Headquarters Reconnaissance

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Coat of arms of the Ministry for State Security of the GDR

The main clearing-up administration ( HVA , MfS -internal also main administration A and HV A ) was the foreign intelligence service of the GDR and belonged to the Ministry for State Security . With the dissolution of the MfS in 1990 and the subsequent disclosure of its working methods, the HVA became the subject of broad public interest and intensive research (since 1991 the responsibility of the Federal Commissioner for Stasi Records ). The end of the HVA and with it the knowledge of the structures, methods and employees of an intelligence service is a unique case in German history.

assignment

Focus

The main task of the HVA was foreign intelligence ( espionage ), including political, military, economic and technology espionage . In addition, there were actions against Western intelligence services ( counter-espionage by penetrating their structures), sabotage preparation and the active measures (e.g. placing articles in Western newspapers, including by activists of the peace movement) in the area of operations of the Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin, as well as a few others Countries to the tasks of the HVA.

The Romeo method of the GDR foreign reconnaissance HVA became known to the public . Since the early 1960s, the task of the Romeos or Romeo agents has been to win secretaries for West German politicians by pretending to love them (Stasi jargon: "intimate care"), to make them emotionally dependent or even to marry them for "purposeful intelligence" purposes . The often single and lonely women, who were previously selected by East German experts, passed on secret documents from their field of work to their lovers without the knowledge of the actual client. In the jargon of the Stasi, the term “fucking for the fatherland” became a winged word for these missions (see also marriage fraud ). In some cases, the women were faked under false flags about the origin of their partners from countries other than the GDR .

Since the early 1980s, military espionage of world systems has become increasingly important. In view of the Cold War between the superpowers , the Soviet Union , the SED leadership and the Minister for State Security Erich Mielke expected essential information from the HVA for the early detection of war preparations.

Cooperation with the KGB

The Enlightenment Headquarters provided the brother services in the Eastern Bloc - above all the KGB - with the lion's share of the information volume from the Federal Republic of Germany , an important European NATO member. The KGB had its GDR headquarters in the former fortress pioneer school in Berlin-Karlshorst , the Soviet military secret service GRU in Potsdam-Babelsberg , and there were liaisons to each district administration. In addition, there were espionage successes from the NATO headquarters in Brussels and some Western European countries, such as Great Britain . In the USA, however, the HVA was never really able to gain a foothold, where almost only the KGB acted. (The significant findings of the GDR investigation, for example on the NSA, came from their West Berlin staff.)

organization

Departments

In 1989 the HVA had 21 departments and five working groups (AG). There was also the HVA staff and the science and technology sector (SWT) responsible for technology espionage as a cross-departmental structure.

