Avro 748
| Avro 748 | |
|---|---|
 A West Air Sweden HS 748 |
|
| Type: | twin-engine short-range turboprop - airliner |
| Design country: | |
| Manufacturer: |
|
| First flight: |
June 24, 1960 |
| Production time: |
until 1987 |
| Number of pieces: |
381 |
The Avro 748 is a short-range turboprop - airliner of the British manufacturer Avro . The all - metal low- wing aircraft has a retractable landing gear and a pressurized cabin . After Avro was taken over by Hawker-Siddeley , the type continued to be produced as the Hawker-Siddeley HS 748 .
history
Avro started designing in 1958 when it was decided to return to the civilian market due to the changed military doctrine. The first design was to be a 20-seat feeder aircraft. However, market research showed that a modern replacement for the Douglas DC-3 with quick start capabilities would open up a market of around 380 machines. This was in competition with the Fokker F-27, which was already more advanced in development .
After deciding in January 1959 to design the 748 at their own risk, Hawker-Siddeley made two prototypes and two static test cells. The design took over parts of other aircraft. The pressure ventilation came from the Vickers Vanguard and the drive from the Vickers Viscount . The Rolls-Royce Dart engines were housed in gondolas on the wings, which provided sufficient ground clearance for the Rotol propellers. The main landing gear was housed in additional nacelles in front of the wing edge. The machine was designed in such a way that it was independent of ground equipment. So she had hydraulically operated access stairs and self-starting drives. The first flight of the Avro 748 (G-APZV) took place on June 24, 1960 with Avro chief test pilot James Gordon Harrison on board in Woodford . The second prototype (G-ARAY) followed on April 10, 1961 and was then equipped with more powerful engines. It thus served as a prototype for the second series. The first series of 18 machines was delivered to British Skyways Coach-Air (three machines), BKS Air Transport (two machines) and Aerolíneas Argentinas . At this time Avro was taken over by Hawker-Siddeley and the machine continued to be produced as the Hawker-Siddeley HS 748 .
The Series 2 with a higher takeoff weight could be sold 198 times from 1961. Smaller series of the type as Series 2A (71 pieces) and Series 2B (25 pieces) followed. The Avro 748 is thus one of the most successful British civil aircraft ever. It was used by the Australian and Brazilian Air Forces, among others.
Seven machines were operated between 1975 and 1994 as calibration aircraft for radio navigation systems by the joint flight inspection agency of the Federal Office for Air Traffic Control and the Federal Air Force. Six flew from 1981 for the DLT Deutsche Luftverkehrsgesellschaft .
Another 89 units were manufactured under license as HAL-748 by the Indian Hindustan Aeronautics , where the first machine had its maiden flight on November 1, 1961 with test pilot Kapil Bhargava on board. The first four Series 1 machines were made from British components, and the following 85 Series 2 machines were made entirely in India.
Hawker Siddeley became part of British Aerospace in the mid-1970s . The model was then renamed BAe 748 and continued to be built until 1987. Over 100 machines are still in service around the world, 60 of them with the Indian Air Force .
HS 780
For the Royal Air Force , the manufacturer developed the longer model HS.780 with a raised tail unit in order to be able to install a rear loading door. This variant was named Andover C.Mk.1 . In addition to the retraining unit and the 46th Squadron , initially stationed in RAF Abingdon and later in RAF Thorney Island , which flew the Andover from 1966 to 1975, this series was in the service of two squadrons overseas. The 52nd Squadron was stationed from the end of 1966 in the Far East in RAF Seletar and later in RAF Changi and in the Middle East, the 84th Squadron flew from 1967, first from RAF Khormaksar and later from RAF Muharraq and RAF Sharjah . With the closure of most of the British military bases east of Suez, the squadrons were disbanded in 1969 and 1971 respectively.
Some converted specimens were flown on for calibration flights in service with the 115th Squadron from 1976 to 1993. This season was initially in RAF Brize Norton and from 1983 in RAF Benson . In addition, some copies strengthened the (VIP) Andover CC.Mk.2 in the service of the 32nd and 60th Squadron . The latter was subordinate to the RAF Germany and was stationed in RAF Wildenrath until 1992 .
Versions
For the series designations of the military variants, see the information on the designation system of British aircraft .
HS 748
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- HS 748 Series 1
- First production version with Dart-RDa.6-Mk-514 engines with 1400 kW power. 18 pieces built.
- HS 748 Series 2
- Second production version with Dart RDa.7 Mk 531 with 1568 kW power.
- HS 748 Series 2A: Version with Dart RDa.7 Mk 532 2L with 1700 kW power. Produced from mid-1967.
- HS 748 Series 2B: last version with Dart RDa.7 Mk 536-2 with 1700 kW power and 1.22 m larger wing, produced from 1979.
- Andover CC.Mk.2
- Designation of the HS 748 Series 2 for the Royal Air Force (RAF), six built for connection tasks (4) and the transport of the Queen (2).
- HS 748E
- stretched version for 60 passengers. Not built.
- BAe 748 Coastguarder
- Single machine for maritime surveillance
- Macavia BAe 748 turbine tanker
- Version as a fire-fighting aircraft with eight tons of water capacity. First flight of the prototype in September 1987.
- Super 748
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- Version that was marketed by BAe from 1985 for a unit price of five million pounds and was equipped with a modified cockpit and mufflers for the engines.
HAL 748
- Name of the Indian license production of the Avro / HS 748, 89 pieces built by Hindustan Aeronautics , Bangalore.
HS 780
- Andover C.Mk.1
- Version of the RAF for use as a military transporter with a rear loading ramp. 31 pieces built.
- Andover C.Mk.1 (PR)
- Converted C.Mk.1 for open skies use , one converted
- Andover E.3
- Version for calibration tasks of airport landing aid, six rebuilt.
BAe ATP
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→ Main article BAe ATP
The BAe ATP was developed as a further development of the Avro 748. Due to the oil crisis and the increasing aircraft noise, it was hoped that there would be good sales opportunities for a quiet and economical short-haul aircraft.
The model received an elongated hull and a larger wingspan. Small changes affected the nose and the windows, among other things. The Rolls-Royce Dart drives were replaced by more economical Pratt & Whitney Canada PW126 engines and a new propeller was developed.
The BAe ATP completed its maiden flight in August 1986 and was first delivered in 1988. At that time, however, the market segment was already occupied by the de Havilland Canada DHC-8 and the ATR 42 , and in 1996 production had to be discontinued after 64 copies.
Military users
- Royal Australian Air Force 1967-2004
- Royal Australian Navy 1973-2000
- Força Aérea Brasileira 12 1962-2005
- 7 machines were used by the Luftwaffe (1975–1994) together with the Federal Institute for Air Traffic Control , the state forerunner of today's (privatized) German Air Traffic Control System ( DFS ), under civil license plates with military crews to measure radio beacons ( VOR , TACAN , NDB ) and instrument landing systems used at civil and military airports in the Federal Republic
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Ecuador
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Guinea-Bissau
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India
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Colombia
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Madagascar
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Malaysia
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Nepal
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New Zealand
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South Korea
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Zambia
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Sri Lanka
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Tanzania
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Thailand
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United Kingdom
Station locations in Germany
Machines of the type were stationed at two locations in Germany for different periods of time: The seven machines of the German Air Force flew from Lechfeld Air Base . With the 60th Squadron of RAF Germany , some Andover C.1 and CC.2 flew for connecting flights between October 1971 and the beginning of April 1992; they were stationed at the RAF Wildenrath station.
Incidents
Avro 748
From 1965 to December 2018 there were 90 total losses of HS 748 and HS 780 Andover. 646 people were killed. Extracts:
- On August 30, 1962, the left rear cabin door was torn out in the flight of an Avro 748 of Aerolíneas Argentinas ( aircraft registration LV-HHB) . A flight attendant was killed after being sucked out of the machine by the explosive decompression . It was the first fatal incident involving an aircraft of this type (see also Aerolíneas Argentinas flight 737 ) .
- On April 14, 1976, an Avro 748 of the Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (LV-HHB) tore off the right wing after a structural failure . All 34 inmates were killed. The same machine had already been involved in another fatal incident on August 30, 1962, which had also occurred due to a structural failure (see also the flight accident of the Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales 1976 ) .
- On September 7, 1978, an explosive device exploded on board an Air Ceylon HS 748 Srs.2 (VP-CAT) before take-off from Colombo-Ratmalana airport . The plane was to be transferred to Colombo-Katunayake Airport without passengers . The two pilots, who were the only occupants on the plane, survived the attack. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
- On July 31, 1979, the G-BEKF of the British Dan-Air did not take off when attempting to take off from Sumburgh Airport ( Shetland Islands ) because the elevator was locked. The machine fell into the sea 50 m behind the coast, killing 17 of the 47 people on board.
- On April 27, 1980 an HS 748 of the Thai Airways Company (HS-THB) crashed during a thunderstorm approaching Don Mueang Airport . 44 of the 53 occupants were killed (see also Thai Airways flight 231 ) .
- On June 26, 1981, during the cruise at the G-ASPL of Dan-Air, the right rear door came loose and got stuck on the horizontal stabilizer , making the aircraft uncontrollable and crashing. All three crew members on the cargo flight from London Gatwick to East Midlands Airport were killed (see also Dan Air Flight 240 ) .
HAL 748
From 1971 to December 2018 there were eleven total losses with the HAL 748, six of them with Indian Airlines and four with the Indian Air Force . 156 people were killed in seven of them. Full list:
- On December 9, 1971, an Indian Airlines Hindustan Aeronautics HAL 748 ( aircraft registration number VT-DXG ) was flown near Cumbum at an altitude of 1580 meters in the Meghamalai Mountains after it had deviated 47 kilometers from course. The machine was on the flight from Trivandrum Airport to Madurai . In this CFIT ( Controlled flight into terrain ), 21 of the 31 occupants were killed, all 4 crew members and 17 passengers. This was the first total loss of the aircraft type manufactured in India under license for the Avro / HS 748.
- On March 15, 1973 an Indian Airlines (VT-EAU) Hindustan Aeronautics HAL 748 crashed during a training flight at Hyderabad-Begumpet Airport . After an engine failure was simulated during take-off, the right wing tip grazed trees and high-voltage lines in a curve during the traffic pattern. The machine crashed into a house and caught fire. All three crew members and one person on the ground were killed.
- On April 27, 1975, a Hindustan Aeronautics HAL 748 of the Indian Air Force (IAF H-1520) was irreparably damaged in an aircraft accident in Yallahanpur. Further details are not known.
- On June 7, 1979, an Indian Air Force Hindustan Aeronautics HAL 748 (IAF H-2178) crashed into a mountain near the Karmwal Pass. All 28 inmates were killed.
- On August 4, 1979, an Indian Airlines Hindustan Aeronautics HAL 748 (VT-DXJ) was flown into the ground near Panvel . The plane was on its way from Pune airport to airport Mumbai when she flew 29 kilometers before the destination airport in low terrain. In this CFIT ( Controlled flight into terrain ) all 45 occupants were killed, 5 crew members and 40 passengers. Several faults in the radar controller were contributing factors. It was the accident of a HAL 748 with the most fatalities.
- On June 16, 1981, an Indian Airlines (VT-DXI) Hindustan Aeronautics HAL 748 had an accident . After taking off from Tirupati Airport , the plane got caught in heavy rain with gusts of fall , causing the speed to drop and the aircraft's tail first to hit the ground. To make matters worse, the pilots inadvertently retracted the landing flaps . All 28 inmates survived.
- On August 19, 1981, a Hindustan Aeronautics HAL 748 of Indian Airlines (VT-DXF) touched down at excessive speed only in the middle of the runway in adverse weather conditions during the landing at Mangalore Airport . When rolling over the end of the runway, the nose landing gear broke off; the plane slid down into a valley and was irreparably damaged on the rocky terrain. All 26 inmates survived, but 7 suffered minor injuries.
- On March 5, 1984, a Hindustan Aeronautics HAL got 748 of Indian Airlines (VT-DUO) on the Hyderabad-Begumpet on the runway and raced over rough ground to the boundary wall of the airport. During the training flight, the instructor had used the wrong procedure to simulate an engine failure on take-off; neither he nor the pilot who was being trained were able to regain control of the aircraft. All three crew members survived. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
- On March 25, 1991, a Hindustan Aeronautics HAL 748 of the Indian Air Force (IAF H-1513) barely rose when it took off from the Yelahanka Air Force Base and only reached a height of 50 meters. It collided with a stone wall, fell and caught fire. All 28 occupants, 3 crew members and 25 passengers were killed.
- On December 24, 1996, a Hindustan Aeronautics HAL 748 of the Indian Air Force (IAF H-1032) crashed near Dubagunta ( India ). First the left engine broke off and then the left wing. All 22 occupants, 4 crew members and 18 passengers were killed.
- On January 11, 1999, a Hindustan Aeronautics HAL 748 of the Indian Defense Research and Development Organization (military registration H-2175 ) crashed 2.5 kilometers from the naval air base in Arakkonam (INS Rajali) during the approach . The machine had been modified with a radar antenna dome, which apparently collapsed on approach. All 8 occupants, four crew members and four passengers, perished.
Technical specifications
| Parameter | HS 748 Series 2 | BAe ATP |
|---|---|---|
| crew | 2 | 2 |
| Passengers | 40-62 | 64 |
| length | 20.42 m | 26.00 m |
| span | 30.02 m | 30.63 m |
| height | 7.57 m | 7.14 m |
| Wing area | 75.35 m² | |
| Wing extension | 12.0 | |
| Cabin dimensions (L × W × H) | ? × 2.46 × 1.92 m | |
| payload | 5,221 kg | |
| Empty mass | 11,787 kg | |
| Max. Takeoff mass | 20,455 kg | 22,930 kg |
| Max. Landing mass | 19.096 kg | 22,930 kg |
| Cruising speed | 462 km / h | 496 km / h |
| Top speed | ||
| Service ceiling | 7600 m | 7600 m |
| Range with full load | 1100 km | 1825 km |
| Take-off run at max. Takeoff mass | 1006 m | |
| Landing distance at max. Landing mass | 605 m | |
| Engines | 2 × RR Dart RDa.7 Mk 536-2 with 1700 kW each | 2 × PW126 with 1978 kW each |
See also
literature
- Simon Michell (Ed.): Jane's Civil and Military Aircraft Upgrades. 1994-95. Janes' Information Group, 1994, ISBN 0-7106-1208-7 .
Web links
- Type certificate of HS 748 - EASA-TCDS-A.397 (PDF; 157 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b FlugRevue July 2010, pp. 92–95, HS 748 - successor to the DC-3
- ↑ HS.748 on geschichte.luftwaffe.de, accessed on January 5, 2014
- ↑ Accident statistics Hawker Siddeley HS-748 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 28, 2019.
- ^ Accident report HS-748 LV-HHB , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on August 29, 2019.
- ^ Accident report HS-748 4R-ACJ , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on February 2, 2019.
- ^ Accident report HS-748 G-BEKF , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 21, 2016.
- ^ Accident report HS-748 HS-THB , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on December 3, 2018.
- ^ Accident report HS-748 G-ASPL , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on January 21, 2016.
- ↑ Accident statistics Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. HAL-748. In: Aviation Safety Network , accessed October 20, 2019.
- ↑ Accident report HAL 748 VT-DXG , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2019.
- ↑ Accident report HAL 748 VT-EAU , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2019.
- ^ Accident report HAL 748 IAF H-1520 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2019.
- ^ Accident report HAL 748 IAF H-2178 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2019.
- ↑ Accident report HAL 748 VT-DXJ , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2019.
- ↑ Accident report HAL 748 VT-DXI , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2019.
- ↑ Accident report HAL 748 VT-DXF , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2019.
- ↑ Accident report HAL 748 VT-DUO , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2019.
- ↑ Accident report HAL 748 IAF H-1513 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2019.
- ^ Accident report HAL 748 IAF H-1032 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2019.
- ^ Accident report HAL 748 IAF H-2175 , Aviation Safety Network (English), accessed on October 21, 2019.
