County of Stolberg
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The county of Stolberg was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation . It was consistently owned by the Counts of Stolberg , first mentioned in a document in 1210 , whose southern Harz holdings were mediated by the Electorate of Saxony in 1730/31 under Elector August the Strong . As counts, with the dissolution of the Old Empire in 1806, the Stolbergs lost the imperial immediacy that had remained to them until then . After the Congress of Vienna , the county of Stolberg, which had split up into the two sub-counties of Stolberg-Stolberg and Stolberg-Roßla in 1706, became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and was integrated into the Sangerhausen district of the Prussian province of Saxony .
Compared to the lordship of Wernigerode in the northern Harz, which had belonged to the Counts of Stolberg since 1429 , the County of Stolberg did not have a single monastery within its borders, but had significantly more villages.
The town and castle of Stolberg (Harz) formed the actual core of the County of Stolberg, the so-called Stammgrafschaft Stolberg. This was a fiefdom of the Archbishop of Mainz since the 14th century . But Mainz did not remain the only feudal lord of the Counts of Stolberg.
Geographical location
The county of Stolberg with the later sub-counties of Stolberg-Stolberg and Stolberg-Roßla was in the southern Harz . The area was affected in the north by the Selke and in the south by the Helme . To the west the Thyra valley ran through the county.
The area of the two counties is today for the most part in the west of Saxony-Anhalt . Most of the places today form the municipality of Südharz in the district of Mansfeld-Südharz . The two places Wolfsberg and Breitenbach are now districts of Sangerhausen (Mansfeld-Südharz district). Straßberg belongs to the town of Harzgerode in the Harz district . The western places Ebersburg and Herrmannsacker today form the municipality Herrmannsacker , Stempeda and Rodishain today belong to the city of Nordhausen , which are all in the district of Nordhausen (Free State of Thuringia ).
Adjacent gentlemen
| Duchy of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel ( district of Blankenburg ) | Principality of Anhalt-Bernburg | |
| Electorate of Hanover (exclave Ilfeld ) |
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Mansfeld County |
| Office Kelbra (part ownership with the Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt ) | Electorate of Saxony ( Amt Sangerhausen ) |
Surrender to the Landgraves of Thuringia
In March 1392 there was a momentous personal encounter between Landgrave Balthasar of Thuringia and Count Heinrich zu Stolberg in Sangerhausen . In 1391, Balthasar had the Sangerhausen Mint built in the mountain town of Sangerhausen . A corresponding flow of raw materials was required to ensure their continuous operation. The County of Stolberg thus moved into the immediate sphere of interest of the Landgrave from the Wettin family .
The result of the joint meeting were two comparisons that brought the Stolbergers into a lasting relationship of dependence on the Wettins. On March 5, 1392, Count Heinrich zu Stolberg undertook to give up his castles Ebersberg , Roßla and Oberröblingen and their accessories to the Landgrave in court within eight days. Whereupon the Landgrave should lend him and his heirs, whether sons or daughters, with these properties and leave him the sum of 300 Schock Kreuzgroschen Freiberg currency and all his goods and interests in the villages of Ringleben and Riethnordhausen . Furthermore, on the same day Count Heinrich zu Stolberg prescribed the landgrave half a tithe of all gold and silver mines in the County of Stolberg and beyond in the other lords of the House of Stolberg. The mined gold and silver should only be processed in the landgrave's mint in Sangerhausen or where the landgrave wanted it. In the entire domain of the Stolberg Counts, the Landgrave should be free to appoint their own mining officials for the gold and silver ore veins, who act according to Freiberg mining law. With regard to all other ore mining except gold and silver, the Stolberg Count granted the Landgrave no rights in his territories.
The reasons that induced Count Heinrich zu Stolberg to accept such deep cuts in his rights are not known. On the one hand, it is assumed that there must have been a great external compulsion behind this. On the other hand, other causes are also conceivable. He received financial compensation, which was always welcome at the time, and defense protection is expressly anchored in the contract text. External security was of great importance for the consolidation of Stolberg's rule and so it is not surprising that the Counts of Stolberg, together with the Margraves of Meißen and Landgraves of Thuringia, were involved in several land peace federations in the first quarter of the 15th century. The negative effects that this feudal relationship would have in the subsequent period could not be foreseen at the time. However, the restrictions on gold and silver ore accepted in Stolberg's mining in 1392 seem to have been a burden for the Stolberg counts from the very beginning, who tried several times in the 15th century to revolt against this dependency.
