Monastery landscape East Friesland

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Former monasteries in East Frisia

The Kloster landscape East Friesland included to its high phase about 30-houses, pens and coming various Congregations . According to tradition, there was almost nowhere in the medieval German Empire such a concentration of monasteries. The high density emphasizes the former importance of the branches in the economic, political and social structures of East Frisia. Most of the monasteries were founded during a wave of founding in the 12th and 13th centuries and the majority belonged to the religious communities that were most widespread in Western Europe at that time. After the Reformation , the monasteries were dissolved and the buildings demolished. The image and written sources were largely lost.

History of the monasteries in East Frisia

The Coming Dune Broek in the 17th Century

With the dissolution of the monasteries in the course of the Reformation, the buildings of the branches disappeared. The church of the Franciscan monastery in Emden stayed the longest . It was completely destroyed in a fire on July 21, 1938 and was finally removed. There are only contemporary representations of the upcoming dune brook . What the other abbeys once looked like is largely unknown. Today, its history is largely illuminated using archeological methods.

Documents, contracts, image and written sources were largely lost in the course of secularization . This makes the assessment of the East Frisian monastery very difficult, "because one is constantly forced to make assumptions that cannot be substantiated."

It is not even possible to give an exact number of the monasteries founded in East Friesland. It can only be played at around 30. Possibly there were other branches in the High Middle Ages, which Cornelius Ignatius Damen in his Geschiedenis van de Benediktijnenkloosters in de provincie Groningen called poverty monasteries for the neighboring region, which were quickly abandoned after their foundation. Others may originally have been independent, such as the Coming Hesel , but were then incorporated into larger houses.

The unusually high number of monasteries and convents in East Frisia is also explained by the fact that no sovereignty developed and there was therefore only weak control of the church authorities in the region. This resulted in a symbiosis between the local elite and the spiritual institutions. The recruitment of monks from the surrounding area, donations from the local elite, the extensive participation rights of lay brothers and the relatively autonomous organization of the knightly orders ensured that the monasteries were firmly rooted in the local consciousness.

The beginning of the founding of the monastery is dated to the reigns of the Ottonians and the Salians . After the conquest and integration of East Frisia into the Frankish Empire , the Franks resumed the failed Christianization by the missionaries Liudger and Willehad . Part of the region was added to the Diocese of Bremen and the other to the Diocese of Münster . During this time the first monasteries were founded, which should be seen more as mission centers than as large-scale prayer centers.

Almost all East Frisian monasteries were founded as double monasteries in which both monks and nuns lived. In the course of the Middle Ages, however, the orders increasingly pushed for the spatial separation of male and female residents. In East Friesland, the Cistercians and the Premonstratensians stood out. In the following period some monasteries were separated. For example, the Cistercians founded the monastery in Ihlow when the residents of the Meerhusen double monastery asked to be accepted into the order. The approval of the general chapter was only given on condition that a new monastery was built for the monks. Meerhusen remained spiritually, legally and economically dependent on the men's monastery like the other religious branches that had now become women's monasteries. Until its dissolution after the Reformation, lay people in the mother abbey managed their estates.

Other monasteries could not afford this financially. They often built a new building for women that was a bit away from the mother house. In the poorest convents of the Augustinians, the Benedictines and the Johanniter, the monasteries initially remained mixed, but over time they developed into women's monasteries under male leadership.

There were also houses with lay sisters, in which the residents did not sing choral prayers in Latin, but recited short prayers in the local language. However, the main task was to do work. According to Johannes A. Mol and Rolf Bärenfänger, these houses were not regarded as monasteries under canon law, but they were, both externally and in terms of their objectives.

Reepsholt, the first monastery in East Frisia

The Reepsholt Monastery is considered to be the oldest religious house in East Frisia . It is said to have been founded by secular canons (canons who did not belong to any order) around 953 after a foundation by two sisters and was dedicated to the patron St. Mauritius. The monastery is mentioned in a document in a decree of Emperor Otto II from 983. For a long time it remained the only monastery in the region, while in other areas of the then Holy Roman Empire numerous canons' monasteries were founded in the 11th and early 12th and 13th centuries , which acted as outposts of episcopal and countial power.