Department assignment ladder Employees
(approx.)		 Insinuation
AI FRG state apparatus Colonel Bernd Fischer 100 Ralf-Peter Devaux
A II Parties and Organizations of the FRG Colonel Kurt Gailat 070 Ralf-Peter Devaux
A III Legal residencies in "third countries" (i.e. except Germany) Colonel Horst Machts 070 Werner Prosetzky
A IV Military espionage in the FRG Colonel Siegfried Milke 100 Heinrich Tauchert
AV (SWT) Evaluation for the SWT Colonel Harry Herrmann 080 Horst Vogel
A VI Operational travel Colonel Helmut Reinhold 210 Heinz Geyer
A VII Evaluation and information Colonel Werner Bierbaum 110 Werner Grossmann
A VIII Operational technology, radio Colonel Werner Degenhardt 220 Horst Vogel
A IX Counter espionage at home and abroad and hostile services in the FRG Major General Harry Schütt 190 Werner Grossmann
AX Active measures ( disinformation ) in the FRG / West Berlin Colonel Rolf Wagenbreth 060 Werner Grossmann
A XI North America , US facilities in the FRG Colonel Jurgen Rogalla 070 Heinrich Tauchert
A XII NATO and EG Colonel Klaus Rösler 060 Heinrich Tauchert
A XIII (SWT) Basic research Colonel Siegfried Jesse 060 Horst Vogel
A XIV (SWT) Electronics, optics, IT Colonel Horst Müller 060 Horst Vogel
A XV (SWT) Defense technology, mechanical engineering
Section 5, Deputy. Ltr. Captain Matthias Warnig 		Colonel Günter Ebert 060 Horst Vogel
A XVI Use of legal relationships, coordination of HVA companies Colonel Rudolf Genschow 040 Ralf-Peter Devaux
A XVII Border locks Colonel Werner Wulke 060 Heinz Geyer
A XVIII Sabotage preparation Colonel Gotthold Schramm 110 Ralf-Peter Devaux
A XIX Training, support Colonel Harry Mittenzwei 060 Werner Prosetzky
A XX EDP, data center Colonel Peter Feuchtenberger 120 Horst Vogel
A XXI Backward services, administration, cash register Colonel Tilo Kretzschmar 110 Heinz Geyer
AG S (security) Internal security of the HVA Colonel Eberhard Kopprasch 020th Werner Grossmann
AG XV / BV Instructions from Section XV of the MfS district administrations Colonel Manfred Ebert 010 Heinz Geyer
AG 1 / SWT Resident Forces SWT Colonel Gerhard Jauck 020th Horst Vogel
AG 3 / SWT Operational procurement of armaments Colonel Erich Gaida 020th Horst Vogel
AG 5 / SWT Use of official contacts Colonel Christian Streubel 020th Horst Vogel
Staff of the HVA Coordination, policy / leadership documents Major General Heinz Geyer 020th (Heinz Geyer)

Remarks:

  • Until 1988, Dept. A XVI was called Area K or Coordination Office (KOST), Dept. A XVII was called AG Grenz (AG G). Dept. A XVIII was created in 1987 from parts of what was then Department IV of the MfS.
  • The department numbers written in Roman numerals are preceded by an A (or HV A ) to avoid confusion with the other departments of the State Security. For example, Dept. XII of the MfS (archive) and Dept. A XII of the HVA (NATO / EG ) existed at the same time .
  • After around 1974 the HV B (management) of the MfS was renamed Administration Reverse Services , the HVA was the only head office .

Head 1952–1989

The departments VII, IX, X and AG S were directly subordinate to the head of the HVA (allocation of the HVA departments see table). The head of the HVA was also the deputy minister for state security. He had five deputies.

Anton Ackermann was head of the HVA from 1951 to 1952, and Markus Wolf from 1952 to 1986 (over 34 years of age) .

Werner Großmann led the HVA from 1986 to 1989 with Horst Vogel as first deputy, Heinz Geyer as head of staff, Heinrich Tauchert , Werner Prosetzky and Ralf-Peter Devaux as additional deputies.

Recruitment and training

School of the HVA

The HVA school, which is legendary as the “ Central School of the Society for Sport and Technology Etkar André ”, was initially located in Belzig . From 1965 it was gradually included in the Law School of the MfS (JHS) in Golm near Potsdam , initially at the level of a technical school. From 1968 it was called Specialization for educating JHS , later it was renamed in Section A . It was connected to the Foreign Language School of the MfS (teaching area F). In 1988 the HVA school including the foreign language school (previously in Dammsmühle near Mühlenbeck ) moved to the Seddinsee in Gosen on the Berlin city limits, about 3 km south of Erkner . The bunker of the HVA's alternative guidance point was also located there.

Cinema hall of the MfS University of the Enlightenment Headquarters in Gosen
House 3 MfS University of the Enlightenment Headquarters in Gosen

The HVA school had a good 300 employees in 1989 and was headed by Colonel Bernd Kaufmann. It worked closely with Dept. A XIX and was divided into three teaching areas :

  • Faculty A - Political and operational training; Head: Colonel Helmut Eck. Four chairs, including ML training, politics and history
  • Section B - Special discipline and methodology of intelligence work; Head: Colonel Horst Klugow. Five chairs, including Operational Psychology , Law / Security and Residency Work
  • Faculty F - Foreign Language Institute; Head: Colonel Manfred Fröhlich. Responsible for language training before assignments abroad, as well as interpreting.

