Persecution of Jews in Schleswig-Holstein (1933–1945)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

History of the Jews in Schleswig-Holstein

In the German population of the Middle Ages, who were mostly baptized Christian, the Jewish-believing minority suffered from massive persecution and harassment for centuries. This only began to change with the Age of Enlightenment , when, in the course of Jewish emancipation, the integration and equal rights of Jews were no longer viewed primarily from an economic perspective, but also from a cultural and humanistic perspective. In Prussia, under Frederick II, there was limited tolerance towards the so-called " Protective Jews ". The Jews, on the other hand, were more inclined to adapt to the Christian environment through assimilation (e.g. through Christian baptism and name change) (see here and below the history of the Jews in Germany ). In the course of the Napoleonic Wars, the government transferred the principle of the emancipation of the Jews , which had been in force in France since 1791, to the occupied territories of Germany. For example, with the Prussian Jewish edict of 1812, Jews living in Prussia became Prussian citizens, albeit with considerable restrictions. The new constitutions of the German Confederation of 1849 and 1860 introduced a strict separation of state and church and thus put Jews on an equal footing. The Imperial Constitution of 1871 was - at least legally - to finally make all German Jews citizens of equal rights.

Until the emancipation, Schleswig-Holstein's Judaism was predominantly small-town. In Schleswig-Holstein , too, there was initially a slight improvement in the situation of the Jews in the 19th century as part of their emancipation through the state constitution for Schleswig-Holstein of September 15, 1848, which was only valid until 1851. After further attempts in Lübeck (1848/52), Schleswig (1854) and Holstein (1863), this emancipation was formally concluded with the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.

However, legal equality found only limited approval in the Christian majority and was only slowly implemented in everyday life. A growing number of people, especially among the bourgeoisie, represented not only religiously motivated, anti-Jewish views, but also racist-anti-Semitic ideas. Thousands of citizens organized themselves in anti-Semitic organizations, such as the 'Pan-German Association' - which was influential in the educated bourgeoisie and in politics - and later in the NSDAP , in order to combat the formal equal treatment of Jews and non-Aryans. In short: "In everyday life, members of the Jewish religious community were marginalized, severely disadvantaged professionally and isolated in their environment." This also had an impact on the willingness of the Jews to go into exile.

While in Germany in 1925 563,733 people or 0.9% of the population still felt they belonged to a Jewish religious community, the proportion had already fallen to 499,682 (0.8%) under the influence of national-socialist persecution by the census of June 16, 1933 . In 1939, despite the territorial Nazi expansion of the German Reich that had taken place in the meantime, the number of Jews in the old Reich had fallen again drastically to 233,973 (0.34%). And this, although since 1935 the racially expanded NS definition of the so-called valid Jew considerably expanded the group of persons officially registered as Jews and no longer limited it to the Jewish creed. According to Dt. Minorities in the census of May 17, 1939, Jews had to state in detail on so-called 'supplementary sheets', under threat of punishment, whether their ancestors also had one or two Jewish grandparents. Because of this, the Nazi state classified these people accordingly z. B. as 'full Jew' ('racial Jews') or 'half Jew'.

According to this, a total of 1,742 people of 'Jewish origin' lived in Schleswig-Holstein in 1939, of which 755 were so-called 'full Jews' ('racial Jews'), 473 'Jewish mixed race 1st degree' and 514 'Jewish mixed race 2nd degree'. Of the 'full Jews', 575 were considered to be 'religious Jews', 136 as members of Protestant regional or free churches, and 7 as Roman Catholic Christians. Many Jews emigrated under the increased pressure of persecution. There was also a 'surplus of deaths' among the aging Jewish population and the first deportations. For example, 17,000 mostly male adult Polish Jews were deported in trains from Germany to Poland on October 28 and 29, 1938. The mass deportation of Polish Jews from Schleswig-Holstein initially failed because of bureaucratic mishaps. However, it was resumed in the spring of 1939 when they were threatened with deportation to concentration camps if they did not leave Germany in the near future. Most of the victims fled to Poland, Holland, France and Belgium, where the German occupying forces imprisoned them again after the start of the war and deported them to extermination camps. The few Polish Jews who remained in Kiel were first deported by the Gestapo to a 'Judenhaus' in Leipzig and from there to concentration camps.

