Forest Monastery
| Forest Monastery | |
|---|---|
_1.JPG) South view of the forest monastery with the monastery pond |
|
| location | Baden-Württemberg |
| Lies in the diocese | Archdiocese of Freiburg |
| Coordinates: | 47 ° 56 '15.4 " N , 9 ° 10' 22.8" E |
| founding year | 1212 |
| Year of dissolution / annulment |
1806 |
| Year of repopulation | 1946 |
The Wald monastery is a former Cistercian abbey in the municipality of Wald in the Sigmaringen district in Baden-Württemberg . It is now a Benedictine convent to which the Wald Monastery home school is attached.
history
founding
The eponymous village of Wald is older than the Wald monastery. Originally owned by the Pfullendorf counts , Wald came to Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa between 1168 and 1176 through the inheritance contract of Rudolf von Pfullendorf . From the Hohenstaufen the village came to the Lords of Fronhofen , who sold it in 1212 to the Hohenstaufen Reich Ministerial Burkard von Weckenstein (around 1180 to after 1241), who in the same year in favor of his sisters Judintha and Ita von Weckenstein, who both already did Cistercian women who founded the monastery. Judintha, the older of the two sisters, was installed as abbess , Ita as prioress . The ministerials belonged to the lower nobility. The Weckenstein family had their headquarters in the Schmeietal between Oberschmeien and Storzingen . On March 21, 1212, the knight Burkard von Weckenstein acquired the "praedium forest" for 55 marks silver from a distinguished man named Ulrich von Balbe and his mother Adelheid and his sister Gertrud, on which there was already a small church ("Ecclesiola"), which owned the parish rights and passed to the buyer. The von Weckenstein family died out as early as 1383.
The choice of location for the convent was not entirely based on the regulations of the Cistercian order, which forbade the building of abbeys in cities, permanent places, villages and generally in the vicinity of secular settlements; however, the location of the new monastery, in view of the fact that it was a women's convent, largely agreed with the basic requirements. The monastery was located far away from cities, in an area comparatively untouched by secular activity and sparsely populated. Its surroundings were very wooded and entirely determined by agricultural activity and thus corresponded quite well to the goals of the Cistercian order, to live in seclusion through their own manual labor, through agriculture and cattle breeding and to serve God.
The monastery in Wald was the first Cistercian monastery to be founded in the Upper Swabia area . At the beginning of the 13th century, many women's monasteries were built at the request of the nuns and Pope Honorius III. and through the mediation of Burkhard von Weckenstein, the Wald monastery was initially subordinated to the Reichsabbey of Salem as a subsidiary monastery and was elevated to an abbey in 1217 with the support of the Salem abbot Eberhard von Rohrdorf .
Structure of the dominion
The newly founded monastery obviously enjoyed a certain appreciation very soon, it was also in the favor of the then ruling Staufer emperors. Emperor Friedrich II gave the monastery a court in Litzelbach that belonged to him . On the seal of a certificate for the Wald monastery from his son Heinrich from 1220, the oldest image of the three-lion coat of arms of the Staufer can be seen, which was adopted as the coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg in 1954 . In 1246 the first abbess of the Lichtenthal monastery , Trudlindis von Liebenstein (1247–1249), was appointed from the Wald monastery.
More and more numerous donations of land and rights followed. Such gifts often came to the Wald monastery as trousseau from novices ; fields, meadows and wooded areas were brought in, as well as entire farms. Most of these donations were scattered, unrelated, and often far removed from the monastery. From the very beginning, the monastery was forced to acquire land in its vicinity through purchase or exchange in order to have well-rounded properties not too far away.
Consequently, it displaced the noble family of Reischach, who resided at Burg Burrach near Reischach, and managed to conclude a contract with this family as early as 1290 in which the monastery’s interests in acquisition and expansion were spatially determined. This area extended in the north from the village of Göggingen via Menningen , then in a south direction via Wackershofen and Sauldorf to Linz and from there via Zell am Andelsbach and Bittelschieß back to Göggingen.
