weber, as a member of the natural science seminar at the University of Bonn , dealt intensively with the coal leaf flora . The geographer and palaeobotanist Philipp Wessel , who was a friend of Karl Otto Weber, began working on the tertiary flora in the summer of 1854.

The zoologist and paleontologist Christian Gottfried Giebel considered the insects from the Rhenish coal in his handbook Fauna der Vorwelt in 1856 .

In 1866, the American scientist Edward Drinker Cope published the results of his research on a frog from Rott.

In 1870 the only work by Hermann von Meyer about a Rotter mammal appeared, the description of an almost complete skeleton of a pigeon , which Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major reworked in 1899.

In 1872, the mining engineer Adolf Gurlt created an overview of the fauna and flora of the Tertiary Basin of the Lower Rhine and also treated the fauna and flora of Rott.

The Russian paleontologist Vladimir Onufrijewitsch Kowalewski worked under the name Woldemar Kowalevsky from 1873 to 1874 the genus Anthracotherium and the paleontologist and herpetologist Oskar Böttger worked on the small Anthracotherium in 1877 .

In 1878 the zoologist Philipp Bertkau described the spiders that had been found from the brown coal of Rott .

In 1883 the geologist Carl Wilhelm von Gümbel made a contribution to the knowledge of the texture relationships of the mineral coals.

In 1885, the paleontologist and private scholar Leo Paul Oppenheim described the taxon Ocnerites macroceraticus Oppenheim , which was previously undescribed and kept in the Munich Museum , in 1885 and which is now part of the caddis flies .

In 1886 and 1887 Willy Wolterstorff , who from April 1891 worked as curator at the Museum of Natural History and Prehistory in Magdeburg, published his findings on fossil frogs, especially the Palaeobatrachus genus.

In addition to the doctor and first professor of entomology at Harvard University Hermann August Hagen , the Frankfurt mayor and entomologist Carl von Heyden and his son Lucas von Heyden , who had access to Adam August Krantz's collection , Dietrich von Schlechtendal , who owned the Hans Pohlig and Fritz Frech , as well as the entomologist Fernand Meunier from Belgium, who examined the Krantz collections from Bonn and Bauckhorn from Siegburg and lived in Bonn after 1918, is still the Cologne teacher Georg Statz as a collector of fauna and flora and researcher of the Rotter insects of paramount importance.

Overview map of the lignite deposits and other mineral deposits in the Brühl - Unkel & Deuz mountain areas . Scale 1: 100,000, Upper Mining District Bonn 1897 (Conrad Heusler 1893)

In 1897, the secret miner Conrad Heusler published his description of the Brühl-Unkel mining area and the lignite basin in the Lower Rhine region and created an overview map of the lignite deposits and other mineral deposits in the Brühl-Unkel & Deuz mining areas for the Bonn Upper Mining District on a scale of 1: 100,000 .

The mineralogist Hugo Laspeyres , who worked in Bonn , published his work on the Siebengebirge on the Rhine in 1901.

In 1910, the geologist Gotthard Fliegel wrote an article about the lignite formation on the Lower Rhine.

The geologist and palaeontologist Otto Wilckens published an extensive bibliography on Rott's fossil record in 1926 and his findings on the geology of the Bonn area in 1927.

In 1937 Franz Kirchheimer published his basics of a botanical study of German lignite , in which the occurrences of Rott and the wider area around Bonn are treated.

Between 1937 and 1948 the paleobotanist Hermann Weyland wrote a seven-volume standard work on Rott's plant fossils.

The geoscientist Martin Schwarzbach gave a lecture on the climate history of the Rhineland at the climate conference of the Geological Association in 1951, discussing the Tertiary of Rott and the question of the seasonal origin of the coal leaves there .

The pharmacist, palaeobotanist and paleynologist Friedrich Thiergart published his findings on the sporomorphic flora of Rott in 1958.

The botanist Karl Mägdefrau evaluated all the paleobiological data available to him in the middle of the 20th century and created a picture of Rott's life, which he published in his standard work on paleobiology of plants , which was published in several editions .