In the big cities the proportion of Jews was relatively higher than in the country, which was not only based on the comparatively higher attractiveness of city life, but also reflected the centuries of official control of the Jewish settlement. Berlin, for example, had a Jewish share of 3.8%, Frankfurt am Main 4.7%, Breslau 3.2%, Cologne 2.0%, Hamburg 1.5%, Hanover 1.1% and Kiel 0.2% on. In general, there was a south-north divide in the proportion of Jews in Germany's total population. In the two large cities of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck and Kiel, 64% of the Jewish population was accordingly concentrated, the remaining Jews were spread over 123 smaller towns and villages.

In 1933 there were relatively few Jews living in Schleswig-Holstein with around 1,900 people. They made up only 0.13% of the total population of Schleswig-Holstein or 0.34% of all Jews in the German Empire. Within a decade, the proportion continued to decline in the face of increasingly massive persecution. In November 1942 there were only 59 Jews left in Schleswig-Holstein, spread over 18 towns. Over 1,600 had already been deported, most of them murdered. Thus the Nazi regime had achieved its goal of making Schleswig-Holstein "free of Jews". After the war, according to the census of October 29, 1946 - due to the refugee movements - a total of 949 people of the Jewish faith ('Israelites') were again in Schleswig-Holstein, 464 of them in camps for refugees (DP camps).

Persecution of Jews in the Nazi regime (1933–1945)

The offender

Apart from the NS perpetrator groups responsible for the Holocaust , which are listed in the following table, some of the persons listed below also participated in the mass extermination of Jews in the occupied territories (including those from the German Reich as part of NS perpetrator groups deported Jews), e.g. B. in the ghetto of Riga , in the so-called Reichskommissariat Ostland and in the ghetto of Minsk in the Ukraine . The following (incomplete) table lists these NS perpetrator groups as examples.

The table only includes larger and exemplary smaller mass shootings. Abbreviations for Einsatzgruppe = EG, Einsatzkommando = EK, Lithuanian Activist Front = LAF, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists = OUN, Police Battalion = PB, Sonderkommando = SK, Security and Order Police = OP. (Source: wikipedia).

place date Offender unit Victim
Garsden June 24, 1941 EK Tilsit 200 men, one woman
Białystok June 27, 1941 PB 309 2,000 men and women
Lviv June 30 to July 2, 1941 OUN 4,000 men
Dünaburg 1./2. July 1941 EK 1a 1,150 men
Riga Early July 1941 EG A, Lithuanian auxiliary police 400
Zolochiv Early July 1941 SK 4b, OUN, SS Vikings 2,000
Ternopoly July 7, 1941 SK 4b, OUN 800
Lutsk July 2, 1941 SK 4a 1,160 men
Lviv 2-6 July 1941 EK 5, 6, e.g. b. V. 2,500 men
Kaunas 4th-6th July 1941 EK 3 2,977 men
Brest July 6, 1941 PB 307 4,000 men
Białystok July 8, 1941 PB 316, 322 3,000 men
Mitau July 15, 1941 EK 2 1,550
Kaunas 25.-28. July 1941 LAF 3,800
Lviv 29.-31. July 1941 OUN 2,000
Pinsk 7th / 8th August 1941 SS cavalry brigade 9,000
Kamenets-Podolsk 27.-29. August 1941 PB 320, pp 26,500
Zhitomir September 19, 1941 EG C, D 3,145
Kiev , Babyn Yar 29./30. September 1941 SK 4a, PB 45, 314 33,771
Belarus from October 1941 707th Infantry Division 19,000
Dnepropetrovsk 13./14. October 1941 PB 314 11,000
Rovno 5th / 6th November 1941 EK 5, PB 320 15,000
Riga November 30th, 7th / 8th December 1941 all PB, command Arājs 26,000
Simferopol 13-15 December 1941 EG D, Wehrmacht 12,000
Kharkov from January 1, 1942 PB 314 12,000
Minsk 28-30 July 1942 OP 10,000
Lutsk 19.-23. August 1942 OP 14,700
Vladimir Volynsk 1st - 3rd September 1942 OP 13,500
Brest 15./16. October 1942 OP, PB 310 19,000
Pinsk October 28, 1942 PB 306, 310 18,000

Lone perpetrator in Schleswig-Holstein (1933–1945)