In fact, the monastery succeeded in expanding its possessions and thus also its ruling position over almost the entire area described above. As early as 1474, the rule was so firmly established that one can speak of a closed forest territory. The monastery was now the landlord, lower court and village lord in many villages, which, of course, were often very small and only consisted of two or three farms. Only high and blood jurisdiction remained with the Counts of Sigmaringen as guardians of the monastery. These are the following villages: Wald, Buffenhofen , Burrau , Dietershofen , Gaisweiler , Hippetsweiler , Kappel , Litzelbach , Otterswang , Reischach , Riedetsweiler , Ringgenbach , Rothenlachen , Steckeln, Walbertsweiler and Weihwang . The monastery also succeeded in gaining a foothold outside the designated area in Igelswies , Ruhestetten and Tautenbronn (bought by Pfullendorfer citizens in 1420).
The year 1501 marked the end of the large-scale acquisition policy and the end of the territorial expansion. For this reason, a so-called has been this year Urbar draws where all the possessions of the monastery were listed.
Vineyards
The Wald monastery began very early on to acquire property on Lake Constance in order to be able to grow wine and thus secure the supply of wine to the convent. The main focus of the property there was for the nuns in Überlingen . As early as 1240 they owned several houses within the walls of this city and vineyards in the urban area. For many centuries, Kloster Wald owned other wineries in Aufkirch , Goldbach , Sipplingen and Bermatingen , and even on the Untersee on the island of Reichenau and in Allensbach .
Fish pond
For the observance of the fasting period , it was understandable that the monastery attached importance to the construction of large fish ponds. In 1272 a pond was acquired in Ablach , later two in Gaisweiler and one in Walbertsweiler in 1534 .
In 1784 twelve ponds with a total area of slightly more than 114 Jauchert (= 4,877.33 acres = 487,733 square meters ) belong to the Wald monastery:
| Pond | Mark |
Area [Jauchert] |
Trim | quality |
| Monastery pond | Forest | 2½ | Carp , tench , pike | Well |
| Sägenweiher | Forest | 7½ | Carp, tench, pike | not deep enough |
| Herrenweiher | Forest | 1½ | Carp, tench, pike | mediocre |
| Schafbriehlweiher | Forest | 4½ | Carp, tench, pike | Well |
| Raster pond | Forest | 13¼ | Carp, tench, pike | not deep enough |
| Deep pond | Rothenlachen | 13½ | Carp, tench, pike | Well |
| Hagwinkel or Rizenmoos pond | Rothenlachen | 14½ | Carp, tench, pike | mediocre |
| Stegenreiterweiher | Rothenlachen | 30th | Carp, tench, pike | Well |
| Breiten- or Hippetsweilerweiher | Riedetsweiler | 7th | only silt fish | bad |
| Walbertsweilerweiher | Walbertsweiler | 8½ | Carp, tench, pike | Well |
| Burrau mill pond | Burrau | 1¾ | Carp, tench, pike | Well |
| Kappeler Weiher | Chapel | 9½ | Breeding pond or pond pond | Well |
High jurisdiction
The umbrella bailiwick and thus the high jurisdiction over the monastery and its extensive possessions belonged to Württemberg in the 14th century , came to the Werdenberg family in 1399 and to Hohenzollern in 1535 ; in the course of the 18th century, various sovereign rights were transferred to Austria by the Landgraviate of Nellenburg .
Further development
For 600 years, the daughters of the Swabian nobility were often members of the imperial nobility monastery Wald. The entire monastery complex was almost completely destroyed in the Thirty Years War (1618–1648). From the Middle Ages only the Romanesque and Gothic parts of the cloister, the chapter house and the "Jenner wing" are preserved.
During renovation work in the east wing in 1980, two round arched windows, each connected fourfold, to a room behind them were discovered. This is the chapter house required by the monastic rules. The protruding columns come from the Romanesque period. There are signatures on the pillars, an owl on the shaft and runners on the base. Both were classified as stonemason marks of the Hirsau workshop by the Tübingen State Monuments Office . On the church-side cloister , a buttress was opened for a previously unknown aisle of the early church from 1249. This is shown on the preserved monastery plan from 1681/85 as a Gothic basilica. The strut stood for a three-aisled church. A corner pillar emerges from the masonry, supporting the cloister leaning against the aisle.
In 1698 the abbess Jakobe von Bodman had the monastery church rebuilt in the baroque style. In the years 1721–1727 the abbess Antonia von Falkenstein had the large baroque monastery complex built in the west and north of the complex.
Due to the secularization due to the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , the area of the Wald monastery came to the Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen together with the Habsthal monastery in 1806 . Prince Anton Aloys himself signed a pension agreement with the convent, and all nuns received a sum of money until they died. The admission of new novices was forbidden, however, and thus the convent was doomed to extinction. In 1853 the last sister left the monastery. In 1849 the former forest area came to Prussia as part of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as Hohenzollernsche Land .