The geologist and palaeontologist Meinolf Hellmund researched the geology of Rott as part of his diploma thesis and, between 1987 and 1993, made known clutches of dragonflies that had become fossilized.

The vertebrate paleontologist Wighart von Koenigswald , who was responsible for the biostratigraphic classification of the tertiary deposits based on fossil mammals and the paleecology of the z. Researching partly very different deposits and habitats, published the first popular scientific summary on the Rott fossil deposit in 1989, of which a second expanded edition appeared in 1996.

The evidence provided in Rott of the small coal pig Microbunodon Depéret , which died out at the end of the Oligocene in 1908, dates the deposits to the late Oligocene. In the winter of 1988/1989, 3 research boreholes were sunk by the Institute for Paleontology at the University of Bonn, the results of which were presented by Thomas Mörs in 1995. A newly discovered small mammal fauna with 19 species described for the first time from Rott established the classification of the entire Rott formation in the latest Oligocene.

In 2018 Heinrich Winterscheid, Zlatko Kvaček, Jiří Váña and Michael S. Ignatov published the first part of a revision of the flora of the Rott fossil deposit.

Finds

In the case of the finds, it can be stated that there was hardly any decomposition and no messing of the remains. The quality of the finds in Rott is very good for the plants due to the stratification and in some cases extremely excellent for the insects. Here even details such as the mouthparts, the muzzle, the tracheal openings as well as the wing sheaths and cerci can be detected. In the case of large animal fossils, complete pieces are seldom preserved due to the formation of layers, especially since these were mostly incidental finds during coal mining. The finds, which are often 100 years old, have often disintegrated in the following period (because the leaf charcoal bulges) or (e.g. due to the chaos of war) only survived through drawings or in the description. There are hardly any new finds for modern preparation methods, as the old pits are inaccessible and the rain has damaged the spoil heaps through heavy leaching. Only small pieces such as B. Teeth have recently been obtained from drilling.

Mammals

The rhino Brachydiceratherium lemanense , the carbon pig Microbunodon , the musk deer musk meyeri , the Bärhund amphicyon , two marder like predators, a Pika (without hind legs, but one of the most artefacts), three hamsters Family: Eucricetodon cf. collatus , Pseudocricetodon cf. thaleri and Adelomyarion vireti , the beaver Stenofiber cf. eseri , the flying squirrel Blackia cf. miocaenica , three dormouse relatives: Bransatoglis cf. fugax , Glirudinus glirulus and Peridyromys cf. murinus , four species of the extinct rodent family Eomyatalidae , representatives of three mole family , Desmanella , one other genera : So far not described, a water mole (Dimylidae gen. et sp. indet.), two species of shrew , a species of the smooth-nosed bat and the opossum Amphiperatherium exilie .

Birds

Feathers from birds have been found occasionally.

Amphibians and reptiles

Two giant salamanders (40 and 60 cm), a salamander (11 cm), a water turtle and a pond turtle, a belt lizard , three creeps, the dwarf boa Rottophis and the crocodile Diplocynodon , a described skeleton with a broken but healed thigh.

frogs

Three types of water frogs, two types of toad frogs and two types of real frogs , possibly also common disc frogs . As with other animals, some of the frogs' body contours are recognizable through the mineral deposits of putrefactive bacteria.

fishes

Mainly small carp- like Palaeorutilus papyraceus , two sexual morphisms of Tarsichthys macrurus (30 cm), 10% pike-like Esox papyraceus Troschel 1854 (40 cm) and smelt-like Osmerus solitarius (6.5 cm). The latter genus belongs to the migratory fish today and speaks for a connection between the Lake of Rotterdam and the sea that was then in the Cologne Bay .

insects

About 630 species of insects were found, as well as eggs (clutches) of dragonflies on leaf prints . Among the insects are dragonflies (mostly larvae), stoneflies , cockroaches , termites , grasshoppers , bugs , cicadas , aphids , lacewings , beetles , Hymenoptera , caddis flies , butterflies , scorpion flies , Fly u. a.