  • Fritz Barnekow , head of Judenreferat II B 5 of the Kiel Gestapo (1941–1943); one of the main organizers of the Schleswig-Holstein deportations of Jews (from 1941).
  • Franz von Baselli, local group leader von Pinneberg in 1931, succeeded Dr. Adolph Herting was rewarded with the office of mayor (1934-1936) in Schleswig. Appointed Gauamtsleiter für Kommunalpolitik in January 1936, he played a key role in ensuring that National Socialist administrative principles were implemented in all of the country's municipalities in accordance with the municipal code revised in 1935
  • Hans Bernsau , district manager of the NSDAP in the Schleswig district (1926-1931), from 1931 managing director of the NSDAP district "North-East"
  • Heinrich Blum , school councilor, from 1925 district leader of the National Socialist teachers' association, acting NSDAP mayor in Schleswig 1933 and member of the 'old guard' of the NS grandees in Schleswig. Shortly after the occupation of the Baltic States by the Wehrmacht, Gauleiter Hinrich Lohse assigned him to the civil administration of the Reichskommissariat Ostland with the post of higher government and school council
  • Peter Börnsen , served as NSDAP district leader in Eckernförde from January 1933 to 1945 and from 1939-1942 as a representative of the Schleswig district leader Dr. Georg Carstensen. In 1932 he was admitted to the Prussia. Elected Landtag and belonged to the Reichstag from 1933-1945. After the end of the war, he was interned for 37 months and sentenced to six years in prison in 1949. In the appeal proceedings, the sentence was reduced to three years
  • Paul Carell , (1911-1997), was a German diplomat and Nazi journalist. As a psychology student at the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel , he headed the local "Combat Committee Against the Un-German Spirit". These "combat committees" agitated as the spearhead of the German student body against "Jewish intellectualism". During the Second World War Carell was press chief for Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and SS-Obersturmbannführer . In May 1944, Schmidt gave advice on how to justify the deportation and murder of Hungarian Jews in order to avoid accusations of mass murder . From 1965 to 1971 the public prosecutor's office investigated Verden for the murder of Paul Schmidt-Carell. But the investigation that was supposed to clarify his involvement in the murder of Hungarian Jews was discontinued without result. Schmidt-Carell never had to answer to a court for his activities in the Nazi state.
  • Georg Carstensen, also belonged to the group of 'old fighters'. After 1945, the court ruled that Carstensen, due to his membership in the regional leadership corps of the NSDAP, was relieved of all criminal acts - such as the executions of foreign workers in the Schleswig district, the arrests made in the city of Schleswig on July 20, 1944, or the transports of inmates of the sanatorium in Meseritz and Bernburg - must have known. Likewise in 1933 from an incident in Leck, in which a local watchmaker was driven through the streets with a sign around his neck and the inscription "I am the biggest scoundrel, I insulted Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler" because of an alleged disparagement.
  • Carl Coors , NSDAP mayor in Friedrichstadt from 1937 , the measures taken as part of the first nationwide boycott against Jewish businessmen on April 1, 1937 were carried out here
  • Georg Dahm , Kiel criminal lawyer and international lawyer . Alongside Friedrich Schaffstein , he was one of the most prominent representatives of National Socialist criminal law. 1935 - 1937 pioneer of the persecution of Jews at Kiel University.
  • Thomas Frahm, NSDAP local group leader in Schuby, where he is said to have exercised a real "terror regiment"
  • Gustav Frenssen , (born October 19, 1863 in Barlt , Dithmarschen ; † April 11, 1945 there ); German writer of völkisch nationalism , from 1932 of National Socialism . Pioneer of the Nazi state; By publicly taking sides against "Jews and Jewish artists" before and during the Nazi era, Frenssen was largely responsible for the crimes against Jews during National Socialism.
  • Otto Gestefeld , district deputy, deputy Schleswig district administrator and member of the "old fighters" of NSDAP members in the Schleswig region
  • Hans Gewecke , NSDAP district leader of the Duchy of Lauenburg, in 1941 and 1945 he worked as an area commissioner in the Lithuanian city of Schaulen (1941–1945)
  • Emil Gosch , NSDAP local group leader in Silberstedt