County of Stolberg and Landgraviate of Thuringia in the 15th century
Count Botho zu Stolberg was the court master of Elector Friedrich II of Saxony in the 1430s before he relinquished this office to Count Ernst von Gleichen and retired to his own possessions in Stolberg.
The younger brother of the Elector, Duke Wilhelm III. von Sachsen , urged through his boisterous way of life and his striving for financial benefit to participate in the government of the Saxon lands. He considered Thuringia to be his domain and therefore had his permanent court seat in Weimar since 1443 . Since he resided in Weimar, he tried to build up a decisive power base in Thuringia and speculated on receiving the Landgraviate of Thuringia in the desired division of property. Although he had concluded a three-year contract with Friedrich on July 11, 1444, Wilhelm already insisted on a division of the property in the following year 1445, whereupon the Altenburg division took place.
As early as 1444 there had been a meeting in Weissensee, Thuringia , at which several Thuringian counts and lords as well as city representatives negotiated about grievances in the country. These deliberations continued in 1445. For example, there was an agreement dated September 14, 1445 between Counts Botho zu Stolberg, Ernst von Gleichen, Günther von Beichlingen, Heinrich von Schwarzburg and Günther von Mansfeld with Duke Wilhelm, the latter as their natural heir in the errors of his inheritance with body and soul To want to be of good help while this promised to protect them and their masters. This contemporary declaration in preparation for the Saxon fratricidal war was interpreted almost 300 years later by the Saxon side as a declaration of submission by the Stolbergers.
In Halle's ruling on December 11, 1445, the Saxon estates had achieved a different division of the country. In the division register, the county of Stolberg is named among those areas that Duke Wilhelm III. were awarded. This fact has been used several times since the 16th century by the Saxon electors to prove the subordination of the Counts of Stolberg to the Landgraves of Thuringia. In the mentioned register it says among other things: Nehml. in front of a part the principality and country of Thuringia with its castles and towns named afterwards, by the names Wartberg, Isenach, Kreuzberg, Schwarzwalde, with the counties of Stolberg, Beichlingen, Gleichen, Hohnstein, Querfurth and all other lords .
Peasants' War 1525
After the outbreak of the German Peasants' War in Thuringia , several rebellious peasants invaded the town of Stolberg in April 1525 and moved in front of the Count's castle together with members of the council and numerous dissatisfied citizens of the town. There, Count Botho zu Stolberg were handed over their demands, written down in article form, against the elimination of obvious grievances, the recognition of which he should contractually promise. Count Botho bowed to violence because he was of the opinion that what other princes and lords were doing, he wanted to do that too, but the rebels should be satisfied with it. Then Count Botho preferred to secretly leave the unsafe Stolberg and flee to Wernigerode Castle in his county of Wernigerode , where he arrived on May 1, 1525. The subsequent events are described differently in the literature. While Eduard Jacobs assumed that Count Botho was staying in Wernigerode for a long time, Karl Meyer and Doris Derdey state that he returned to Stolberg as soon as possible because the rebels, which had now grown to around 1,500 people, threatened to storm his castle and those who stayed there Killing wife Anna and the children.
After Duke Georg von Sachsen had learned of the peasant unrest in Thuringia, he asked Count Botho zu Stolberg and other Thuringian princes and counts to provide armed aid to him and the princes who were allied against the peasants. Count Botho thereupon instructed his eldest son Wolfgang, who was in Stolberg, on May 11, 1525, to be ready with 20 riders and 50 men on foot to support Duke Georg's armed forces. However, before an operation could take place, Count Wolfgang was forced by citizens from Stolberg and emissaries of the peasant army to come personally to Frankenhausen and not to join the princely army, otherwise the villages of the County of Stolberg would be devastated. Without consulting his absent father, Count Wolfgang agreed and rode to Frankenhausen. When he arrived at the peasant camp, he and his father vowed to recognize the farmers' articles. When he wanted to return, however, the peasants took him and his companions hostage, Mathern von Gehofen and two other spies of Count Ernst von Mansfeld even killed them and demanded that Count Botho deliver guns and powder. To save his son, Count Botho had a stone can and about 20 pounds of powder delivered to Frankenhausen, but his son was not released.