Three waves of founding

The East Frisian monastic system only received a boost in the course of the 12th and 13th centuries. At that time, the region was hit by a wave of piety and poverty that spread across Europe and led to the formation of several strictly ascetic religious orders. In Friesland they spread from the west of the Ems existing conventions to the east. The vast majority of monasteries were founded by four orders during this time, the Dominicans , the Benedictines , the Premonstratensians and the Cistercians . Later the Johanniter or Maltese were added. In many cases, Dutch mother monasteries promoted the founding of monasteries in East Frisia, supervised them in the further course and carried out reforms. So the Klosterfeld Wirth applies in Appingedam as the mother monastery of the East Frisian Benedictine monasteries, Klaarkamp Abbey in Dokkum as a mother Cistercian monastery and Dokkum as the origin of the Norbertine while the East Frisian St. John the Westphalian Coming in Steinfurt were subordinated.

The founding dates of the oldest monasteries on the East Frisian peninsula are still unclear. The Oestringfelde Collegiate Foundation is known to have been donated around 1175 by the Östringische Landesgemeinde to commemorate a victory over the Rüstringers . It is said to have been built on a pagan holy site. A thing square with a central oak tree and twelve surrounding linden trees is said to have been located nearby . The monastery is an exception to this period, as the first phase of the founding movement began in the south-west of East Frisia and only later encompassed the east. It is noticeable that the big four orders active in East Frisia demanded poverty and an ascetic way of life. The Benedictine monasteries in East Frisia also differed significantly from the magnificent monasteries of the Carolingian era in other regions.

The Benedictines in East Frisia were the first to found a monastery. Almost all of their branches were double monasteries. Holy Hatebrand († 1198), abbot of the Feldwirth monastery, founded Meerhusen, the second oldest monastery in East Friesland , between 1183 and 1198 . Later came Thedinga , Sielmönken Marienthal , Marie Kamp and Pansath , possibly Boekzetel and more later used by the Knights houses added.

The Premonstratensians came to East Friesland around the same time as the Benedictines. Their oldest establishment in the region is Barthe . With a total of seven monasteries, in addition to Barthe, these were Aland , Coldinne , Hopels , Langen / Blauhaus , Palmar and Sconamora / Oldekloster , the order was strongly represented in East Frisia. It is possible that the attempt by the von Are family, closely associated with the Steinfeld monastery (the mother monastery of Dokkum) to gain positions of power in the East Frisian-Gronian coastal area, contributed decisively to the expansion of the Premonstratensians in East Frisia. The branches of the order were up to Aland (temporarily) and possibly Langen. Nunneries that accepted women from all walks of life. Possibly this goes back to the religious women's movement of the Middle Ages, which probably also affected East Frisia.

A little later, the Cistercians appeared in the region. It was the inmates of Meerhusen who called them into the country when they asked for membership in the order in 1216. Since Meerhusen was a double monastery, they built a new monastery for the monks in Ihlow, about ten kilometers away , while the nuns stayed at the old location. The Archbishop of Bremen confirmed both acceptance into the order in 1228. Ihlow and Meerhusen remained the only settlements of the Cistercians in East Friesland.

The Johanniter shaped the second phase of the founding of monasteries in East Friesland. They came to the region at the time of the Crusades . This is attributed to the active participation of the Frisians in the campaigns. Especially in the Fifth Crusade , many Frisians were involved and brought them into connection with the knightly orders. After returning to their homeland, the Frisians gave them large estates on which the orders founded their monasteries. Only the Johanniter were active in East Friesland, where they had eight branches, which they originally only set up as Vorwerk der Kommende Steinfurt, mostly on old settlements. There were only a few clergymen who, contrary to the traditions of the order, combined the titles of commander and prior. Rather , the convents were small double monasteries , which for the most part developed into women's convents with a small staff of clergymen and lay brothers. They were supported by a large number of laypeople who were recruited from the peasant strata of East Frisia.

The mendicant orders reached East Frisia around the middle of the 13th century. Their appearance marks the third wave of founding. The first representatives of this poverty movement in the region were the Dominicans . They came north around 1264 and made their monastery there an important branch of the order, whose provincial chapters met there several times. For a long time, Norden remained the only Dominican monastery in the region. In 1451 Dykhusen was added. The Franciscans built from 1317 in the immediate vicinity of the city of Emden her convent Faldern . Later it became part of the city through the incorporation of Faldern .

The last founding of a monastery in East Frisia goes back to an initiative of the later counts of the Cirksena family. They donated the Carmelites , a mendicant order founded in 1247, in 1433 land and church in the village of Appingen, their former ancestral seat. The Appingen Monastery remained closely associated with the Counts and Princes of East Frisia throughout its existence .

Decay in the 14th century

In the 14th century, the monasteries began to decline and no new foundations were made. During this time, a multitude of crises (famine, insufficient market for goods, epidemics) led to a loss of public order.