  • Claus-Peter Hans , was initially NSDAP local group leader in Seeth / Drage and from July 1932 to May 1945 district leader in the Flensburg-Land district, in personal union from October 1935 to November 1937 district administrator and district deputy and between 1933 and 1935 and 1941 and 1945 deputy district administrator
  • Ernst Hansen (district farmer leader) , together with other regional NSDAP greats, he had abused a worker in the Idstedt community in June 1933, when he hung a sign with the inscription "I am a usurer and cutthroat" and drove across the city of Schleswig
  • Erich Hasse was one of the hard core of the regional NSDAP. In the course of the campaign to accommodate the "Old Guard", G. Knutzen and H. Reincke, both active in Schleswig-Holstein SA and SS storms since 1930 and 1931, were appointed as operations director of the Kreisschifffahrt
  • Ferdinand Jans , 1933 District Works Group Leader in the German Workers' Association in the Construction Industry of the Schleswig District. He then became district administrator of the DAF and as such was appointed by the mayor of Baselli on November 27, 1935 as an honorary alderman in the city of Schleswig
  • Jürgen Jöns (Erfde) was one of the early Nazi agitators in Schleswig and was a member of the district council as a second district deputy until his death
  • Ernst Kolbe belonged to the type of battle-tested warrior who did not shrink from the use of force. Kolbe's unscrupulousness became particularly evident in the "protective custody measures" staged in the course of the "seizure of power" by politically dissenters and in other persecution actions, for example in the community of Börm near Schleswig. He was also a member of the SS and, with the occupation of Denmark, went to Copenhagen as Hauptscharführer, where he worked as a Gestapo employee. He was killed on March 21, 1945 in the course of an action by Danish resistance fighters in the so-called assault on the "Shellhuset", the Gestapo headquarters in Copenhagen
  • Hans Kolbe, naval officer, vice admiral ret. D., fought in the civil war-like clashes in the wake of the Kapp Putsch on March 13, 1920 in a leading position against armed revolutionary workers' groups in the Ruhr area. In October 1936 he became Gauamtsleiter of the Reichskolonialbund. In 1941 appointed "honorary" standard leader of the SS security service. For the public and illegal executions of Polish foreign workers in Sieverstedt near Flensburg and Dollrottfeld in 1941, he forcibly had more than 100 prisoners of war from the Schleswig district transported by truck. Kolbe was also aware of an arbitrary execution of Polish foreign workers by the Gestapo near Kropp in November 1941
  • Hinrich Lohse , Gauleiter in Schleswig-Holstein
  • Joachim Meyer-Quade , together with Gauleiter Hinrich Lohse , Meyer-Quade was a leading National Socialist in Schleswig-Holstein. As NSDAP district leader he was responsible for the northeast of Schleswig-Holstein, including the leadership of the SA subgroup Schleswig with the rank of SA chief, later SA brigade leader and Kiel police chief
  • Albert Malzahn (1899–) , 1934–1943, regional economic advisor in SH; Managing Director, Elmshorn; President of the IHK Kiel; Chairman of the Landesbank of the Province of Schleswig-Holstein.
  • Joachim Meyer-Quade , co-founder of Schleswiger SA. Through his work for the party in the Schleswig district, he made the career leap that should lead him to high offices within the Nazi hierarchy. 1932 District management for the NSDAP "North-East District", with the areas of Flensburg, Schleswig and Eckernförde. In this function he took part in the assault on the Eckernförde trade union building arranged by SA men in Storm IV / 86 on July 10, 1932, in which two social democratic farm workers were stabbed to death. Elected to the district council on May 12, 1933, he was appointed district administrator of the Schleswig district. Promoted to brigade leader of the SA Group Nordmark on February 1, 1934, Gauleiter Lohse appointed him Police President of Kiel in October 1934. In the same year he was also an assessor in the People's Court. In 1938 he became SA-Obergruppenführer in the Nordmark. As such, on the night of the pogrom from November 9-10, 1938, he issued an order from Munich to plunder and destroy the synagogues in Schleswig-Holstein and to arrest the Jewish population. When war broke out, he left Schleswig-Holstein, volunteered for military service and fell as a first lieutenant in Infantry Regiment 6 on September 10, 1939 at Piatek. His grave became the “pilgrimage site” of his old Schleswig followers