When the peasant army was defeated by the princely troops in the battle of Frankenhausen on May 15, 1525 , Count Wolfgang and his companions were taken prisoner with the peasants. The young count now suffered from the wrath of Duke George of Saxony. It took a lot of time to clarify the actual situation and to restore normal relationships between Duke Georg and the Stolberg Counts.
Dresden comparison of 1568
Elector August in Saxony had received the function of the imperial commissioner for regulating the credit system of the Counts of Stolberg and set April 28, 1568 as the date for a mutual settlement. The two count's brothers Heinrich (1509–1572) and Albrecht Georg (1516–1587) and the two representatives of Count Ludwig who was unable to attend therefore traveled to Dresden . They already knew the Elector personally, as Count Albrecht Georg personally took part in the baptism of the Elector's sixth child in 1557. In the run-up to the conversation with the Stolbergers, Elector August had consulted extensively with the then Amtsschösser von Sangerhausen . Even before the negotiations began, it was clear to him that he did not want to face the Stolbergers as feudal lord or imperial commissioner, but as sovereign prince. This led to tough negotiations, the result of which was the written Dresden settlement of May 12, 1568. The most important point of this contract, which was used again and again in later decades, was that half of the land and drink taxes and the tithe for gold and silver had to be surrendered to Electoral Saxony in the Electoral Saxon feudal offices of the County of Stolberg. It is also significant that the Roßla office, which was pledged to Kursachsen, was to be transferred back to the Counts of Stolberg in return for appropriate insurance. However, the office was not honored in the following years. In 1575 and 1586, Elector August von Sachsen was forced to issue a reminder to pay the debts of the Roßla office, especially the interest due. At the time, the Stolberg counts were financially unable to redeem the pledge.
Counts Albrecht Georg and Wolf Ernst zu Stolberg (1546–1606) signed the Agreement Formula of 1577 initiated by August von Sachsen and the Agreement Book of 1580.
The ruling counts are captured in 1585
With the active support of the council of the free imperial city of Nordhausen, Counts Albrecht Georg and Wolf Ernst zu Stolberg were captured in Quedlinburg in January 1585 and taken to Hohnstein Castle, where they had to remain in custody for several weeks.
Mediatization of the county in the 18th century
Due to a lack of Primogeniturordnung , on July 19, 1706, disputes within the family led to the conclusion of a main division recession between the Stolberg-Stolberg and Stolberg-Roßla lines controversial pieces followed. After further internal disputes, particularly about the Hohnstein office, this division was modified again in 1719. This is how the two different domains of the Counts of Stolberg-Stolberg and Stolberg- Roßla came into being , which despite the contradiction of the Saxon overlord, were also referred to as Counties of Stolberg-Stolberg and Stolberg-Roßla.
Since Count Christoph Friedrich zu Stolberg-Stolberg had fallen out of favor with the Elector Friedrich August I of Saxony , known as the Strong , due to a lawsuit against his person before the Emperor, he decided to proceed with all severity against the Stolberg Count. To do this, he first needed a reason, which was soon found when Christoph Friedrich had problems with providing a "tall guy" for the princely bodyguard.
The situation escalated when, on July 29, 1730, about 170 Electoral Saxon dragoons marched into Stolberg, blew open the castle gates and occupied the castle and town. The count's office director was arrested and taken to Dresden as a hostage . The occupation troops only withdrew when Count Christoph Friedrich zu Stolberg-Stolberg agreed to sign a declaration of submission, which took place on August 11, 1730. In this document, the count recognized the electoral authority of the Electorate of Saxony and the associated powers of the elector also in the Electoral Mainz fiefs, i.e. in the office and city of Stolberg. Friedrich August I thus anticipated a ruling by the Reichshofrat in Vienna . The complaint of the Stolberg Count against Electoral Saxony had become obsolete with the declaration of submission signed by the Stolberg Count. So that the process before the Reichshofrat could not be continued, a settlement with the Stolberg Count was sought by the Electoral Saxon side.