From 1347 to 1353 in Europe was raging plague a third of what was then Europe's population - -, the estimated 25 million people fell victim. The epidemic reached East Frisia via Utrecht , spread through the port cities and decimated the population. The monasteries were also affected. According to medieval reports, 50 people were killed by the epidemic in the Langen monastery . The chronicler Eggerik Beninga reports from Marienthal that the inmates completely rebuilt some buildings in order to contain the epidemic according to the understanding of the spread of diseases at the time.

In addition, during the burst under storm surges High Middle Ages built dikes (for example in the Second Marcellus in 1362), were flooded as a consequence previously inhabited areas: It emerged Ley and Harlebucht and the Jade Bay . In addition to many villages, three East Frisian monasteries had to be given up. These were the monasteries of Langen in the 13th and Palmar and Osterreide in the 15th century.

An embassy from Schieringer asked Duke Albrecht the Courageous in March 1498 in Medemblik for help in the fight against the Vetkoper and offered him the position of governor. History painting in the Albrechtsburg in Meißen by Julius Scholtz (1877).

In the 14th century, tensions escalated within the East Frisian state communities. Local rulers, so-called chiefs , began to establish themselves there and to cover each other in alternating coalitions with armed conflicts, in which the monasteries were also involved. The Cistercians and the Premonstratensians in particular got into a dispute about the further direction of their orders. So were shooting Ringer (converse of the Cistercians, named for its "sheer" gray costume) opposite and "Vetkoper" (Brothers of the Premonstratensians, "Traders with fat cattle"). The dispute was a consequence of the agricultural and religious crises of the 14th century, to which the Cistercians wanted to react with reforms, while the Premonstratensians, as representatives of the merchants of the Hanseatic League and city patricians, pursued a patriarchal-thinking, aristocratic, feudalist and tradition-insistent policy. The dispute, originally limited to the neighboring regions around Groningen ( Ommelande ) and today's province of Friesland , finally escalated when the chiefs intervened and open military clashes broke out.

For most of the monasteries in East Frisia, the period from 1350 to 1400 was a period of mismanagement, loss of property, population decline and neglect. In addition, their reputation had suffered after the crises and conflicts of the century, and the ties to the local elites were noticeably loosening, so that the call for reforms from the monasteries grew louder.

Reform of the monastery system in the 15th century

In the 15th century a new piety movement began in the Friesland, which called for a reform of the monastery system. This is how the devotio moderna arose and from it the Windesheim congregation . With her the Augustinian Canons came to East Friesland via Frenswegen Monastery . In 1420 they took over the monasteries Marienkamp (formerly Esingfelde), Margens, Pansath, Oldekloster and in 1425 Sconamora near Esens from the Benedictines and united them into a complex under the direction of Marienkamp. In 1444 Sielmönken and in 1450 Coldinne came into the care of the order. Both were then reformed according to the rules of the order. This also had an effect on the other orders. In 1412, for example, the General Chapter of the Cistercians sent Abbot Boyng to Menterna, a monastery near Termunten (Netherlands), in Ihlow. Abbot Boyng had already successfully reformed Menterna and was now supposed to rehabilitate Ihlow.

The other orders began to reform their monasteries around 1450. This may have happened for economic reasons, as the Reformed monasteries were given larger donations in wills. The internal Reformation was promoted by the fact that canons of the Windesheim congregation and Cistercian monks were appointed abbots over the monasteries of other congregations.

In the course of the reforms, the number of inhabitants of the monasteries in East Frisia was drastically reduced. Lay brothers and conversations were hardly accepted any more. Reasons for this were, on the one hand, discipline problems among lay brothers and the experience of the dispute between Schieringers and Vetkopers . On the other hand, they were no longer needed, as the monastery's property in the Vorwerke and Grangien was leased.

On the other hand, the reform congregations introduced a strict policy of transferring monks and nuns from monastery to monastery in order to prevent the monasteries from becoming excessively bound to the region, which meant that the monks increasingly came from regions outside of East Frisia.

For the monasteries, the reforms of the 15th century meant a great gain in reputation, which can be proven by the increase in pious foundations, which increased towards the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th century. On the other hand, the policy of transfers deprived the monasteries of their Frisian basis, so that the number of novices , especially in the male monasteries, fell sharply towards the end of the century. With this, the monasteries became foreign bodies in the country and ceased to be Frisian monasteries and became monasteries in Friesland.