During the time of National Socialism , one of five camps of the then Prussian-Hohenzollern district of Sigmaringen of the female Reich Labor Service (RAD) was located in Wald . Part of the monastery building was made available for this purpose from 1938. After the Second World War , the French occupation forces set up a camp there for displaced persons in 1945.
St. Bernhard monastery church
The monastery church , in the 13th century as a three-aisled Romanesque basilica built and consecrated in 1249, was to Gothic transformations finally 1696 to 1698 (year over the church door) by the architect Jos Beer , a member of the famous Vorarlberg Baumeister family Beer as nave Baroque-Rococo church The nuns' gallery extending far into the ship was redesigned. Beer received 2,800 guilders for building the church . The interior was created through the cooperation of the Vorarlberg stucco worker Johann Jakob Schwarzmann with the unsteady and indebted fresco artist Johann Melchior Eggmann . Eggmann left the construction site unfinished for unexplained reasons, the fresco program was completed in 1753 by Andreas Meinrad von Ow , master of decorative rococo painting from Sigmaringen . The work is dominated by the nave fresco depicting the visit of St. Humbelina to her brother, St. Bernhard represents. The barrel painter Johann Michael Schmadel painted and gilded wooden sculptures and carvings.
The Upper Swabian organ builder Johann Georg Aichgasser added a splendid organ to the 1751 , which is the only one that he has completely preserved. After an extension in 1800 and two restorations in 1957 and 1977, it now has 18 stops on one manual and pedal .
Floor plan and structure
The monastery church has the shape of an elongated rectangle with a drawn-in, three-sided closed choir . The nave has six axes, each with a slim window on the north side with an inserted round arch. On the south side these correspond to high-lying low windows, two of which are only painted on the plaster, while the four western ones with their arched upper part protrude over the roof of the cloister and illuminate the vaulted caps of the nave.
The vault abutments are reinforced outside and inside by wall pillars protruding 30 centimeters. The nave is 10.70 meters high at the apex and is vaulted by a massive, almost semicircular barrel made of brick with sturdy lancet caps , the choir by a corresponding dome-like vault.
In the west of the nave, the tower is built in, the lower, rectangular part of which dates from the Gothic period, as the pointed arch door leading from the nave into the tower proves. The tower rises above the roof ridge as a wooden octagonal roof turret covered with zinc sheets.
The arched portal on the north side of the nave has an interrupted gable on presented Ionic columns. On the keystone is the year 1698, on both sides the coats of arms of the Cistercians and their von Weckenstein, above the keystone a cartouche held by angels with the coat of arms of the commissioning abbess von Bodman .
Aichgasser organ on the nun gallery
Church portal with the year 1698
Church choir and east wing of the monastery
Home school Kloster Wald
Since 1946 there has been monastic life again in Wald, since then the Kloster Wald home school has been attached to the Benedictine convent, which combines boarding school for girls, grammar school and training workshops. As a special feature, the pupils can do an apprenticeship in one of the three professions tailoring, carpentry or wood carving parallel to their Abitur. The school was founded by Sr. Sophia von Kotschoubey-Beauharnais and Sr. Lioba Korte and was headed by Sr. Sophia until 1973. Since 1994 the home school Kloster Wald has been sponsored by the school foundation of the Archdiocese of Freiburg .