  • Hinrich Möller (SS member) - In the Reichspogromnacht Möller was one of the main actors in the crimes committed against "Jews" in Schleswig-Holstein.
  • Ernst Paulsen , Dr., NSDAP local group leader from the very beginning in Schleswig, from March 1, 1925
  • Max Plaut (lawyer, 1901) , lawyer, economist and Jewish association official. From 1939 head of their Northwest Germany district office of the Reich Association of Jews in Germany . In this function he was also responsible for the interests of the Jews in Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony .
  • Ernst Ramcke , member of the SA from 1928, in which he, promoted to Obersturmführer, led the Schleswig storm 23/86. Ramcke also acted as a circle speaker for the party and district professional administrator of the DAF and, honored with the golden party badge, was part of the "Old Guard". Together with Bruno Steen, he was also part of the circle of informers who had been systematically involved in dismissals for political reasons in the city administration since May 1933
  • Ernst Graf Reventlow , (1869-1943) ran unsuccessfully for the Reichstag in 1907 and 1912 for the anti-Semitic “German Social Reform Party” in the constituency of Flensburg-Aabenraa. After 1918 he became involved in right-wing extremist groups before he joined the NSDAP in 1927, which he represented in the Reichstag until his death
  • Hermann Riecken , NSDAP member from the very beginning, Mayor of Heikendorf (1933-1939), from 1939 district chairman of Flensburg Stadt, and from 1941 NS area commissioner in the Estonian district of Pärnu (German, Pärnau) as well as in the Latvian Dünaburg (Latvian Daugavpils) ( 1942-1944).
  • Kurt Stawizki , from 1919 on, Freikorps Stein (near Kiel), in Schleswig-Holstein ; from 1933, Gestapo , Hamburg. From mid-October 1940 commander of the Security Police and SD (KdS) in Krakow (Poland). From July 1941 head of the Gestapo in Lemberg (Ukraine).
  • Roland Siegel , Dr., 1933 provisional district administrator, Schleswig, in December 1932 transferred as a senior administrative officer to the political department of the Berlin police chief; after January 30, 1933 he held a key position as human resources officer, he worked as a close associate of the National Socialist police chief Konteradmiral a. D. von Levetzow played a key role in the political cleansing of the civil service apparatus. At the beginning of May he was promoted to the Prussian Ministry of the Interior. On October 1, 1933 he was appointed to the government council.
  • Bruno Steen , local group leader in Schleswig, notorious for his actions against the brothers Max and Bernhard Weinberg of Jewish origin in Schleswig, whom he publicly insulted as 'Jewish boys'. The Weinberg family lost their German citizenship in Schleswig on April 3, 1934, but received it back on September 17, 1935 without any justification after a successful objection. Max Bernhard and Bernhard Weinberg survived the war as “half-Jews”
  • Erich Straub , Dr. med., first NSDAP city councilor in Schleswig. In 1930 he became head of the district department for public health and racial welfare of the NSDAP. In November 1933 he was promoted to regional councilor, among other things, entrusted with the management of welfare education. Between February 1941 and March 1943 he also worked as an expert in the National Socialist "euthanasia program". He belonged to the NSDAP clique of the 'old fighters' in Schleswig
  • Jürgen Tams , farmer in Groß-Rheide. From April 1929 NSDAP local group leader, from February 1, 1931 storm leader of an SA storm that initially comprised 30 members and which had grown to over 300 members by the end of 1932. In 1930 he assumed the post of agricultural district adviser for the party
  • Albert Zerrahn , master fisherman and innkeeper, NSDAP local group Tolk since 1925 and member of the "Old Guard". Zerrahn's "lust for forest" was considered the "nucleus of movement" in the Schleswig district. In 1933, despite public protests, he was also head of the Nübel office. Albert and his son Wilhelm Zerrahn were close friends with Hinrich Lohse.
  • Wilhelm Zerrahn , joined the SS in 1931, where he made a targeted career. In 1934 he was first SS-Oberscharführer in Flensburg. Until 1937 he was an SS brigade leader in the 50th SS staff department and since November 1937 in the SS staff. In December 1940 he was appointed SS group leader. Promoted to SD-Gruppenführer in April 1941, shortly afterwards he was promoted to Obergruppenführer in the Reich Security Main Office

Perpetrators who worked in Schleswig-Holstein after 1945

The victims

For a list of names of persecuted Jews in Schleswig-Holstein in the period 1933–1945 s. Memorial book - Victims of the persecution of Jews under the National Socialist tyranny 1933–1945

Individual fates of persecuted Jews in Schleswig-Holstein

  • Heinz Salomon , SPD politician ; was brought to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in the last transport with Jews from Schleswig-Holstein on February 14, 1945, and from there returned seriously ill as the first Jew to return to the city of Kiel after the Second World War .
  • Fate of the family of the painter Nathan Israel Cohn (born 1862): His wife Hanna Cohn (formerly Lunczer) died in the Neustadt mental hospital in April 1941 'of old age', and her sister, Sarah Hedwig Lunczer, took her own life after she had received her deportation order on June 17, 1942. According to the official version, master painter Cohn himself died on March 13, 1942 of "bladder cancer and cysts of the bladder".
  • Cooperative and KPD members in SH, s.
  • Jehovah's Witnesses in SH; s.

Places of remembrance

Synagogues in Schleswig-Holstein

During the November pogroms of 1938 on the night of November 9th to 10th, 1938 - also called Reichspogromnacht or cynically ( Reichs- ) Kristallnacht - organized and controlled measures of violence against Jews in Germany and over 1,400 synagogues , prayer rooms and other meeting rooms were carried out by the National Socialist regime as well as thousands of shops, apartments and Jewish cemeteries destroyed, at least four of them in Schleswig-Holstein. The pogroms mark the transition from discrimination against German Jews since 1933 to systematic persecution that culminated in the Holocaust just under three years later .

List of old synagogues in Schleswig-Holstein

  1. Synagogue (Ahrensburg) , destroyed in the November pogrom in 1938
  2. Elmshorn synagogue , destroyed in the November pogrom in 1938
  3. Goethestrasse Synagogue, Kiel, destroyed in the November pogrom in 1938
  4. Synagogue (Lübeck) , the interior was destroyed during the November pogrom in 1938
  5. Synagogue (Rendsburg) , the interior was destroyed during the November pogrom in 1938

Jewish cemeteries in SH

The desecration of Jewish cemeteries with slogans such as “Jews out”, “ Judensau ”, “ Heil Hitler ”, “We fill the 7 million” or with SS runes and swastikas took place en masse and politically motivated in Germany during the Nazi era . According to the historian Julius H. Schoeps , 80 to 90 percent of the 1,700 Jewish resting places in the German Reich at that time were desecrated during this period. There is no statistical information on how many cemeteries in Schleswig-Holstein were affected (see individual reports on the history of the cemeteries below). Jewish cemeteries were desecrated in a number of ways, initially through direct damage, which has been accumulating since 1938. From 1942, however, also through actions as part of the “Reichsmetallspende”, which offered a pretext to remove bars and other metal objects from Jewish cemeteries. SA men and Hitler Youth took the opportunity to smash stone tombs. The “ Reich Institute for the History of the New Germany ” had the deceased exhumed in order to carry out “skull and other bone measurements”. With the desecration of the cemetery, the perpetrators want to destroy the religiously justified durability of the graves and the memory of Jewish life, erase its symbolic presence and injure both the dignity of the deceased and that of their relatives. For devout Jews, the desecration of the grave is particularly serious because the grave is in a Jewish cemetery ( Hebrew בית קברות Bet ḳvarot "burial house" or Hebrew בית-עלמין Bet-ʿalmin "Eternal House ") is intended for eternity. This corresponds to one of the most fundamental principles of the Jewish halacha . The burial is mandatory and permanent dead peace shall prevail. Unlike in Christianity , a grave site must not be re-occupied. An exhumation or relocation of a grave is not permitted, except in very special circumstances. A disturbance of the peace of the dead causes a deep emotional dismay in the Jewish community and in some cases intensifies a persistent disorder of grief in relatives . A tombstone ( Hebrew מצבה Mazewa ) symbolizes the obligation not to forget the deceased. With the resurgence of anti-Semitism in Germany, over 2,000 Jewish cemeteries have again been desecrated since the end of the war. "The destruction of Jewish cemeteries is not an expression of anti-Semitism , it is itself," commented Theodor W. Adorno on the increasing desecration of Jewish cemeteries back in the 1950s.

List of Jewish cemeteries in Schleswig-Holstein

Former Jewish school and synagogue in Rendsburg, today Jewish Museum, RD

" Jewish houses " in SH

" Jewish houses " were larger residential buildings from (formerly) Jewish property that the Nazi state converted into ghetto houses from 1939 onwards. This is where the Gestapo forcibly quartered the people who were declared "of Jewish origin" in accordance with the Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935. The buildings were clearly marked on the outside as so-called "Jewish houses" and were subject to the surveillance of the Gestapo. In Kiel, the Jews were concentrated in the “Gängeviertel” where two “Jewish houses” existed: at 25 Kleiner Kuhberg, at the corner of Feuergang 2, and at Flämische Straße 22a. On December 6, 1941, the first 977 Jews from the Hamburg, Lüneburg and Schleswig-Holstein area were deported in a collective transport to the 'Jungfernhof' collective camp near Riga, including more than 40 from Kiel and the surrounding area and 86 Jews from Lübeck. A second collective transport with a total of 801 Jews from the same region led directly to the Theresienstadt concentration camp on July 19, 1942 . The last residents of these houses in Schleswig-Holstein of 'Jewish origin' were deported in mid-1943 . Most of the deportees who survived the ghettos of Riga and Minsk later died in other extermination camps (see also: Jewish houses in the city of Braunschweig ). A total of about 240 Kiel Jews were victims of Nazi persecution.

Example of a 'Judenhaus' for Kiel and the surrounding area: "Kleiner Kuhberg 25, Feuergang 2"

Kiel: The persecution and deportation of Schleswig-Holstein Jews as reflected in the history of two houses.

Subcamp camp in Schleswig-Holstein

  1. Kaltenkirchen satellite camp, Neuengamme satellite camp
  2. Kiel satellite camp, temporary satellite camp of Neuengamme concentration camp
  3. Husum-Schwesing subcamp , in the Engelsburg district of Schwesing, northeast of Husum; Neuengamme satellite camp
  4. Ahrensbök concentration camp , 1933–34, an early (“wild”) concentration camp for Nazi opponents - mostly communists, social democrats, trade unionists
  5. Kuhlen concentration camp , early ("wild"), in Kuhlen near Rickling in Schleswig-Holstein, July 18, 1933 to October 27, 1933. Prisoners were predominantly Communists and Social Democrats.
  6. Eutin concentration camp , an early (“wild”) concentration camp, July 1933 to May 1934, mainly for communists, social democrats, trade unionists and other people unpopular with the Nazi regime.
  7. Ladelund subcamp , located approx. 20 km northeast of Niebüll on the German-Danish border in November 1944, built as a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp in connection with the construction of the so-called Friesenwall.
  8. Neustadt in Holstein camp external command , external work assignments at Neuengamme concentration camp; 15 concentration camp prisoners who were used for construction work in Neustadt from December 1944 to May 1, 1945.
  9. KZ-Fürstengrube-Todesmarsch , also known as death march from Auschwitz to Holstein referred was a death march of -inmates within the evacuation of the concentration camp Fürstengrube in Silesia (a secondary bearing of the Auschwitz ) and other concentration camp prisoners. A lack of nutrition, illnesses, exhaustion, mistreatment and murders claimed numerous victims on this death march from January to May 1945 with several stopovers.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Jews in Schleswig-Holstein. Society for Schleswig-Holstein History, http://www.geschichte-sh.de/juden-in-schleswig-holstein/
  2. ↑ Here and in the following: Rainer Hering: The persecution of the Jews as a topic of national history. In: State Center for Political Education: In memory of December 6, 2011 - 70th anniversary of the deportation of Jews from Schleswig-Holstein. Background. Series of publications by the State Center for Civic Education Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 2011, pp. 10–21
  3. ^ Rainer Hering: The persecution of the Jews as a topic in the history of the country. In: State Center for Political Education: In memory of December 6, 2011 - 70th anniversary of the deportation of Jews from Schleswig-Holstein. Background. Series of publications by the State Center for Civic Education Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel 2011, pp. 10–21
  4. ^ Jewish population in Germany on May 17, 1939. Statistics of the German Reich , Volume 552.4, Berlin 1944 . 'The Jews and Jewish half-breeds in the German Reich and in the parts of the empire according to descent and religious affiliation', German Reich, overview 1a, p. 4/6. '
  5. ↑ The Jewish Population in the German Reich 1933–1945 , ibid.
  6. ^ Goldberg, Bettina (2016): Jews in Schleswig-Holstein - A historical overview. In: Hering, Rainer (ed.): The "Reichskristallnacht" in Schleswig-Holstein. The November pogrom in a historical context. Hamburg: Publications of the Schleswig-Holstein State Archives, Volume 109, p. 45
  7. ↑ Memorial Book. Victim of the persecution of the Jews under the Nazi tyranny in Germany 1933–1945. The Federal Archives, Koblenz
  8. ↑ Goldberg, Bettina (2016), p. 29
  9. ↑ Goldberg, Bettina (2016), p. 29
  10. ^ Jewish life Schleswig-Holstein after 1945. the virtual museum, vimuinfo, research center for regional contemporary history and public history, Schleswig
  11. ^ Jewish population in Germany on October 29, 1946. [Population and occupational census of October 29, 1946 in the four zones of occupation and Greater Berlin, census table section, Berlin-Munich 1949 . Tabl. VI. The population according to religious affiliation, (a) Germany, zones of occupation, federal states and local authority Greater Berlin, pp. 100–101 ].
  12. ↑ compiled from Dieter Pohl: Persecution and mass murder in the Nazi era 1933–1945. Darmstadt 2003, pp. 73 and 96; Peter Longerich: Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. 2010, pp. 196-198.
  13. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): A clique of 'old fighters' - the rise and fall of regional NSDAP elites in the city and district of Schleswig . In: Democratic History (DG), Volume 15 (2003), pp. 161 - 221, Malente: Advisory Board for History in the Society for Politics and Education Schleswig-Holstein eV , p. 195