Full-time employees

In 1989, the Enlightenment Headquarters had over 3800 full-time employees. According to the establishment plan, these included around 2,400 professional officers and NCOs, 700 full-time IM , 670 OibE and 5 civilian employees. During the HVA self-dissolution, the number of employees temporarily rose to over 4,200.

In the fall of 1989, seven managers had the rank of general : The highest ranking employee was the head of the HVA Werner Großmann as colonel general; four of his deputies as well as Harry Schütt (head of counter-espionage) and Otto Ledermann (head of the SED basic organization of the HVA) were major general.

The HVA employees saw themselves as the elite of the MfS. A high level of personal commitment, flexibility, efficiency and, like all MfS cadres, absolute loyalty to the SED were required of them. Employees from other MfS departments could, if necessary, be transferred to the HVA after excellent performance - as a kind of award - if they were appropriately qualified , for example with a university degree , foreign language skills or the like. Conversely, if the results were unsatisfactory or after intrigues , HVA staff were also transferred to other service units of the State Security, which was understood as a demotion, but was not administratively.

Unofficial and other employees

The full-time HVA employees had a previously unknown number of unofficial employees (IM). These were primarily GDR citizens with a travel permit to the West ( travel cadres , but vice versa only a fraction of the travel cadres were active as IM), members of "operationally interesting" target persons in the West living in the GDR, couriers and instructors , but also thousands of residents of the Federal Republic Germany and West Berlin, partly in exposed social positions.

The HVA was particularly interested in advertising for western students visiting the GDR. These young academics, particularly predestined for managerial tasks and thus confidential information, were developed over decades with high personnel and financial expenditure, with the aim of placing them in high government and economic functions from which they could gain access to secret information.

A famous example of such an advertising operation was Gabriele Gast , who was hired as a student in 1968 and developed into government director in the Federal Intelligence Service . As the top source, it was personally managed by Markus Wolf.

The actual sources of the espionage findings in western foreign countries were not necessarily registered as IM with the HVA (or the MfS). In many cases, they were listed as contact persons (CP), which says little about the degree of cooperation with the GDR intelligence service: The range ranged from the unwitting skimming by HVA contact people in personal surroundings to the deliberate and targeted forwarding of material. The spies met with their command officers and instructors in the GDR as well as in countries in Eastern and Western Europe, with preference for neutral countries such as Austria, Switzerland and Sweden at the time.

According to BStU data from 2004, around 1,500 German citizens and 10,000 GDR citizens were active for the HVA in 1989.

Headquarters

Last headquarters of the HVA in the ministry complex Berlin-Lichtenberg

The HVA forerunner APN resided at the beginning of the 1950s, first in Berlin-Pankow , then on Rolandufer in Berlin-Mitte .

The headquarters of the HVA had been located in the building complex of the MfS headquarters in Berlin-Lichtenberg since the mid / late 1950s . After completion of the new office buildings on the corner of Ruschestrasse and Frankfurter Allee , the service moved into its headquarters there. (After 1990, a newly established employment office used a building on the corner of Gotlindestraße and Ruschestraße, where it is still located. The buildings on Frankfurter Allee are used by Deutsche Bahn .) The operational-technical sector (OTS) was in the Roedernstrasse in Berlin-Alt-Hohenschönhausen . The subordinate departments XV had their seat in each district administration of the MfS.

budget

Before the Bundestag investigation committee on the activities of the Commercial Coordination (KoKo), Markus Wolf stated that at the end of his term of office (1986) the annual financial requirements of the HVA for operational purposes were 17 million GDR marks and 13.5 million DM . This statement could neither be definitively refuted nor verified. In individual HVA departments there were black coffers under the responsibility of the department or unit heads. For the camouflaged procurement of equipment for Dept. A VIII and for other recipients in the MfS, in the NVA or the GDR economy, significantly larger sums were mobilized, most of which came from the area.

history

precursor

In 1951, under the direction of Anton Ackermann, the Institute for Economic Research (IWF) was founded as the GDR's foreign intelligence service. According to Markus Wolf's later memory, eight Germans and four Soviet advisors were present when it was founded on September 1, 1951 in Berlin-Bohnsdorf . Ackermann was the first manager, Richard Stahlmann was his deputy . The chief adviser was KGB officer Andrej Grauer, who, according to Wolf von Stalin, was personally entrusted with the reconstruction aid .

In 1952 the school of the IMF was established (later the school of the HV A ), where mainly agents (in MfS jargon, scouts of peace ) were prepared for their western deployment. Towards the end of the year, Ackermann applied to the SED Politburo for his replacement, and Ulbricht took over direct control of the IMF. In November Markus Wolf, who had previously been deputy head of Department III (Defense) of the service, was appointed its new boss.

In the spring of 1953, the IMF was subordinated to the Politburo member Wilhelm Zaisser , but initially not integrated into the state security. After Zaisser's fall as a result of June 17, 1953 and the demotion of the MfS to the State Secretariat (SfS), it was incorporated under the designation Hauptabteilung XV (HA XV), internally now known as the Foreign Policy Intelligence Service (APN). Markus Wolf remained head of HA XV, who from then on also held the post of Deputy State Secretary and Minister for State Security.

Head office for clearing up within the MfS

After the SfS had been upgraded to a ministry again under Ernst Wollweber in November 1955, HA XV received the status of a main administration (HV A) on May 1, 1956 . This enabled some of their previous departments to become main departments themselves , including HA I (political espionage), HA II (Western Allies / military espionage), HA IV (industrial espionage) and HA V (evaluation). In the same year Major General Hans Fruck was appointed 1st deputy head of the HVA.

In 1959, the HVA was fundamentally restructured into eight departments, and the school was named Object 9 .

In addition to the work against the Federal Republic of Germany, construction aid for the services of the young nation states became a focus of activity in the 1960s . There were missions abroad e.g. B. in Ghana , Zanzibar , Cuba , Sudan and other developing or emerging countries .

Under Frucks protection developed from 1967 Schalk-Golodkowski area Commercial Coordination ( BKK or KoKo ) with its various companies as an important intelligence tool of HVA. The camouflaged HVA companies F.C. Gerlach , G. Simon (renamed Camet in 1977 ), Asimex and Interport generated millions in Western currencies for operational purposes of the service.

In 1973 Mielke founded Department IX (counter-espionage) of the HVA, which took over the tasks of Main Department II ( counter-espionage ), which until then had been responsible for Western intelligence services.

In 1974, the arrest of the HVA agents led Günter Guillaume to a serious setback for the GDR and their espionage: The previously even the Stasi by bought votes ahead of a confidence vote kept the Bundestag , Chancellor Brandt stepped back, and it came to diplomatic upsets. Guillaume had worked in the Federal Chancellery since 1970 and as Brandt's personal advisor since 1972 .

On January 18, 1979, the HVA lieutenant and physicist Werner Stiller fled to West Berlin after he had previously contacted the Federal Intelligence Service . Stiller, who had been employed in Section 1 of the HVA Department XIII, responsible for industrial espionage since 1972, which was mainly devoted to espionage in the nuclear research sector , succeeded in taking extensive secret documents from the HV A to West Berlin, whereupon just a few hours later A wave of arrests began in several Western European countries, during which on January 19, 1979 at least 15 GDR agents were arrested in the Federal Republic of Germany alone. Stiller's statements had extensive investigations in Austria result, especially against the communists and entrepreneurs Rudolf wine , the nuclear physicist Rudolf Sacher (alias Sander ) and the mastermind behind the case Lucona , Udo Proksch , who was sentenced in 1992 for six counts of murder. Stiller identified Markus Wolf, among others, in a photo taken in Stockholm in 1978, thereby exposing the “man without a face” ( Der Spiegel presented this in a cover story). The MfS prepared the operational case (OV) Jackal for Stiller with the aim of his liquidation , but his whereabouts could not be determined (Stiller received a new identity in the USA from the CIA). In addition to the betrayal , which Wolf and many HVA employees perceived as a personal defeat , the service suffered great damage mainly because the west side had completely underestimated the GDR technology espionage now revealed by Stiller and had eliminated these deficits.

In 1980 the HVA captain Werner Teske was arrested on charges of espionage for western secret services after he had failed to move to West Berlin. Teske was sentenced to death in a secret trial. The execution of the judgment in June 1981 was the last execution in the GDR. This case is also said to have been kept secret within the MfS.

In May 1986 Markus Wolf retired from active service. The farewell ceremony took place on November 27, 1986, almost exactly 34 years after Wolf took over the management of the IMF. His successor and last regular head of the HVA was his long-time first deputy, Werner Großmann, who had actually been in charge of the service since mid-1984.

Dissolution (settlement)

When most of the MfS district administrations were occupied by demonstrators at the end of 1989, the HVA continued to work at the MfS headquarters in Berlin. The service staff tried to destroy files and switch off sources . During the restructuring at the turn of the year 1989/90, the AG BKK of the MfS , which was responsible for monitoring the KoKo, was added to the HVA because of the related work item. On January 13, 1990, the GDR government under Modrow ( Modrow government ), at the initiative of the Central Round Table, ordered the dissolution of the MfS / AfNS and thus the HVA , which had recently been renamed the GDR intelligence service .

When the MfS complex in Berlin-Lichtenberg was stormed on January 15, 1990 , the premises of the HVA remained untouched. On February 8th, the committee for the dissolution of the former AfNS was established , on the one hand, and three government officials were appointed to control the dissolution process.

In the resolution of the Security Working Group of the Central Round Table of February 23, 1990 to dissolve the HVA, the (typed) original version reads: "The control of all measures is carried out by the Citizens' Committee." Government Colonel-General Fritz Peter , the control was changed by hand without recognizable legitimation (no countersignature): “The control is carried out by the Security Working Group in close cooperation with the Citizens Committee and is carried out by Dr. Böhm coordinates. ” Georg Böhm was Peter's deputy. The control that had actually been decided upon was only theory, which was later referred to as “approved self-dissolution”. The assignment of AG BKK to the former HVA was reversed; in the meantime - according to a later assessment of the KoKo committee of the Bundestag and the BStU - a number of documents from this area had disappeared. Like all MfS employees, HVA boss Werner Großmann , who was dismissed in early 1990, became an advisor to the group that was immediately formed to dissolve the HVA . The specific handling within this group was headed by Bernd Fischer , formerly Colonel and head of HVA Department I. The intelligence service should be completely dissolved on July 1, 1990.

Almost all personal documents, espionage results and other HVA materials were destroyed by June 1990. The resolvers made two fatal mistakes:

  • On the one hand, a copy of a microfilmed card index, later known as the Rosewood Files , reached the CIA in a way that was not entirely clear . The procurement was called Operation Rosewood by the CIA . The opinion that was often held at the beginning that it was a kind of mobilization file does not apply.
  • On the other hand, an external backup copy of the SIRA database had existed since 1987 , in which the HVA input information was saved as summaries together with some data on the delivering spies. This SIRA copy escaped destruction, ended up in the BStU archive in a roundabout way and has been largely decrypted since 1998. Together with the rosewood files handed over by the CIA, these data now enable deep insights into GDR espionage from 1969 to 1989.

When the group around Fischer reported to the state MfS dissolution committee that the execution was on time , neither all documents were destroyed nor the HVA companies were properly liquidated. The destruction of outsourced files continued even after October 3, 1990 ; At FC Gerlach and Asimex , several hundred million D-Mark federal assets were embezzled until 1991. The HVA resolvers only provided general information in their final report and concealed the problems.

rating

Intelligence successes

From 1990 onwards, Wolf, Großmann and others repeatedly pointed out that the HVA was considered "one of the best intelligence services in the world". In the MfS there was the self-assessment as "second best service after the Mossad " (e.g. according to K. Thümer, middle management of the HA II). HVA successes such as the placement of Rainer Rupp ( Topas ) in NATO, the collaboration with Gabriele Gast and Alfred Spuhler in the BND or with Klaus Kuron ( Stern ) in the BfV have now been extensively documented. The most well-known GDR spies in public before 1990 were Chancellor 's spy Günter Guillaume and his wife Christel, who were deliberately relocated.

Western services practically never succeeded in breaking into the MfS or even the HVA with spies. After 1990, however, numerous high-ranking officers revealed themselves to the secret services of the Federal Republic of Germany and the CIA, which made a decisive contribution to the conviction of West German citizens to long prison sentences for treason . However, as long as they were only active from the soil of the GDR, the officers of the HVA remained unpunished according to a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court on May 15, 1995 .

The successes of the HVA were favored by circumstances that the MfS could hardly influence:

  • Withdrawal of agents - The possibilities of withdrawing in the direction of the GDR were significantly better than those in the opposite direction, especially after the Wall was built in 1961.
  • Simple smuggling - The Federal Republic of Germany's lax controls on people entering the GDR and the border that is always open to emigrants made it much easier for the HVA agents to smuggle in. However, it should not be forgotten that the secret services of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Allies were well aware of this problem and observed incoming tourists and, in particular, comprehensively interrogated (alleged) emigrants. The unmasking of Günter Guillaume goes back to a systematic review of all emigrants. The border was constantly monitored by customs, the Federal Border Guard , the border police and the Allied military police.
  • Threats of punishment - While HVA agents were “only” sentenced to imprisonment when they were discovered in the West , not only were prison conditions threatened in the GDR, but also the death penalty until the early 1980s - at least for GDR citizens suspected of espionage.

Success in active measures : Example of the rescue of the Brandt government in 1972

In addition to the intelligence work, active measures in the west were an important field of activity of the HVA. In addition to disinformation and deception, this also included weakening or supporting West German politicians, depending on the interests of the SED. The HVA achieved its greatest success by rescuing the Brandt government in the vote of no confidence of April 27, 1972 in the Bundestag. Brandt's opponent Rainer Barzel (CDU) was, contrary to expectations, missing two votes to replace Brandt as Federal Chancellor . After the end of the GDR, massive evidence, such as testimony and bank documents, indicated that the MPs Julius Steiner (CDU) and Leo Wagner (CSU) were bribed by the HVA with 50,000 DM each so that they did not vote for Barzel and Brandt Chancellor stayed. Two weeks after the vote, SED leader Erich Honecker was able to proudly report on his first state visit to Romania of his success, as a success for the entire Eastern bloc: In terms of a “common, coordinated line in foreign policy”, a Brandt government is “for us all more pleasant than a government led by Barzel and Strauss ”.

Role in the repressive apparatus

The role of the HVA within the state apparatus in the repression of the opposition is the subject of public discussion.

  • Since the IMs of the HVA were mainly based in the GDR, in addition to espionage information there was also information that was directly suitable for the oppression of the population by the secret police apparatus. The HVA passed these findings on to the responsible MfS departments.
  • Information about GDR citizens provided by the HVA spies in the west was also used to prosecute them. B. after unlawful contact to institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany or statements on intent to flee .
  • The tasks of the HVA agents active in the OG (MfS term for the Federal Republic of Germany) also included the investigation and disintegration of expatriated GDR dissidents; Examples include a. Jürgen Fuchs , Roland Jahn , Lutz Eigendorf , Bernd Moldenhauer and Wolfgang Welsch (escape helpers) .
  • Western missions of other MfS departments were coordinated or took place in cooperation with the HVA; in the 1980s she usually carried out this on her own responsibility. The personnel trained for foreign missions (HVA-Dept. XVIII, AGM / S and others) enabled an enormous - not only operational - clout that hardly fits the image of a classic intelligence service.

Movies

  • Barluschke - psychogram of a spy . Director: Thomas Heise (1997; released on VHS March 2000)
  • Germany 83/86 . The fictional spy Martin Rauch alias Moritz Stamm is smuggled into the Bundeswehr through the HVA in order to spy on NATO plans. The figure of the spy "Kolibri" is based on the agent Rainer Rupp (code name "Topas").
  • Wendezeit (2019) , feature film about a double agent in Berlin during the Wende
  • Inside HVA (2019), documentation, broadcast 12/2019, ARD

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gunther Latsch: Half the truth. The spokesman for the PDS parliamentary group Reiner Oschmann worked as IM “Helfried” for the Stasi foreign intelligence. In: Der Spiegel . No. 49 , 2000, pp. 111 ( online - 4 December 2000 ).
  2. ↑ Udo Scheer : The Spy Who Didn't Love . In: Die Welt of November 27, 1999
  3. ↑ See at ddr-wissen.de , accessed on August 25, 2008.
  4. ^ Helmut Müller-Enbergs: The Institute for Economic Research and the Beginnings of GDR Espionage. Structural and personal decisions from 1951 to 1956. (= booklets on DDR history 122). Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, Berlin 2010, pp. 5–7. Müller-Enbergs points out that the IMF, as the Foreign Policy Intelligence Service (APN), was not subordinate to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the GDR , as is often assumed. The term Foreign Policy Intelligence Service can only be proven from autumn 1953 to September 1956 (p. 7).
  5. ^ Helmut Müller-Enbergs: The intelligence school. The I. Course of the School of the Institute for Economic Research (IWF) . (= booklets on DDR history 107). Rosa Luxemburg Foundation, Berlin 2006, p. 5 fn. 1.
  6. ↑ Stephan Konopatzky: The possibilities and limits of the use of SIRA databases using the example of the Stiller and Guillaume cases. ( Memento from August 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Horch and Guck issue 39/2002, pages 46ff.
  7. ↑ GDR espionage: "That makes them shake mightily" . In: Der Spiegel . No. 10 , 1979, p. 70-83 ( Online - Mar. 5, 1979 ).
  8. ↑ Bundesarchiv (Germany) : DO 104 Government Plenipotentiary / Committee for the Dissolution of the Office for National Security of the GDR (AfNS) sheets 58 and Click 59, scroll the control line of the sheets ("1, 2, 3, ... 20") to "... 60" beforehand ( Memento from April 10, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ Helmut Müller-Enbergs (with the collaboration of Sabine Fiebig, Günter Finck, Georg Herbstritt, Stephan Konopatzky): "Rosenholz". A source review. Berlin 2007, p. 251; ISBN 978-3-942130-69-1 , online version .
  10. ^ BStU : The German Bundestag 1949 to 1989 in the files of the Ministry for State Security (MfS) of the GDR. Report to the German Bundestag in accordance with Section 37 (3) of the Stasi Records Act, Berlin 2013, pp. 125–129 and 265-280. ( PDF )
  11. ^ BStU : The German Bundestag 1949 to 1989 in the files of the Ministry for State Security (MfS) of the GDR. Report to the German Bundestag in accordance with Section 37 (3) of the Stasi Records Act, Berlin 2013, pp. 232ff, 242f, 265ff. ( PDF )
  12. ^ BStU : The German Bundestag 1949 to 1989 in the files of the Ministry for State Security (MfS) of the GDR. Expert opinion to the German Bundestag in accordance with Section 37 (3) of the Stasi Records Act, Berlin 2013, p. 267 ( PDF )
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on August 25, 2005 .