plants

Five mosses , isolated fern and horsetail , gymnosperms such as cypress - and Pinaceae and also a water spruce , flowering plants such as the fan palm Sabal ?, Smilacaceae , Rushes , Sedges, possibly grasses and zingiberales , further magnolia plants , Nymphaeaceae , Elm Family , walnut family , myricaceae , Sapote plants , as butterflies presumably the cassia , tupelo tree, maple plant , bitter ash plant , beech plant , linden plant , birch plant , willow plant and heather plant .

Collections and exhibitions

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County - Statz Collection (Insects)
Bonn Goldfuß-Museum - Collections Kastenholz, Krantz, Statz (plants) and Weyland

Exhibitions of the finds can be seen in California in the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County , which acquired 6,500 finds from the Statz Collection in 1954 , in the Goldfuß Museum of the Institute for Geosciences of the University of Bonn, which in 2004 acquired the botanical part of the Statz Collection from Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and in the Siegburg City Museum of the city of Siegburg . Other pieces are located in the Natural History Museum , London , the Senckenberg Museum of the city of Frankfurt am Main , in the State Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart and in the original collection of the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources in Berlin.

Siegburg City Museum - Bauckhorn Collection

Private collections and their whereabouts:

  • Heinrich Bauckhorn, Royal Prussian Works Manager at the Royal Prussian Bullet Factory in Siegburg
    • The Bauckhorn collection with regional minerals and Rotter fossils was acquired by the History and Antiquity Association for Siegburg and the Siegkreis in 1925 .
  • Anton Kastenholz (1891–1953)
    • After Anton Kastenholz's death in 1953, his heirs sold the collection to the Krantz company in Bonn, which in 2005 left the collection of 900 exhibits to the Goldfuß Museum on favorable terms.
  • Georg Statz (1894–1945)
    • His collection of 3,500 insects and 2,300 plants first came to North Africa after the war and, after long negotiations with the French customs authorities, was sold by the family in the USA to the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in Los Angeles in 1955 . In 2003 the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County donated Georg Statz's botany collection free of charge to the Goldfuß Museum , Steinmann Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Paleontology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn. Other originals of the fossils described by Georg Statz are in addition to the Statz Collection as part of the Invertebrate Paleontology (= LACMIP locality 2533) at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, also in Germany in the originals collection of the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Raw Materials in Berlin.
  • Heinz Tammler (1932–2017)
    • Heinz Tammler's Rott collection from Hennef-Lichtenberg is owned by the family. Individual pieces are stored in the Siegburg City Museum or are exhibited there. Wighart von Koenigswald depicted in 1994 (Fig. 16.3) and Volker Moosbrugger in 1996 (Fig. 4.3) the remains of a fan palm from his collection.
  • Heinz Winterscheid
    • According to Bechly (2015, p. 444), the Rott collection of Heinz Winterscheid from Cologne also includes two finds of Zygopteren egg arches. In 1996 Volker Moosbrugger depicted plants from his collection (Figs. 4.5, 4.8 and 4.14).

literature

  • Günter Bechly : Fossil dragonfly evidence from Germany (Odonatoptera) . In: Brockhaus, T. et al: Atlas der Libellen Deutschlands (Odonata). Libellula Supplement, 14, 2015, pp. 423-464 ( PDF )
  • Wolfgang Böhme and Wighart von Koenigswald: amphibians and reptiles from Rott . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 75-82
  • Heinrich von Dechen : Explanations of the geological map of the Rhine Province and the Province of Westphalia as well as some neighboring areas. Second volume. Geological and paleontological overview of the Rhine Province and the Province of Westphalia as well as some neighboring areas . Henry, Bonn 1884 ( digitized version )
  • Jean Gaudant: Nouvelles recherches sur l'ichthyofaune des lignites feuilletés oligocènes de Rott, Stößchen am Minderberg et Orsberg (Siebengebirge, Allemagne) . In: Palaeontographica, Abt. A, 265, 2002, pp. 121-177
  • Peter Prinz-Grimm: Subtropical life in a long, narrow sea. 18 Tertiary: Oligocene. In: Peter Rothe , Volker Storch and Claudia von See (eds.): Traces of life in the stone. Excursions into the geological history of Central Europe. Wiley / VCH 2014, pp. 199–207
  • Meinolf Hellmund : Hennef-Rott, a fossil discovery site of world renown in the Rhein-Sieg district . In: Yearbook of the Rhein-Sieg-Kreis 1988, ISBN 3-925551-04-2 , pp. 152–157
  • Meinolf Hellmund and Winfried Hellmund: Fossil evidence of the behavior of dragonflies from Rott . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 57-60
  • H. Hummerich: Fossil insects from Rott on the Siebengebirge . In: Der Aufschluss, 7, 6/7, 1956, p. 122
  • Erich Kaiser : Geological representation of the northern fall of the Siebengebirge . In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland, Westphalia and the Reg.-District Osnabrück, 54, Bonn 1897, pp. 78–204 ( digitized version )
  • Wighart von Koenigswald : Rott - a subtropical lake on the edge of the Siebengebirge . In: Wighart von Koenigswald and Wilhelm Meyer (ed.): Earth history in the Rhineland, fossils and rocks from 400 million years. Pfeil Verlag, Munich 1994, pp. 149-154
  • Wighart von Koenigswald (Ed.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef on the Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, ISBN 3-931509-12-5 .
  • Wighart von Koenigswald and Thomas Mörs: The mammal finds from Rott . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 83-97
  • Wighart von Koenigswald, Thomas Mörs and Volker Moosbrugger: Rott at a glance . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 105-109
  • Wolfhart Langer: In the beginning there was mining . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 15-18
  • Wolfhart Langer: Portraits of Researchers. From the beginning to the middle of the 20th century . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 99-104
  • Herbert Lutz: The fossil insect fauna of Rott . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 41-56
  • Karl Mägdefrau : Lakes, swamps and forests in the Siebengebirge. In: Paläobiologie der Pflanzen, 4th edition, Fischer, Stuttgart 1968, pp. 400-415
  • Thomas Martin : The Rotter fish fauna . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 61-67
  • Wilhelm Meyer: The geological history of the area around Rott . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 9-14
  • Thomas Mörs: The origin of the leaf charcoal by Rott . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 19-26
  • Thomas Mörs: On the history of exploration of the Rott fossil deposit near Bonn . In: Journal of Geological Sciences, 25, 5/6, Berlin 1997, pp. 481–488
  • Volker Moosbrugger : The flora of the Upper Oligocene from Rott . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 27-40
  • Hermann Josef Roth : Die Blätterkohle von Rott am Siebengebirge : In: Werner K. Weidert (Ed.): Classic sites of paleontology, Volume IV, Goldschneck, Korb 2001, pp. 193-203
  • Theo Schreiber: The leaf charcoal from Rott. Part 1 . In: Der Aufschluss, 13, 3, 1962, pp. 65-71
  • Theo Schreiber: The leaf charcoal from Rott. Part 2 . In: Der Aufschluss, 13, 7, 1962, pp. 165-173
  • Theo Schreiber: The leaf charcoal from Rott. Part 3 . In: Der Aufschluss, 13, 10, 1962, pp. 253-258
  • Martin Schwarzbach : The Rhineland during the lignite era . In: Kölner geologische Hefte, 3, 1968, pp. 1–32
  • Gale G. Sphon: Additional type specimens of fossil invertebrate in the collections of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County . Contributions in science, 250, 1973 ( digitized version )
  • Walter Steiner : Leaf coal and polishing slate at Rott . In: Walter Steiner: Europe in primeval times. The geological development of our continent from primeval times to today . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1993, pp. 163-164
  • Friedrich Thiergart : The micropaleontology as pollen analysis in the service of brown coal research . Enke, Stuttgart 1940 ( digitized version )
  • Torsten Wappler: Petrified feeding passage . In: Thomas Martin , Wighart von Koenigswald, Gudrun Radtke and Jes Rust (eds.): Paläontologie. 100 years of the Paleontological Society . Pfeil, Munich 2012, pp. 166–167
  • Michael Wuttke : The frogs from Rott and Orsberg . In: Wighart von Koenigswald (Hrsg.): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef am Siebengebirge. Life on a subtropical lake 25 million years ago . 2nd expanded edition. Rheinlandia-Verlag, Siegburg 1996, pp. 69-74
  • Carl Friedrich Zincken : The brown coal and its use. First part. The physiography of brown coal . Rümpler, Hanover 1867 ( digitized version )
  • Carl Friedrich Zincken: Supplements to the physiography of brown coal . Mentzel, Leipzig 1878 ( digitized version )

Web links

Notes and individual references

  1. ↑ The designation MP 29 or MP 30 is an abbreviation that comes from the English. Mammal paleogens , i.e. mammalian paleogens . With the subdivision into the so-called European land mammal zones, 30 MP biozones are currently identified in the Palaeogene . Within the Oligocene, the European land mammal zone of the Arvernium with 6 biozones (MP 25-30) follows the Suevium with 4 biozones (MP 21-24).
  2. ↑ Natural monument book of the Rhein-Sieg-Kreis No. 11, July 22, 1942
  3. ↑ Ground monument B 3a-l coal deposits . In: List of monuments city of Hennef (Sieg) - Part B - Ground monuments - Status 2/2012 ( PDF )
  4. ↑ Christoph Ludwig Döring: Historical news of all mines located in the two duchies of Gülch and Berg . In: Remarks of the Electoral Palatinate Physical-Economic Society, from the year 1775. Lautern 1779, pp. 170–212 ( digitized version )
  5. ↑ Franz Beuth: Juliae et Montium subterranea sive fossilium variorum per utrumque ducatum hinc inde repertorum syntagma, in quo fingula breviter recensentur ac describuntur, quae quidem collecta hucusque servantur in museo Francisci Beuth. Ten pfennig, Düsseldorf 1776 ( digitized version )
  6. ^ Franz Beuth: Continuatio Juliae et Montium subterranea sive succintus mineralium index quae per utrum ducatum hinc inde de tecta… Zehnpfennig, Düsseldorf 1779 ( digitized version )
  7. ↑ presumably it concerns the Dutch politician and naturalist Adriaan Gilles Camper (1759-1820)
  8. ^ Johann Heinrich Merck: Troisieme lettre sur les os fossiles d'eléphans et de rhinocéros quise trouvent en Allemagne et particulierement dans le pays de Hesse-Darmstadt. Address a Monsieur Forster . Darmstadt 1786 ( digitized version )
  9. ^ Karl Wilhelm Nose: Orographic letters over the Siebengebirge and the neighboring, partly volcanic areas on the banks of the Lower Rhine, first part, western side of the Rhine , Gebhard and Körber, Frankfurt 1789 ( digitized ), second part, eastern side of the Rhine , Gebhard and Körber, Frankfurt 1790 ( digitized version )
  10. ^ Joseph Funke: Analysis of the brown coal from Stößgen near Linz on the Rhine . In: Journal of Pharmacy for Doctors, Pharmacists and Chemists, 9, Crusius, Leipzig 1801, pp. 113–126 ( digitized version )
  11. ^ Johann Ludwig Jordan: Mineralogical mining and smelting travel notes collected in Hesse, Thuringia, on the Rheine and in the Seyn-Altenkirchen area . Heinrich Dieterich, Göttingen 1803 ( digitized version )
  12. ↑ Ferdinand Wurzer: Pocket book for traveling the Siebengebirge and the neighboring, partly volcanic areas . Keil, Cologne 1805 ( digitized version )
  13. ↑ Ludwig Wilhelm Cramer: Complete description of mining, smelting and hammering . Hermann, Frankfurt am Mayn 1805 ( digitized version )
  14. ↑ Karl Wilhelm Nose: Mineralogical studies on the mountains on the Lower Rhine. Edited by Johann Jakob Nöggerath from the handwriting of a private company. Hermann, Frankfurt am Main 1808 ( digitized version )
  15. ↑ Heinrich Georg Bronn: About the fossil remains of the paper coal from Geistinger Busch in the Siebengebirge . In: Pocket book for the entire mineralogy, 22, 1, Heidelberg 1828, pp. 374–384 ( digitized version )
  16. ^ Georg August Goldfuss: Contributions to the knowledge of different reptiles of the prehistoric world . In: Nova acta physico-medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosum, 15, 1831, pp. 61–128 ( digitized version )
  17. ↑ Louis Agassiz: Investigations into the fossil freshwater fish of the tertiary formations . In: Yearbook for Mineralogy, Geognosy, Geology and Petrefact Research for 1832, third year, Verlag Georg Reichard, Heidelberg 1832, pp. 129-138 ( digital copy )
  18. ^ Samuel Hibbert: History of the Extinct Volcanos of the Basin of Neuwied, on the Lower Rhine . W. and D. Laing, Edinburgh 1832 ( digitized version )
  19. ^ Leonard Horner: On the Geology of the Environs of Bonn . In: Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 4 (2nd series), 1836, pp. 433–481 ( digitized version )
  20. ^ Leonard Horner: Environs of Bonn . In: Transactions of the Geological Society of London, 4 (2nd series), 1836, plate XXIX ( digitized version )
  21. ↑ Johann Gottfried Zehler: The Siebengebirge and its surroundings are shown after the more interesting relationships . Crefeld 1837 ( digitized version )
  22. ^ Ernst Friedrich Germar: Insectorum protogaeae specimen sistens insecta carbonum fossilium. Fauna Insectorum Europae , 19, Caraway, Halae 1837 ( digitized )
  23. ^ Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg: Microgeology. The earth and rock creating work of the invisibly small independent life on earth . Voss, Leipzig 1854–1856 ( digitized version ); Atlas with 41 plates: ( digitized version )
  24. ^ Franz Hermann Troschel: About the fossil fish from the brown coal of the Siebengebirge . In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland, 11, 1854, pp. 1–28, panels I – II ( digitized version )
  25. ↑ Franz Hermann Troschel: About the lower jaw of the snake and about the fossil snake of Rott . In: Archive for Natural History, 27, 1, 1861, pp. 326–360, panel X ( digitized version )
  26. ^ Heinrich von Dechen: Geognostic description of the Siebengebirge on the Rhine . Henry and Cohen, Bonn 1852 ( digitized version )
  27. ^ Heinrich von Dechen: Geognostic guide in the Siebengebirge on the Rhine . Henry and Cohen, Bonn 1861 ( digitized version )
  28. ↑ Herman von Meyer: About Chelydra murchinsoni and Chelydra decheni . In: Palaeontographica. Contributions to the natural history of the pre-world, II, fifth delivery from April 1852, Cassel 1852, pp. 237–247, panel XXVI – XXX ( digitized version )
  29. ↑ Herman von Meyer: About the youthful state of the Chelydra Decheni from the brown coal of the Siebengebirge . In: Palaeontographica. Contributions to the natural history of the pre-world, IV, second delivery from August 1854, Cassel 1854–1856, pp. 56–60, panel IX ( digitized version )
  30. ^ Karl Otto Weber: The tertiary flora of the Lower Rhine lignite formation . In: Palaeontographica. Contributions to the natural history of the prehistoric world, II, fourth delivery from December 1851, Cassel 1852, pp. 115–236, panel XVIII – XXV ( digitized version )
  31. ^ Philipp Wessel and Karl Otto Weber: New contribution to the tertiary flora of the Lower Rhine lignite formation . In: Palaeontographica. Contributions to the natural history of the pre-world, IV, fourth delivery from December 1855, Cassel 1856, pp. 111–130, panel XX – XXX ( digitized version )
  32. ↑ Christian Gottfried Giebel: Fauna of the pre-world, with constant consideration of the living animals . Second volume: articulated animals. First division: insects and spiders, Brockhaus, Leipzig 1856 ( digitized version )
  33. ^ Edward Drinker Cope: On the structures and distribution of the genera of the arciferous anura. In: Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6, 1866, pp. 67–112, plate 25 ( digitized version )
  34. ↑ Hermann von Meyer: About Titanomys Visenoviensis and other rodents from the brown coal of Rott . In: Palaeontographica. Contributions to the natural history of the pre-world, 17, Fifth delivery from August 1870, Cassel 1867–1870, pp. 225–232, Plate XLII ( digitized version )
  35. ^ Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major: On Fossil and Recent Lagomorpha . In: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2.7, Part IX of November 1899, London 1896–1900, pp. 433–520, plates 36–39 ( digitized version )
  36. ↑ Adolf Gurlt: Overview of the Tertiary Basin of the Lower Rhine . Bonn 1872 ( digitized version )
  37. ↑ Oskar Böttger: About the small anthracotherium from the brown coal of Rott near Bonn . In: Palaeontographica. Contributions to the natural history of the pre-world, 24, fifth delivery from April 1877, Cassel 1876–1877, pp. 163–74 ( digitized version )
  38. ↑ Philipp Bertkau: Some spiders and a Myriapod . In: Negotiations of the Natural History Association of the Prussian Rhineland and Westphalia, 4, 5, Bonn 1878, pp. 346–360, plate 5 ( digitized version )
  39. ^ Carl Wilhelm von Gümbel: Contributions to the knowledge of the texture relationships of the mineral coals . In: Meeting reports of the mathematical-physical class of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich 1883, pp. 111–216 ( digitized version )
  40. ^ Leo Paul Oppenheim; The ancestors of our butterflies in the secondary and tertiary periods . In: Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift, 29, 1885, pp. 331–349 ( digitized version )
  41. ↑ Willy Wolterstorff: About fossil frogs, especially the genus Palaeobatrachus. I. Part . In: Annual report and treatises of the Natural Science Association in Magdeburg 1885, Magdeburg 1886
  42. ↑ Willy Wolterstorff: About fossil frogs, especially the genus Palaeobatrachus. II. Part . In: Annual report and treatises of the Natural Science Association in Magdeburg 1886, Magdeburg 1887, pp. 1–96 ( digitized version )
  43. ^ Hermann August Hagen: Neuropters from the brown coal of Rott in the Siebengebirge . In: Palaeontographica. Contributions to the natural history of the prehistoric world, 10, sixth delivery from April 1863, Cassel 1861–1863, pp. 247–269, table XLIII – XLV ( digitized )
  44. ^ Carl von Heyden: Fossil insects from the Rhenish brown coal . In: Palaeontographica. Contributions to the natural history of the pre-world, 8, first delivery from October 1859, Cassel 1859–1861, pp. 1–15, panels I – II ( digitized version )
  45. ↑ Carl von Heyden and Lukas von Heyden: Bibionids from the Rheinische brown coal from Rott . In: Palaeontographica. Contributions to the natural history of the prehistoric world, 14, first delivery from January 1865, Cassel 1865–1866, pp. 19–30, plates VIII – IX ( digitized )
  46. ↑ Carl von Heyden and Lukas von Heyden: Beetles and polyps from the brown coal of the Siebengebirge . In: Palaeontographica. Contributions to the natural history of the pre-world, 15, third delivery from July 1866, Cassel 1865–1868, pp. 131–156, panel XXII – XXIV ( digitized version )