  14. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 167
  15. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 173, 183-1985
  16. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 167
  17. ^ Wigbert Benz : Paul Carell. Ribbentrop's press officer Paul Karl Schmidt before and after 1945 . wvb, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-86573-068-X , p. 13.
  18. ↑ See preliminary proceedings of the Verden public prosecutor's office against Dr. Paul Karl Schmidt u. a. for murder. File 412 AR no. 1082/1965; Federal Archives, Ludwigsburg branch, new signature (since November 2003): B 162 AR 650 1082; occupied at Benz: Paul Carell . Berlin 2005, p. 88 ff
  19. ↑ chartl, Matthias (2003): 222
  20. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 175
  21. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 170
  22. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): A clique of 'old fighters' - the rise and fall of regional NSDAP elites in the city and district of Schleswig . In: Democratic History (DG), Volume 15 (2003), pp. 162, 201. Malente: Advisory Board for History in the Society for Politics and Education Schleswig-Holstein eV
  23. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 170
  24. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 166
  25. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 207
  26. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 204
  27. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 189
  28. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 166
  29. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 205
  30. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 219-220
  31. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): A clique of 'old fighters' - the rise and fall of regional NSDAP elites in the city and district of Schleswig . In: Democratic History (DG), Volume 15 (2003), p. 162, Malente: Advisory Board for History in the Society for Politics and Education Schleswig-Holstein eV
  32. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 181-182
  33. ↑ See on this: Gerhard Paul, Miriam Gillis-Carlebach: Menora and Hakenkreuz. Neumünster 1998.
  34. ^ Bettina Goldberg: Away from the metropolises: the Jewish minority in Schleswig-Holstein. Wachholtz, Neumünster 2011, ISBN 978-3-529-06111-0 , p. 445.
  35. ↑ See this: Irene Dittrich: Heimatgeschichtlicher Wegweiser to the places of resistance and persecution. Pp. 115/116.
  36. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 178
  37. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 194
  38. ^ Schartl, Matthias (2003): A clique of 'old fighters' - the rise and fall of regional NSDAP elites in the city and district of Schleswig . In: Democratic History (DG), Volume 15 (2003), p. 163, Malente: Advisory Board for History in the Society for Politics and Education Schleswig-Holstein eV
  39. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 193
  40. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 162, 178
  41. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 170
  42. ↑ Schartl, Matthias (2003): 169, 197
  43. ↑ Plöger: From Ribbentrop to Springer . Marburg 2009, p. 167.
  44. ^ Benz: Paul Carell . Berlin 2005, pp. 72-75; Plöger: From Ribbentrop to Springer . Marburg 2009, pp. 322-326.
  45. ↑ Nadine Schättler: Memorial stone commemorates Nazi victims. In: Kieler Nachrichten, November 10, 2019.
  46. ^ Elke Imberger: Resistance "from below": Resistance and dissent from the ranks of the labor movement and Jehovah's Witnesses in Lübeck and Schleswig-Holstein 1933–1945. P. 87.
  47. ^ Elke Imberger: Resistance "from below": Resistance and dissent from the ranks of the labor movement and Jehovah's Witnesses in Lübeck and Schleswig-Holstein 1933–1945. P. 87.
  48. ↑ a b Julius H. Schoeps: A stone on the grave. The destruction and desecration of Jewish cemeteries in Germany . In: The time . No. 46/1984 , November 9, 1984 ( online ).
  49. ^ Andreas Wirsching: Jewish cemeteries in Germany 1933–1957. 2002, p. 19.
  50. ↑ Quoted from: Andreas Wirsching: Jüdische Friedhöfe in Deutschland 1933–1957. 2002, p. 23.
  51. ^ Report of the independent expert group on anti-Semitism: Anti-Semitism in Germany - manifestations, conditions, prevention approaches . Notification by the federal government. Printed matter 17/7700. German Bundestag , November 10, 2011, p. 36 ff . ( PDF ).
  52. ^ Hans-Uwe Otto, Roland Merten: Right-wing extremist violence in a united Germany: Youth in social upheaval . Springer-Verlag, March 8, 2013, ISBN 978-3-322-97285-9 , p. 82.
  53. ↑ From the history of the Jewish communities in the German-speaking area (2020): Gemeinde Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein)
  54. ↑ Bettina Goldberg: Kleiner Kuhberg 25 - Feuergang 2. - The persecution and deportation of Schleswig-Holstein Jews as reflected in the history of two houses. 2002