Dissolution of the monasteries in the course of the Reformation

After the Reformation , the monasteries in East Frisia were gradually dissolved. The Counts of East Friesland proceeded particularly rigorously against the Order of St. John, which was completely expropriated. Here the counts apparently used an older sovereign protective power over the order, which later led to several lawsuits before the Reich Chamber of Commerce, which ended with settlements and compensation payments. The Johanniter then received the Ordensgüter Langholt and Hasselt "with all preliminary works, validities, pensions and other accessories" back. These were then awarded to hereditary tenants by the Order, represented by the Johanniter Commandery in Burgsteinfurt . It was not until 1807 that these goods were confiscated and declared a state domain by order of Ludwig Napoleon , the King of Holland , to whom East Frisia was subject at that time .

In 1528, Count Enno II appropriated most of the convents' possessions. He ordered that all monstrances and chalices, all gold and silver from the monasteries and churches in East Friesland were to be delivered. Much of the equipment in the convents was lost in this way. Some monasteries, such as those in Ihlow and the north, disbanded on their own after their inhabitants had turned to the Reformation and left their old place of work.

Other friars and sisters received a pension and the monastery property fell to the state domain .

However, the counts did not dissolve all the monasteries. Some survived into the 16th century and their abbots continued to take part in sovereign-class deliberations. These monasteries, however, suffered from the fact that they ran out of offspring and so they gradually all fell to the count's house. The last East Frisian nun died after 1616.

Further use

The Franciscan monastery in Emden after the Reformation
Tower of the abandoned monastery Östringsfelde, contemporary illustration from 1789

After the monks and nuns moved away, some of the former monasteries were still used by the Count's House. The north Dominican monastery served the count as a residence, the Cistercian monastery in Ihlow was converted into a hunting lodge by Count Johann and Count Ulrich moved into the Hasselt monastery. The Marienthal , Appingen , Sielmönken and Dykhusen monasteries were destroyed by Balthasar von Esen's troops in the clashes during the Geldrian feud . In 1533 the Jemgum monastery, which was only moved to Holtgaste around 1500, fell victim to the battle of Jemgum (1533) . Many other monasteries subsequently served as stone quarries. Some of their bricks were built into the Aurich and Stickhausen fortifications . Other building materials were used for new purposes in the construction of the old Lamberti Church and in the construction of residential houses. The counts had some rural monasteries demolished in the course of armed conflicts between 1580 and 1600 in order to prevent foreign troops from using them as fortresses. From the former monasteries there are no more parts of the building standing up in East Frisia. The church of the Franciscan monastery in Faldern ( Emden ) was preserved for the longest time. After the dissolution of the convent, it was converted into an inn (poor house) and since then has been known as the Gasthauskirche. In 1938 it was destroyed in a fire.

The organization of the monasteries

Location criteria

Preserved drainage ditches at Hopels monastery

The majority of the convents were rural monasteries. There were also some that originated in or near a city. When the first monasteries were built, the rich and long-lived marshlands were preferred. Later convents were established on the edge of the marshland or along small rivers from which the moorland was cultivated. The individual orders seem to have developed particular preferences for the founding of their monasteries. While the Premonstratensians, for example, always avoided the moorland and founded their convents on the Geest or in the Marsch, the Johanniter or Maltese, who appeared late in East Frisia, preferred the wetlands. Of their nine branches, only Hasselt and Burmönken were on the Geest. It has not yet been clarified whether the Johanniter wanted to demonstrate their seclusion from the world or whether economic and agricultural technological reasons were decisive.

Size of the convent

It is difficult to reconstruct the size of the monasteries from medieval sources. It is estimated that the women's convents of the Cistercians and Premonstratensians as well as the Benedictines and Johanniter settlements were probably occupied by 20 to 40 choir brothers and sisters and about as many lay brothers and sisters. The Cistercian and Premonstratensian monasteries were more crowded. It is assumed that up to 100 to 150 people (monks and converses) performed their service here. The extent of most of the monasteries in the region has not yet been clarified. The monastery, Ihlow, which has so far been the most intensively studied, extended over an area of ​​approximately seven hectares, of which only the smallest part has so far been excavated.

Construction activity

Model of the monastery church Ihlow

In the course of the existence of the monasteries, considerable buildings were erected in East Friesland, but none of them is standing today. Image and written sources have also been largely lost, so that there is hardly any information available about the appearance of the churches, residential and farm buildings.

The individual congregations were differently active in their building activities. For example, the Ihlower monastery church of the Cistercians was the largest church between Groningen and Bremen in the Middle Ages, with a length of 66.50 m, a width of 33.80 m in the transept and 23.50 m in the nave. According to the results of archaeological investigations, the floor plan of the monastery church of the Premonstratensian monastery Barthe , on the other hand, was only about 32 × 7 m and was thus about the size of the average village church of that time.

Immediately after the founding of a monastery, the monks began to erect the most important buildings that were necessary for monastery life, i.e. prayer room, kitchen and canteen as well as a dormitory in barrack-like buildings made of wood, which are now through archaeological excavations at various monastery locations in East Frisia can be proven. The site was then prepared for the construction of the stone monastery complex, which sometimes began decades later. The bricks used for this were probably burned on site from the abundant clayey earth. Above all, the Cistercians brought the necessary technology with them and developed it further.

The expansion of the monasteries often took decades. The construction of the church in Ihlow alone is expected to take 30 years. In the case of the smaller convents, however, the construction period was likely to have taken much less time. For example, the construction of the new monastery church in Sielmönken took about 15 years. Nothing of it has survived today, even if some buildings were able to hold up into the 20th century, but were finally demolished due to disrepair due to neglect or fire.

In addition to the actual brick monastery complex, the monks also dug a system of drainage ditches and fish ponds, some of which have survived to this day and are customers of the monasteries.

Economic activity

Ihlow Monastery - fish pond

In the years after its founding, most monasteries struggled to survive, although they owed their existence to gifts from wealthy landowners. In the few available sources from this period, hardships and laborious pioneering work are mentioned. The great poverty of the monasteries meant that the new monks and nuns and the lay brothers and sisters had to pay a fee when they entered the monastery, although this was forbidden under canon law and was regarded as simony . It is possible that there were also some monasteries in the early Middle Ages, such as Margens , which Cornelius Ignatius Damen referred to as poverty monasteries for the neighboring region in his Geschiedenis van de Benediktijnenkloosters in the province of Groningen , which were quickly abandoned after their foundation.

The livelihood of the monasteries was agriculture on the monastery property. After this was made arable by the monks, for example by installing water mills , agriculture and livestock farming began there. For self-sufficiency, some convents finally built fish ponds in the immediate vicinity of the monasteries. According to the current state of research, it is assumed that the monasteries of East Frisia cultivated around a fifth to a quarter of the cultivated land in the Middle Ages.

The East Frisian monasteries were not as badly affected by the agricultural crisis in the Middle Ages as other regions, as mainly cattle farming was practiced here and the property mainly consisted of pasture land. The population decline in the wake of the plague had a worse effect, since on the one hand fewer consumers and on the other hand fewer workers were available, which drove up labor costs.

It is not yet possible to say with certainty whether the East Frisian monasteries also produced special goods. The trade relations of the convents are also largely in the dark. It is known that the monasteries Aland , Dykhusen , Ihlow, Meerhusen , Sielmönken and Thedinga in Emden maintained townhouses, which were used as a warehouse for surplus income from monastery property for sale on the Emder market, but also as a hostel for guests of the monastery or members of the convents traveling through served. In addition, Frisian lay brothers regularly visited the large German and Flemish port cities well into the 14th century to sell dairy products and buy rye.

It is known, however, that numerous donations and foundations increased the prosperity and land ownership of the monasteries, which ultimately extended to around 20,000 hectares of land shortly before the Reformation.

A significant part of the monasteries in the inland colonization of East Frisia, which is often claimed in the older literature, is now considered refuted. What is certain is that the monasteries were involved in the development of East Frisia due to their high level of technology on their own lands. However, this was already reaching its climax when the first orders came to the region. In the development of the remaining wasteland, the monasteries led the development of the country to its greatest and final development. The monasteries were also involved in land reclamation measures, for example in the Leybucht area . In agriculture, hydraulic engineering, construction and handicrafts, it was they who spread new techniques and methods in East Friesland or who refined already known techniques.

The various congregations achieved different degrees of success in their economic activities. Above all, the Cistercians in Ihlow were able to amass the largest possessions. This resulted on the one hand from the involvement of lay brothers, on the other hand from the establishment of independent agricultural works next to the abbey, the so-called grangia. Similar to the Cistercians, the Premonstratensians contributed to the improvement of agriculture in the first centuries after their emergence and were thus able to improve their economic basis. The other congregations tried in the following time to copy the system of these two orders, but put on smaller and fewer preliminary works, so that they were far inferior to the first two in their economic success.

The coming of the Johanniter, which are more likely to be classified as agricultural Vorwerk, and the many small branches of the other orders such as Barthe and Hopels, on the other hand, will hardly have had greater economic radiance.

Political importance

The brokmer letter

The monasteries in East Friesland were of enormous political importance up to the 15th century, which can be explained primarily by the weak state rule and their large land holdings. Since there was no central authority, the monasteries were used as archives and last resort. Abbots were repeatedly involved in negotiations and the monastery chiefs (prelates) were represented in the first state of the state estates. The political weight of the convents varied greatly.

The Cistercian monastery Ihlow was outstanding. A copy of the Brokmer letter , which formed the basis for the case law in Brokmer and Auricher Land, was deposited there so that it could be used for comparison in cases of doubt. At the time of the so-called Frisian Freedom, the abbey was very likely the archive and chancellery of the Upstalsboom Association.

Peace treaties were also concluded in the monasteries, for example on April 21, 1255. On this date, the Norder and Emsigerland as well as the city of Bremen agreed a peace treaty in the Benedictine monastery Marienthal am Zingel in the north. It was signed by the abbot of Freepsum, the provost of Langen , the provost of Aland , the dean of Emden, the dean of Uttum, the dean of Hinte, the abbot of the north and the abbot of Ihlow as witnesses. For the first time the city is named north. It is also assumed that the seal of the Upstalsboom , the center of Frisian freedom , was kept in Ihlow Monastery and that the administration of the Frisian Federation was operated from here. The monasteries and their outbuildings are repeatedly mentioned as meeting places for the Frisian regional communities.

The abbots of the monasteries were also significantly involved as so-called sewage judges in the regulation of drainage, which is so important for East Frisia . Some monasteries, such as Sielmönken, operated their own drainage systems.

Due to the bad tradition, it is not possible to say anything precise about their status for many convents. For example, the few documents that have been preserved reveal nothing for Barthe about size, importance as a spiritual center, legal status in the local community or the work of the monastery in its environment. Most of the small branches probably hardly played a major role politically. Among the Hospitallers, only Jemgum, Muhde and Abbingwehr stood out.

In the period from the middle of the 14th to the middle of the 15th century, the local elites swung themselves up as patrons of the monasteries and, for example, ordered that they want to be buried there. During this time, the monasteries received large donations. The reforms of the 15th century, the associated relocation of foreign monks to East Frisia, but also the training of the competing counts and estates in East Frisia gradually reduced the political importance of the monasteries. The last major event in which an East Frisian monastery played a role was on December 23, 1464 Ulrich I's official enfeoffment of East Frisia in the church of the Franciscan monastery in Faldern.

See also

literature

General

  • Rolf Bärenfänger, Johannes A. Mol: The former monastery sites in the coastal area. In: Jan F. Kegler, Ostfriesische Landschaft (Ed.): Land der Entdeckungen - land van ontdekkingen 2013. The archeology of the Frisian coastal area. Soltau-Kurier Norden, Norden 2013, ISBN 3-940601-16-0 , pp. 297–309.
  • Rolf Bärenfänger: The East Frisian monasteries from an archaeological point of view. In: Karl-Ernst Behre, Hajo van Lengen: Ostfriesland: History and shape of a cultural landscape . Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1998, ISBN 3-925365-85-0 , pp. 241-256.
  • Josef Dolle with the collaboration of Dennis Kniehauer (Ed.): Lower Saxon Monastery Book. Directory of the monasteries, monasteries, comedians and beguinages in Lower Saxony and Bremen from the beginnings to 1810 . Part 1-4. Bielefeld 2012, ISBN 3-89534-956-9 .
  • Johannes A. Mol: Frisian freedom in parish and monastery. In: Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 .
  • Heinrich Reimers: The secularization of the monasteries in East Friesland. (Treatises and lectures on the history of East Frisia, vol. 6), Friemann, Aurich 1906.
  • Herbert Reyer: Seal of the abbots of the Cistercian monastery Ihlow. For the sparse tradition of medieval East Frisian monastery seals . In: Yearbook of the Society for Fine Art and Patriotic Antiquities in Emden 73/74, 1993/94.
  • Heinrich Schmidt: Political history of East Frisia. Rautenberg, Leer 1975 (East Frisia under the protection of the dike, vol. 5).
  • Menno Smid : East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974, p. 93 (Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike; 6).
  • Gerhard Streich: Monasteries, monasteries and those coming in Lower Saxony before the Reformation. With a source and literature appendix on the church structure . Lax, Hildesheim 1986 (studies and preparatory work for the Historical Atlas of Lower Saxony, vol. 30).
  • Hemmo Suur: History of the former monasteries in the province of East Friesland: An attempt . Hahn, Emden 1838 (reprint of the edition from 1838, Verlag Martin Sendet, Niederwalluf 1971, ISBN 3-500-23690-1 ).
  • Harm Wiemann: The East Frisian monasteries in the pre-Reformation and Reformation period. In: Yearbook of the Society for Lower Saxony Church History . Vol. 68, 1970, pp. 25-38.

To the individual orders in East Frisia

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 195.
  2. ↑ a b Rolf Bärenfänger : Archeology on the former monastery sites in the north. In: Rolf Bärenfänger (Ed.): Cistercians in the north - new research on monastery archeology. International Archeology - Working Group, Conference, Symposium, Congress 11 , Rahden / Westf. 2007, ISBN 3-89646-439-6 . Pp. 67-76.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Rolf Bärenfänger, Johannes A. Mol: The former monastery sites in the coastal area . In: Jan F. Kegler, Ostfriesische Landschaft (Ed.): Land der Entdeckungen - land van ontdekkingen 2013. The archeology of the Frisian coastal area , Soltau-Kurier Norden, Norden 2013, ISBN 3-940601-16-0 . Pp. 297-309.
  4. ↑ a b Menno Smid : East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974, p. 87 (Ostfriesland in the protection of the dyke; 6)
  5. ^ Karl-Ernst Behre / Hajo van Lengen: Ostfriesland. History and shape of a cultural landscape . Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-85-0 , p. 241.
  6. ^ Walter Deeters: Benedictine double monasteries in East Friesland. In: Res Frisicae. Treatises and lectures on the history of Ostfriesland 59, 1978, pp. 73 ff.
  7. ↑ Cornelius Ignatius Damen: Geschiedenis van de Benediktijnenkloosters in de provincie Groningen. ISBN 90-232-0958-3 .
  8. ↑ Axel Heinze: Margens. In: Josef Dolle with the collaboration of Dennis Kniehauer (Ed.): Lower Saxony Monastery Book. Directory of the monasteries, monasteries, commendants and beguinages in Lower Saxony and Bremen from the beginnings to 1810. Part 2, Bielefeld 2012, ISBN 3-89534-958-5 , p. 988 ff.
  9. ↑ Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 243.
  10. ^ Society for Agricultural History, German Agricultural Society: Journal for Agricultural History and Agricultural Sociology . Vols 24-26. Frankfurt am Main 1976, p. 95.
  11. ↑ a b Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 221.
  12. ↑ a b Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 229.
  13. ↑ Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974, pp. 88, 93, 96, 100.
  14. ^ Working group of the local chronicles of the East Frisian landscape: Minutes of the meeting of the working group of chroniclers on May 21, 2004 in the Heimathaus in Heidmühle and in the monastery park Östringfelde (PDF; 48 kB), viewed on January 2, 2010.
  15. ^ Karl-Ernst Behre / Hajo van Lengen : Ostfriesland. History and shape of a cultural landscape . Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-85-0 , p. 194.
  16. ↑ a b Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974, p. 93 (East Frisia in the protection of the dyke; 6)
  17. ↑ Paul Weßels : Barthe - On the history of a monastery and the subsequent domain on the basis of written sources . Norden 1997. ISBN 3-928327-26-7 . P. 26
  18. ↑ Langen could have formed a kind of double monastery with Aland, which was run by Langen, where the men were housed while the women lived in Aland
  19. ↑ Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974, p. 97 (East Frisia in the protection of the dyke; 6)
  20. ↑ Paul Weßels: Barthe - On the history of a monastery and the subsequent domain on the basis of written sources . Norden 1997. ISBN 3-928327-26-7 . P. 26
  21. ↑ Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 225.
  22. ↑ Paul Weßels: Barthe - On the history of a monastery and the subsequent domain on the basis of written sources . Norden 1997. ISBN 3-928327-26-7 . P. 23
  23. ↑ Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974, p. 104 (Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike; 6)
  24. ↑ a b Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974, p. 105 (East Frisia in the protection of the dyke; 6)
  25. ↑ Klaus Bergdolt: The Black Death: The Great Plague and the End of the Middle Ages . Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-45918-8 , p. 83.
  26. ^ Walter Deeters: Benedictine double monasteries in East Friesland . In: Res Frisicae. Treatises and lectures on the history of Ostfriesland 59, 1978, pp. 73 ff.
  27. ↑ Angelika Lasius: Wall paintings of the Albrechtsburg Meissen. History pictures from the 19th century . Edition Leipzig, Leipzig 2000, p. 87 and p. 120.
  28. ↑ Umbringers do not sin . In: Ostfriesland-Magazin . No. 9, 1993 , accessed January 3, 2010.