  47. ↑ Lukas von Heyden: Fossil Diptera from the brown coal of Rott in the Siebengebirge . In: Palaeontographica. Contributions to the natural history of the pre-world, 17, sixth delivery from October 1870, Cassel 1867–1870, pp. 237–266, table XLIV – XLV ( digital copy )
  48. ^ Conrad Heusler: Description of the Brühl-Unkel mining area and the lignite basin on the Lower Rhine . Edited on behalf of the Königlichen Oberbergamt zu Bonn, Marcus, Bonn 1897 ( digitized version )
  49. ^ Hugo Laspeyres: The Siebengebirge on the Rhine. In: Negotiations of the natural history association of the Prussian Rhineland and Westphalia and the administrative district of Osnabrück, 57, 1900, Bonn 1901, pp. 119–596
  50. ^ Gotthard Fliegel: The Miocene lignite formation on the Lower Rhine . Treatises of the Royal Prussian Geological State Institute, New Series, 61, Berlin 1910 ( digitized version )
  51. ^ Otto Wilckens: Materials and contributions to the geology and palaeontology of the Bonn area . In: session area. Naturhist. Ver. prussia. Rheinld. u. Westf., C 1925, 1926, pp. 9-47
  52. ↑ Otto Wilckens: The geology of the area around Bonn . Borntraeger, Berlin 1927
  53. ^ Franz Kirchheimer: Fundamentals of a botany of the German brown coal . Knapp, Halle (Saale) 1937 ( digitized version )
  54. ^ Hermann Weyland: Contributions to the knowledge of the Rhenish tertiary flora. VII. Fifth additions and corrections to the flora of the coal leaves and the polishing slate from Rott in the Siebengebirge . Palaeontographica, 88, B, Stuttgart 1948, pp. 113-188
  55. ↑ Martin Schwarzbach: From the climate history of the Rhineland . In: Geologische Rundschau, 40, 1, 1952, pp. 128-136
  56. ↑ Friedrich Thiergart: The sporomorphic flora of Rott in the Siebengebirge . In: Advances in the geology of Rhineland and Westphalia, 2, 1958, pp. 447–456
  57. ↑ Meinolf Hellmund: Contributions to the geology of the area around Rott with special consideration of the tertiary flora and fauna . Diploma thesis, 1986, pp. 1–211, University of Bonn (unpublished)
  58. ↑ Meinolf Hellmund and Windolf Hellmund: Egg-laying behavior of fossil dragonflies (Odonata, Zygoptera) from the Upper Oligocene from Rott in the Siebengebirge . In: Stuttgart contributions to natural history, B 177, Stuttgart 1991, pp. 1–17 ( digitized version )
  59. ↑ Meinolf Hellmund and Windolf Hellmund: New find fossil egg arches (Odonata, Zygoptera, Coenagrionidae) from the Upper Oligocene from Rott in the Siebengebirge . In Decheniana, 146, Bonn 1993, pp. 348-351
  60. ^ Wighart von Koenigswald (editor): Rott fossil deposit near Hennef on the Siebengebirge. 82 p .; Rheinlandia, Siegburg 1989.
  61. ↑ Thomas Mörs: The sedimentation history of the Rott fossil deposit and its age classification based on new mammal finds (Upper Oligocene, Rhineland) . In: Courier Research Inst. Senckenberg, 187, Frankfurt / Main 1995, pp. 1–129, 14 plates
  62. ↑ Thomas Mörs: The mammals of the Upper Oligocene fossil deposit Rott near Bonn (Rhineland) . In: Decheniana, 149, Bonn 1996, pp. 205-232
  63. ↑ Heinrich Winterscheid, Zlatko Kvaček, Jiří Váña and Michael S. Ignatov: Systematic-taxonomic revision of the flora from the late Oligocene fossil deposit Rott near Bonn (Germany). Part 1: Introduction; Bryidae, Polypodiidae, and Pinidae . In: Palaeontographica, B 297, 1–6, 2018, pp. 103–141
  64. ^ Scientific originals in the BGR / LBEG collections, Hanover and BGR, Berlin. Font directory. As of January 28, 2015, pp. 95–96 ( PDF )

Coordinates: 50 ° 45 ′ 6 ″  N , 7 ° 16 ′ 2 ″  E