After the representative of the Stolberg-Stolberg line was forced to his knees by open violence by the Electorate of Saxony, the head of the Stolberg-Roßla line should now also follow. When Count Jost Christian zu Stolberg-Roßla stayed at the Dresden court in September 1731 in order to receive the important loan from the Schwarzburg offices in accordance with the inheritance contract of 1433, the loan letter was refused for a quarter of a year. Only after he also signed a declaration of submission to the feudal sovereignty of Electorate of Saxony on December 12, 1731, did he receive the requested loan.
After long discussions, Count Christoph Friedrich zu Stolberg-Stolberg introduced the primogeniture for his line on May 13, 1737, pointing out that further division of the property would weaken the reputation of the house. The male siblings of the ruling count received the sum of 2,300 Reichstalers from the income of his property annually as an allowance. The consensus of the feudal lords would have had to be obtained in order to obtain full legal recognition of this primogeniture order. Count Christoph Friedrich did this neither with Electorate Saxony nor with Kurmainz, but asked what he believed to be the most influential of his liege lords, King George II of Great Britain as overlord of the ancestral county of Hohnstein , for his consent, which he received on October 27th and 7th respectively. Issued November 1738.
Count Christian Ernst zu Stolberg-Wernigerode followed the example of the enactment of a Primogeniture Ordinance on May 21, 1738. On September 19, Count Jost Christian zu Stolberg-Roßla laid down the Primogenitur Ordinance in his will for the Stolberg-Roßla line. After this will was published after his death on July 20, 1739, his sons, including Friedrich Botho and Jost Christian , confessed to primary education on August 31, 1739. The consensus of the Elector Friedrich August II. Of Saxony was only given more than 12 years later, after the mutual relationship had stabilized again.
Sequestration of the county and transition to the Kingdom of Prussia
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After years of distancing the Stolbergers from the Dresden court, Count Wilhelm zu Stolberg-Roßla was the first count to return to court service in the Electorate of Saxony, in which he was chamberlain in Dresden in 1769 and in the following year he was court councilor and judiciary. Count Wilhelm stayed at the Saxon court until 1778 and took the ruling young Elector Friedrich August III. as a model, a ruler of unshakable legality, unshakable religiosity and sincere love for his people who conscientiously sought to fulfill his duties with the most punctual order . Wilhelm experienced how in 1768, after the death of his father Friedrich Botho, his older brother Friedrich took over the government of the heavily indebted count's estates and exercised this office with little conscientiousness. Wilhelm feared a sequestration of the county and in 1775 gave his brother a memorandum in which he showed him ways and means to successfully overcome the financial crisis. However, his support efforts were unsuccessful.
First, in 1777, the neighboring county of Stolberg-Stolberg went bankrupt. There was Count Christoph Ludwig II. In 1761 died, who had reached for his line that a quarter of them had been awarded the former stolbergischen share of Rochefortischen Graf and powers in comparison with the Princely House Loewenstein-Wertheim 1755th In the middle of the Seven Years' War , which was also a heavy burden on the Stolberg counties , his son Karl Ludwig took over the government in Stolberg. During his 50-year reign he fought in vain to stabilize the financial situation, which had been severely affected by the effects and aftermath of the war. He provoked the opening of bankruptcy over the county of Stolberg, which it came to in 1777.
In order to prevent a sequestration of the County of Stolberg-Roßla, Count Wilhelm, with the consent of the main creditors, obtained the Elector of Saxony in 1778 as "Administrator in vim sequestri of the County of Stolberg including accessories" . He was given the task of “everything that is to be observed in accordance with the essential constitutions of the county, without asking about it, to get and to arrange” . But Wilhelm could not prevent the sequestration. It was not until 1821 that the sequestration for the Stolbergian southern Harz counties was lifted by a decree of the Prussian Higher Regional Court in Naumburg .
As counts, with the dissolution of the Old Empire in 1806, the Stolbergs lost the imperial immediacy that had remained to them until then. After the Congress of Vienna , the county of Stolberg, which had split into the two sub-counties of Stolberg-Stolberg and Stolberg-Roßla in 1706, became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and was integrated into the Sangerhausen district of the Prussian province of Saxony .
An illegitimate daughter of the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm II was Countess Louise zu Stolberg-Stolberg . After the death of Hereditary Count Joseph von Stolberg-Stolberg in 1839, the enthusiastic supporter of the Prussian monarchy took over the guardianship and administration of the County of Stolberg-Stolberg and published poems of homage to Friedrich Wilhelm IV.
Territorial structure
The first detailed description of the boundaries of the County of Stolberg comes from 1357. The boundary at that time was as follows: The Krummschlachtbach, which rises on the Großer Auerberg ( Josephshöhe ), formed the natural boundary to the east down to the mouth of the Thyra south of Rottleberode . The northern border was the course of the Sprachenbach up to its confluence with the Schmale Lude . From there it went up and over the so-called Hengstrücken in a westerly direction down into the valley of the Große Lude, which was followed in a southerly direction. The border left the Ludetal at the confluence of the Graubach stream and led up to the crossroads between the Schmiedehausen and Bischofshain (also Bischofshagen) settlements, which later became desolate. In the Ronnetal, the border ran downwards, out of the Harz Forest to the fields in front of Stempeda . Past the Rödersee (Rittersee) located between this place and Rodishain and the then already desolate village of Elbingen, the border led into the ridge later called Alter Stolberg , past the fields of the two settlements of Ammelsee and Trockenbach to Heimkehle and from there to the Thyra, where the circle came full. For several centuries, this area formed the county of Stolberg in the narrower sense, to which all settlements and mining facilities located within the stated limits belonged. These included the main town of the settlement of the same name, which was developing at the foot of Stolberg Castle and which was probably granted town charter by the counts before 1300, as well as Rottleberode, which was built around an earlier imperial court, and the later deserted areas of Bischofshain and Hunsdorf. It was not until the end of the 14th century that the village settlements Rodishain and Stempeda came to the county of Stolberg. A contemporary overview of the components of the two Stolberg territories in the southern Harz is contained in the directory of the localities in the districts of the government of Merseburg , which appeared in print in 1819.
County of Stolberg-Stolberg
Accordingly, the county of Stolberg-Stolberg was divided into the two Saxon offices of Stolberg and Hayn until 1815.
Stolberg Office
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The Stolberg Office included:
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Stolberg Castle
- Count's castle, three buildings with 45 inhabitants
- City of Stolberg (Harz)
- within the city 364 houses with 2063 inhabitants
- outside the city or with special rights 30 houses with 178 inhabitants
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Rottleberode
- Amtsdorf, 119 houses, 662 inhabitants
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Rodishain
- Amtsdorf, 53 houses, 280 inhabitants
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Stempeda
- Amtsdorf, 48 houses, 270 inhabitants
Office Hayn
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The Hayn office included:
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Hayn
- Amtsdorf, 107 houses, 611 inhabitants
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Strassberg
- Amtsdorf, 139 houses, 818 inhabitants
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Schwenda
- Amtsdorf, 110 houses, 597 inhabitants
County of Stolberg-Roßla
The county of Stolberg-Roßla was subdivided much more differently than the neighboring county of Stolberg-Stolberg. It was made up of the offices of Roßla, Questenberg, Uftrungen, Wolfsberg and Ebersburg.
Office Roßla
The Roßla office included:
- Rossla
- District village with 194 houses (including the hornet mill) and 1173 inhabitants
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Names
- District village with 164 houses (including Eisenhammer , Gottschalcks- and Feldmühle) and 835 inhabitants
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Dittichenrode
- District village with 50 houses (including lime mill) and 242 inhabitants
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Spreads
- District village with 115 houses (including brickworks, colliery and new mill) and 665 inhabitants
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Rosperwenda
- District village with 73 houses and 368 inhabitants
Office Questenberg
The Questenberg Office included:
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Questenberg
- Official village with a desert castle, 68 houses, 343 inhabitants
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Hainrode
- Amtsdorf, 109 houses (with lime mill), 449 inhabitants
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Wickerode
- Amtsdorf, 77 houses (with copper works), 321 inhabitants
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Small lines
- Amtsdorf, 42 houses, 192 inhabitants
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Drebsdorf
- Amtsdorf, 43 houses (with mill, Ankenbergsmühle and Untermühle), 186 inhabitants
Office Uftrungen
The Uftrungen office included:
Wolfsberg Office
The Wolfsberg Office included:
Office Ebersburg
The Ebersburg Office included:
This list shows that both counties were very small. While the county of Stolberg-Stolberg had 5,524 inhabitants and 617 houses, 9,260 inhabitants lived in 1476 houses in the larger county of Stolberg-Roßla.
The offices of Kelbra and Heringen
The offices of Kelbra and Heringen in Northern Thuringia were jointly owned between 1419 and 1815 by the Counts of Schwarzburg (from 1599 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt ) and Counts of Stolberg (from 1706 Stolberg-Roßla ) under the suzerainty of the Albertine Wettins (later Electorate of Saxony ).
In 1554 and 1592/93 the Stolberg's share of the two offices became the property of the Grafschaft Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt .
After the arbitration of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the sovereignty of the two offices of Saxony went to the Kingdom of Prussia . Through the state treaty concluded in 1816 between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt , all Stolberg and Schwarzburg rights to the offices of Kelbra and Heringen were transferred to Prussia. The two offices were the district Sangerhausen in the administrative district of Merseburg of the Prussian province of Saxony affiliated.
In 1836 the Count of Stolberg – Stolberg obtained the transfer of the office of Heringen from Prussia. For the Office Kelbra had Count of Stolberg-Rossla sued the repurchase of the shares legally, so Prussia in 1836 the Office Kelbra the counts of Stolberg-Rossla left. However, Prussia retained sovereignty over both offices.
See also
literature
- Johann Arnold Zeitfuchs : Stolberg Church and City History , Frankfurt a. a. 1717 (Reprint Ulm-Münster 1995, ISBN 3-934780-11-3 )
- Conrad Bornhak : The Mediatization of the Counties Stolberg-Stolberg and Stolberg-Roßla , in: Otto Hintze (Ed.): Research on Brandenburg and Prussian History , 19th vol., Leipzig 1906, pp. 353-370
- Jörg Brückner : Between imperial class and class rule. The Counts of Stolberg and their relationship to the Landgraves of Thuringia and later dukes, electors and kings of Saxony (1210-1815) , Janos Stekovics 2005 - ISBN 3-89923-119-8
- Marc von der Höh: City and Grafenhof in Stolberg / Harz in the 15th century . In: W. Paravicini / J. Wettlaufer (ed.): The court and the city. Confrontation, coexistence and integration in the late Middle Ages and early modern times (= files of the 9th Symposium of the Residences Commission of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen), Ostfildern 2006, pp. 487–511.
- Karlheinz Blaschke , Uwe Ulrich Jäschke : Kursächsischer Ämteratlas , Leipzig 2009, ISBN 978-3-937386-14-0 ; Pages 90f.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Dresden (hereinafter: HStA), Loc. 10516 "Bedencken in der ...", Bl. 90v-91r.
- ↑ Edward Jacobs : Botho, counts of Stolberg and Wernigerode, contract with its citizens to Stolberg about their rights and obligations. (Stolberg Peasant War Article). May 4, 1525 , in: Zeitschrift des Harzverein für Geschichte und Altertumskunde 23 (1890), pp. 415–425; Hans Lawerenz: Harzer Lande in the Peasants' War , ed. from Feudalmuseum Schloss Wernigerode, Wernigerode 1957, pp. 43–44.
- ^ HStA, Loc. 9134/40, p. 14.
- ↑ Doris Derdey: The Peasants' War , p. 78.
- ^ Karl Meyer: Chronicle of the County of Stolberg-Rossla , Bl. 48r; Doris Derdey: The Peasants' War , p. 78.
- ^ HStA Dresden, Loc. 9134/40, p. 14.
- ↑ LHASA, MD, Rep. H Stolberg-Stolberg, AI No. 40a, Bl. 6r - 11v; Rep. H Stolberg-Stolberg, AI No. 74.
- ↑ See BSLK , p. 16 and p. 764.
- ↑ State Main Archives Saxony-Anhalt , Magdeburg Department (hereinafter: LHASA, MD), H 9-8, AI No. 245 Bl. 11-19
- ↑ LHASA, MD, Rep. H Stolberg-Wernigerode, Chamber of Wernigerode Presidential Registration C II No. 5, Bl. 6-16.
- ^ Raeck: Johann Wilhelm Christoph , p. 179
- ↑ Ibid., P. 180
- ↑ LHASA, MD, Rep. H Stolberg-Stolberg, AI Appendix No. 21/2, unfollowing (§ 78).