  29. ↑ Bernhard Buttjer, Martin Stromann: Where the monks once lived: The Ihlow monastery, a forest and twelve villages. Verlag SKN, Norden (Ostfriesland) 2009, ISBN 3-939870-22-6 , p. 63.
  30. ↑ Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 . P. 235
  31. ^ Heinrich Reimers: The Carmelite Monastery Appingen. In: Yearbook of the Society for Fine Arts and Patriotic Antiquities in Emden . Vol. 23, 1932, p. 3 ( online , PDF file; 14.7 MB).
  32. ↑ Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 238.
  33. ↑ a b Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 239.
  34. ↑ Bernhard Buttjer, Martin Stromann: Where the monks once lived: The Ihlow monastery, a forest and twelve villages. Verlag SKN, Norden (Ostfriesland) 2009, ISBN 3-939870-22-6 , p. 74.
  35. ↑ Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 240.
  36. ↑ Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 242f.
  37. ↑ a b Heinrich Schmidt: Political History of East Frisia . Rautenberg, Leer 1975 (Ostfriesland in the protection of the dike, vol. 5), p. 171.
  38. ↑ Ortschronisten der Ostfriesischen Landschaft: Langholt, municipality Ostrhauderfehn, district Leer (PDF; 553 kB).
  39. ↑ Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 241.
  40. ^ A b Henning P. Juergens: Johannes a Lasco in Ostfriesland: The career of a European reformer . Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2002, ISBN 3-16-147754-5 , p. 186.
  41. ↑ Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 224.
  42. ^ A b Karl-Ernst Behre, Hajo van Lengen: Ostfriesland. History and shape of a cultural landscape. Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-85-0 , p. 243.
  43. ↑ Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 231.
  44. ↑ Bernhard Buttjer, Martin Stromann: Where the monks once lived: The Ihlow monastery, a forest and twelve villages. Verlag SKN, Norden (Ostfriesland) 2009, ISBN 3-939870-22-6 , p. 42.
  45. ↑ Bernhard Buttjer, Martin Stromann: Where the monks once lived: The Ihlow monastery, a forest and twelve villages. Verlag SKN, Norden (Ostfriesland) 2009, ISBN 3-939870-22-6 , p. 30.
  46. ^ Karl-Ernst Behre, Hajo van Lengen: Ostfriesland. History and shape of a cultural landscape. East Frisian Landscape, Aurich 1995, ISBN 3-925365-85-0 , p. 241 f.
  47. ↑ Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 227.
  48. ↑ Cornelius Ignatius Damen: Geschiedenis van de Benediktijnenkloosters in de provincie Groningen. ISBN 90-232-0958-3 .
  49. ↑ Axel Heinze: Margens . In: Josef Dolle with the collaboration of Dennis Kniehauer (Ed.): Lower Saxony Monastery Book. Directory of the monasteries, monasteries, comedians and beguinages in Lower Saxony and Bremen from the beginnings to 1810 . Part 2, Bielefeld 2012, ISBN 3-89534-958-5 , p. 988 ff.
  50. ↑ Bernhard Buttjer, Martin Stromann: Where the monks once lived: The Ihlow monastery, a forest and twelve villages. Verlag SKN, Norden (Ostfriesland) 2009, ISBN 3-939870-22-6 , p. 26.
  51. ↑ Bernhard Buttjer, Martin Stromann: Where the monks once lived: The Ihlow monastery, a forest and twelve villages. Verlag SKN, Norden (Ostfriesland) 2009, ISBN 3-939870-22-6 , p. 66.
  52. ↑ Bernhard Buttjer, Martin Stromann: Where the monks once lived: The Ihlow monastery, a forest and twelve villages. Verlag SKN, Norden (Ostfriesland) 2009, ISBN 3-939870-22-6 , p. 67.
  53. ↑ a b Hajo van Lengen (ed.): The Frisian freedom of the Middle Ages - life and legend. Verlag Ostfriesische Landschaft, Aurich 2003, ISBN 3-932206-30-4 , p. 233.
  54. ↑ Rudolph Christoph lattice man : Small story of East Friesland . Woortman, Hannover 1823, p. 180.
  55. ↑ Hayo van Lengen: History and meaning of the Cistercian monastery Ihlow. Res Frisicae, treatises and lectures on the history of Ostfriesland 59 , 1978, pp. 86-101.
  56. ↑ Menno Smid: East Frisian Church History . Self-published, Pewsum 1974, p. 113.
  57. ↑ The Norder Contract 1255 , original text with translation by Gerd Dickers, Norden (PDF; 73 kB).
  58. ↑ Paul Weßels: Barthe . In: Josef Dolle with the collaboration of Dennis Kniehauer (Ed.): Lower Saxony Monastery Book. Directory of the monasteries, monasteries, comedians and beguinages in Lower Saxony and Bremen from the beginnings to 1810 . Part 1. Bielefeld 2012, ISBN 3-89534-957-7 , pp. 56–59.