Abbesses
- Katharina von Hornstein
- after 1212–29 Judinta von Weckenstein, a biological sister of the first prioress of Wald, Ida
- 1249 Margaretha
- 1257-1264 Bertha de Augea
- 1266 Hadwig
- 1270–1272 Ita Truchsessin from Waldburg zu Rohrdorf (or Meßkirch)
- 1273/74 Hedwig
- 1275 Ute
- 1278–1279 Hedwig von Gutenstein
- before 1283 Mathilde von Hohenberg
- 1290 Anna of Veringen
- 1296–1303 Elisabeth von Hohenfels
- 1307–1311 Mechtild von Hasenstein
- 1311–1339 Anna von Veringen
- 1322-1323 Adellint
- 1323–1329 Mechtild von Digisheim
- 1334 Adelheid von Balgheim
- 1335 Ädellint
- 1339 Katharina the Schereberin
- 1344–1347 Agatha Truchsessin von Meßkirch
- 1350 Gerhild von Krenkingen
- 1356–1357 Judenta von Hohenfels
- 1359–1362 Elisabeth of Reischach
- 1368-1369 Judel
- 1383–1394 Elisabeth von Hornstein
- 1395–1397 Katharina von Heudorf
- 1398–1416… from Reischach
- 1418–1421… from Schwandorf
- 1425–1438 Margarethe von Reischach
- 1441–1452 Barbara von Reischach
- 1553 Elisabeth Selnhofer
- 1454–1464 Elisabeth Rentz
- 1464–1496 Anna von Reischach von Reichenstein-Linz († 1499)
- 1498–1504 Barbara von Hausen
- 1505 – before 1557 Anna von Rotenstein zum Falken
- 1557 Magdalena of Reischach
- 1557–1568… Reischach von Hohenstoffeln
- 1568–1592 Margarethe von Goeberg
- 1592–1600 Agnes Reiff called Walter von Blidegg
- 1600–1636 Margarethe von Werdenstein (1557–1638)
- 1636–1641 Gertrud Giel von Gielsberg
- 1641–1660 Maria Margarethe Schenk von Castell
- 1660–1681 Maria Salome von Bernhausen
- 1681–1709 Maria Jakobe von Bodman
- 1709–1739 Maria Antonia Constantina Scholastika von Falkenstein
- 1739–1772 Maria Dioskora Maura von Thurn and Valsassina
- 1772–1799 Maria Edmunda von Kolb
- 1799–1807 Maria Johanna Baptista von Zweyer auf Hoenbach (last abbess)
- 1807–1851 Maria Josefa of Würz à Rudenz (prioress)
literature
- Carl Baur: The monastery church of Wald in Hohenzollern. In: Hohenzollerische Jahreshefte. (HohenzollJh) 5/1938, pp. 189-259.
- Sr. Michaele Csordás OSB: The Forest Monastery. In: Edwin Ernst Weber (publisher on behalf of the district of Sigmaringen): Monasteries in the district of Sigmaringen in the past and present. (Local history publication series of the district of Sigmaringen, Volume 9). Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg 2005, ISBN 3-89870-190-5 , pp. 550-593.
- Sr. Michaele Csordás OSB, Barbara Müller, Sybille Rettner (editors): 800 years of Kloster Wald - a “house of God” in the course of history . Edited by the Benedictine Sisters of St. Lioba. Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg 2012, ISBN 3-89870-759-8
- Walther Genzmer (Ed.): The art monuments of Hohenzollern. Volume 2: Sigmaringen district. W. Speemann, Stuttgart 1948, DNB 454699824 .
- Gisela Gros: The beginnings of the Wald monastery. From the founding year 1212 to 1300 . Unpublished typescript (approval work Freiburg i. Br.) 1955. (Holdings: Princely Hohenzollern House and Domain Archive, Sigmaringen.)
- Hafner: Contributions to the history of the former monastery and upper office forest. In: Freiburg Diöcesan Archive. Vol. 12 (1878), pp. 167-188. (Digitized version)
- Maren Kuhn-Rehfus : The Cistercian convent forest (= Germania Sacra , new part 30, the dioceses of the ecclesiastical province of Mainz. The diocese of Constance, volume 3 ). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin & New York 1992. ISBN 3-11-013449-7 .
- Volker Trugenberger (Ed.): The documents of the Cistercian convent forest: Regesten . (Series: “Documenta suevica”, 23) Ed. Isele. Eggingen, Konstanz, 1st edition December 1, 2014. ISBN 978-3-86142-591-5 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Peter Koblank: Staufer crest. The coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg with the three lions goes back to the Staufer on stauferstelen.net. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
- ^ Johann Jerg: The ponds of the forest monastery . In: Association for History, Culture and Regional Studies Hohenzollern (Ed.): Hohenzollerische Heimat, 3rd year, No. 1 / January 1953 , p. 5
- ↑ Falko Hahn (fah): When the origin of the monastery was discovered . In: Südkurier of October 18, 2006
- ^ Edwin Ernst Weber: Sophie Scholl in the Reichsarbeitsdienstlager Schloss Krauchenwies . In: Denkstättenkuratorium NS-Documentation Oberschwaben (ed.): Places of thought on Upper Swabian paths of remembrance in the districts of Lake Constance and Sigmaringen . 2012. p. 30
- ↑ Information about the organ on orgbase.nl. Retrieved May 1, 2020 .
- ↑ www.liechtenstein.li ( Memento of March 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive )