Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms in 1521

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Luther Monument , Worms
Anton von Werner , 1877

Martin Luther's appearance at the Diet in Worms in 1521 was an outstanding event in the course of the Reformation .

Apron

prehistory

At the Council of Constance 100 years earlier, the Bohemian reformer Jan Hus was condemned as a heretic and - in breach of the promise of safe conduct - was burned at the stake . Many theological statements by Martin Luther were similar to those of Jan Hus.

Martin Luther

With the 95 theses sent on October 31, 1517 as an attachment to a letter to the Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg , Albrecht von Brandenburg , Martin Luther placed central points of the exercise of power (the direct and derived authority of the Pope ) and the economic foundations of the church ( Indulgences ) or - as Erasmus von Rotterdam put it: Luther sinned because he grabbed the Pope's crown and the monks by the stomach. This happened against the background of great dissatisfaction of a considerable part of the population and part of the political elite in the German Reich with the conditions in the church. Luther also had a great talent for journalism. In the two following years, Luther's opponents could not act freely politically: The Pope wanted to prevent the election of Charles V , for which he made Elector Friedrich III. needed, who in turn sponsored Martin Luther as the figurehead of his state university, Wittenberg . In the two years that followed the 95 theses, the pending trial against Martin Luther in Rome for heresy was not pursued any further.

On the other hand, the papal chamberlain, Karl von Miltitz, tried from September 1518 on a papal mandate, but without too much support from Rome, to negotiate the religious dispute with the authoritative ones. The curia probably chose him because of his Saxon origins. Above all, he was supposed to have an impact on the Elector of Saxony, Friedrich III, the patron of Luther. Karl von Miltitz subsequently spoke to Martin Luther personally several times. The interlocutors also included the Archbishop of Trier , Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads . Luther insisted on a hearing and the archbishop was ready in principle to go into it. Elector Friedrich III. and the archbishop agreed that this should happen at the next Reichstag, also because a trip by Martin Luther to Koblenz or Trier seemed too risky for his person for security reasons. This agreement from 1519 first contained the idea of ​​a personal appearance by Martin Luther in the context of a Reichstag.

Martin Luther continued to publish writings in which he expressed himself controversially about conventional medieval theology and church practice, since he only accepted the Bible ("sola scriptura") as the basic frame of reference , while his opponents also accepted other sources - such as decretals - on an equal footing . The climax of the dispute was the Leipzig disputation , at which Martin Luther questioned the absolute authority of the Pope: The Pope had only been the leader of Christianity for 400 years, with the Decretum Gratiani . The sentence continued: “Even councils can be wrong.” With this, Martin Luther questioned the individual freedom of conscience in listening to the Bible about authoritative decisions by the Pope and the bishops and thus central power and legitimation structures in Western Europe.

After Charles V was elected German king on June 28, 1519, the curia resumed Luther's heresy trial in the spring of 1520. Which was below the June 15, 1520 Papal Bull of Excommunication Exsurge Domine of Pope Leo X issued. She condemned 41 - partly out of context and partly inaccurately reproduced - sentences of Luther without justification or counter-arguments and set him a period of 60 days for submission. Otherwise she threatened him with excommunication . In addition, Martin Luther's writings were to be collected and burned. This caused the situation to escalate further: In response, Martin Luther wrote the writing Von der Freyheith eines Christianmenschen including a letter to Pope Leo X dated October 1520 (predated September 1520).

In November 1520 the papal nuncio, Hieronymus Aleander , began to burn Luther's writings in Cologne and Mainz. In return, on December 10, 1520, Martin Luther burned the “godless books of papal law and scholastic theology because the insolence of the enemies of the gospel went so far as to burn Luther's pious and evangelical books” ( Philipp Melanchthon ). Luther himself threw a print of the bull "Exsurge Domini" into the fire. The bull of excommunication against Luther, Decet Romanum Pontificem , was issued on January 28, 1521 and the papal nuncio, Hieronymus Aleander, held it in Worms on February 10, 1521. Since its content did not fit into the political preparations for the upcoming Reichstag, he neither delivered it to Martin Luther - which would have made it legally binding - nor did he have it published. The latter did not happen until October 1521, well after the end of the Reichstag.

Charles V

Already in the context of and after the coronation of King Charles V in the autumn of 1520 in Aachen, he proposed an interrogation of Luther at the next Reichstag, which Elector Friedrich III. but initially refused due to security concerns about Martin Luther. Luther, on the other hand, was ready to travel to Worms.

The ban on church traditionally resulted in imperial ban . However, in his election surrender, the emperor had previously assured everyone who was threatened with imperial ban that proceedings would be heard . The emperor tried to get around this and presented a draft mandate on February 15, 1521, which provided for the immediate implementation of the papal ban bull in an imperial ban.

However, some of the imperial estates under the leadership of Electoral Saxony and the Electoral Palatinate opposed this - also with reference to public opinion. Even if they did not all approve of his theological Reformation, Luther's criticism of the church met with a wide response and the estates largely judged it to be justified. The nuncios, however, opposed a disputation and a substantive discussion, since the Pope had decided and his decision could no longer be appealed afterwards. Intensive diplomatic negotiations followed, which on March 2, 1521 led to a new draft imperial mandate, which probably ended on March 6 with a resolution to summon Luther to Worms. Martin Luther was promised safe conduct. How much the promise was worth was not clear in advance and in view of the way Jan Hus was dealt with at the Council of Constance. Martin Luther granted the greatest security that Elector Friedrich III. stood behind him.

Otherwise, however, the emperor stuck to his original draft mandate against Luther. In a sequestration mandate dated March 10, 1521 and published on March 26 or 27, he emphasized that Pope Leo X. had already condemned Luther's teachings. The sequestration mandate ordered Luther's writings to be confiscated and destroyed and, under penalty of punishment, forbidden to distribute them. That was a prejudice. In April 1521, the Electoral Saxon Chancellor Gregor Brück discussed the seriousness of the imperial escort after the publication of the sequestration mandate, whether Luther should "come" or "stay out".

The Reichstag

Charles V invited the Reichstag to Worms in 1521 . On the issues to be negotiated, Luther's subpoena was initially a rather incidental matter. The Reichstag was opened on January 27, 1521. It ended with the imperial farewell on May 26, 1521.

Representatives of the Pope at the Reichstag were:

  • the apostolic protonotary Marino Ascanio Caracciolo , nuncio at the court of Charles V Caracciolo, had already been the papal envoy to Charles' predecessor Maximilian I and was thus familiar with German conditions.
  • Raffaello de 'Medici, a distant relative of the Pope;
  • Hieronymus Aleander , since June 1520 extraordinary nuncio to Charles V, to deal with the Causa Lutheri (the Luther case). He was supposed to publish the bull threatening exsurge domine against Martin Luther in Germany. In the Causa Lutheri , Aleander was the one who had priority in the negotiation.

On January 5, 1521, Elector Friedrich III met. in Worms. In an audience soon afterwards, Charles V promised to interrogate Luther during the Reichstag. Those involved spent the following weeks negotiating the matter: The nuncios demanded that Charles V intervene against Luther. But the latter did not want to take on responsibility alone and to involve the imperial estates. These, however, were divided and tended more towards Luther, on whom public opinion predominantly stood.

getting there

Departure from Wittenberg

Letter of invitation to Martin Luther to the Reichstag

On March 6, 1521, Charles V issued the summons to Luther and a few days later, through Elector Friedrich, assured him of free imperial conduct to Worms. Luther should appear in Worms no later than 3 weeks after receiving the summons. At the same time, Charles V published a “sequestration mandate” on March 26 or 27, 1521 without the Estates - two attempts to do so had previously failed - so Martin Luther was condemned in advance. His writings should be confiscated and destroyed. Martin Luther initially knew nothing of this.

Presumably on March 29, 1521, the Imperial Herold Kaspar Sturm handed over the summons to Martin Luther in Wittenberg. She spoke generally of making inquiries about his writings. There was no mention of a revocation.

Martin Luther and his companions set out on April 2, 1521. In addition to the Imperial Herald Kaspar Sturm and his men, who had to ensure that the imperial promise of free conduct was kept: Luther's friar Johann Petzensteiner, his colleague Nikolaus von Amsdorf , Petrus Suawe , a Pomeranian nobleman and student in Wittenberg, and possibly the student Thomas Blarer from Constance . In Erfurt, the lawyer Justus Jonas joined them. The city of Wittenberg provided the goldsmith Christian Döring's wagon with a protective roof, and the university provided 20 guilders in allowance.

Naumburg

The trip led via Leipzig, where no one was really interested in the travelers, to Naumburg , where Luther stayed as the mayor's guest from April 4th to 5th, 1521. Here a clergyman is said to have given him a picture of Girolamo Savonarola at the stake. The next day we went to Weimar via Eckartsberga .

Weimar

The tour group arrived in Weimar on the evening of April 5, 1521. They received additional allowance from the elector's brother, Duke Johann . It was here that Luther first became aware of the imperial “sequestration mandate” of March 26 or 27, 1521, which condemned him beforehand. Reichsherold Kaspar Sturm then asked him if he wanted to continue the journey, which Martin Luther said in the affirmative.

Erfurt

On the afternoon of April 6, 1521, Martin Luther reached Erfurt . Here the rector of the local university, Crotus Rubeanus , met him with 40 mounted men, including Georg Sturtz , Euricius Cordus , Johann Draconites and Eobanus Hessus . They prepared a solemn entry for him into the city. On the morning of April 7th, Luther preached in the overcrowded Augustinian Church . The gallery threatened to collapse under the weight of the people, so that some of them smashed windows to save themselves. But then no such accident happened.

Gotha

On April 7, 1521, the tour group reached Gotha , where Martin Luther also preached.

Eisenach

On April 8, 1521, the tour group stayed in Eisenach , where Martin Luther preached again. He didn't feel well and was drained .

Frankfurt am Main

Gasthof zum Strauss, drawing around 1850

In Frankfurt Luther arrived from Friedberg Coming on April 14, 1521 Sunday Misericordias Domini , around noon. He rose at the inn to Strauss in the Buchengasse , corner scoop alley off. The house was demolished in 1896 for the breakthrough in Bethmannstrasse .

Luther's writings had found increasing circulation in Frankfurt since the spring fair in 1520. Accordingly, numerous citizens gathered on the streets to enthusiastically receive the prominent guest. Only the dean of the Liebfrauenstift , Johannes Cochläus , preached furiously against Orpheus in a monk's robe and his followers.

Opposite the inn, in the Goldstein house , was the municipal Latin school founded in the previous year . Your rector Wilhelm Nesen and Frankfurt patricians , including Philipp Fürstenberger , Arnold von Glauburg and Hamman von Holzhausen , discussed with Luther until late in the evening. Then Luther wrote a letter to Spalatin in which he complained about the physical strains of the journey and then continued: “But Christ lives! and we want to come to Worms to defend all the gates of hell and princes of the air [...] I didn’t want to write any other letters until I saw something to do myself: that we don’t inflate Satan, that we rather inflate are frightened and willing to despise. "

The next morning Luther visited the Latin school and in the late morning traveled on to Oppenheim. Cochläus followed him two days later to challenge Luther to a public disputation in Worms.

Oppenheim

Luther spent the last night before arriving in Worms from April 15th to 16th in Oppenheim in what was then the Zur Kanne inn . In the evening, Luther received a visit from Franz von Sickingen , who offered him protection and security at his Ebernburg near Bad Kreuznach , which Luther refused.

Luther in Worms

Arrivals

Martinspforte, passage of the road to Oppenheim in the inner wall ring of the city ​​fortifications of Worms
Commercial building on Kämmererstraße : This is where the Johanniterhof stood , where Luther lived in Worms.

The next morning he traveled on and arrived on Tuesday, April 16, 1521, around 10 a.m. through the Mainzer Pforte and the Martinspforte in Worms. The mood in the population of Worms was pro-Lutheran, and Luther's arrival was a public event. Reichsherold Kaspar Sturm rode ahead with a servant, followed by the carriage and on horseback Justus Jonas. Trumpets announced the arrival from the cathedral. 2000 people are said to have watched the move.

Martin Luther was allocated a room in the Johanniterhof, where the members of the Electoral Saxon delegation, such as the Councilors Friedrich von Thun and Philipp von Feilitzsch, and the Reichsherbmarschall Ulrich von Pappenheim stayed. Because of the lack of space caused by the Reichstag, Luther had to share a room with the Electoral Saxon officials Hans Schott and Bernhard von Hirschfeld.

On the day of his arrival he was visited by a number of imperial estates, including Landgrave Philip I of Hesse .

April 17, 1521

Place of encounter between Emperor Karl V and Martin Luther: The Bishop's Court in Worms

On the morning of April 17, 1521, Martin Luther received the summons from Hereditary Marshal Ulrich von Pappenheim to be at 4 p.m. in the bishop's court , where the emperor was staying. Pappenheim and Reichsherold Sturm led him through the garden of the Johanniterhof and a few alleys to a back entrance of the bishop's court. The direct route through the Kämmerergasse was filled with onlookers. This route posed a security problem.

The emperor was already in the hall. Martin Luther had little knowledge of the court protocol and was therefore reprimanded by Hereditary Marshal Ulrich von Pappenheim for speaking to Konrad Peutinger , whom he knew from an earlier stay in Augsburg, without being asked. Luther's writings were laid out on a bench in the hall. Among them were the writings From the Freedom of a Christian Man , To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation from the Improvement of the Christian Class and From the Babylonian Captivity of the Church . Also present was the Wittenberg lawyer Hieronymus Schurff , who was in Worms for Friedrich III. worked and appeared here as a lawyer for Martin Luther. The emperor did not speak to Luther himself, but through an "orator", Johann von Eck , official of the Archbishop of Trier. The emperor could only follow the events - as far as it was in German - with the help of interpreters .

Martin Luther's expectation was that there would be a disputation , a form of discussion that was common in academia at the time. On the part of the emperor, however, it was only intended that Martin Luther - without exchanging any arguments - should withdraw his theses. Martin Luther only found out about this directly on site.

Johann von Eck asked Martin Luther the following questions: Will he recognize the books on display as his writings, whether he confessed to them or what he might want to revoke from them? Hieronymus Schurff initially insisted that the writings for the protocol should be listed individually. Luther recognized the books as his. He said it was about faith, salvation, and God's word. It would therefore be dangerous to express oneself carelessly and he asked for time to think about it, in order to be able to answer without violating the divine word or endangering the salvation of his soul.

In Martin Luther's own account it reads like this:

“Nothing has been traded like this here but so much: Are the books yours? Yes. Do you want to revoke it or not? No. So get up! "

After consulting the emperors and princes, Johann von Eck, after a haunting speech, told him to revoke his mistakes, and that Charles V would grant him a one-day reflection period. The herald brought Luther back to his quarters, where numerous nobles again visited him.

April 18, 1521

Luther at the Reichstag in Worms (colored woodcut, 1556)
Luther monument in Annaberg-Buchholz with the popular version of Martin Luther's statement

So there was a second appointment before the emperor on April 18, 1521. Again the imperial herald led Luther to the bishop's court. Since previous negotiations on other matters had been delayed, he had to wait two hours in a crowd. Although a larger hall had been chosen this time, not everyone who asked to enter was allowed to enter. Because the hour was already late, the hall was lit with torches. It was hot and Luther was sweating a lot.

Johann von Eck repeated the questions from the previous day. Luther replied with a longer explanation. He demanded to be refuted by evidence from Scripture. This was followed by a lengthy answer from Johann von Eck with the final question as to whether Luther would revoke it or not? This was followed by Luther's famous sentence (which was originally spoken in Latin ):

"... if I am not convinced by testimonies from Scripture and clear reasons of reason, because I believe neither the Pope nor the councils alone, since it is certain that they have often erred and contradicted themselves, then I am by the passages of the Holy Scriptures, that I have led, overcome in my conscience and trapped in the word of God. Therefore I cannot and will not revoke anything, because doing something against the conscience is neither safe nor salutary. God help me, Amen! "

This reference to the Bible and the individual conscience are the central moment of Martin Luther's appearance before the Reichstag and a key event of the Reformation.

The emperor accused Luther of a mistake:

“... For it is certain that an individual monk is wrong in his opinion when this stands against that of the whole of Christianity, as it has been taught for more than a thousand years. That is why I am determined to put my empires and lords, my body, my blood and my soul into this matter. "

The emperor used tradition and purely quantitative arguments against Martin Luther's content-related and qualitative arguments - and ultimately failed.

Last days in Worms

From the morning of April 19, 1521, Charles V negotiated with the imperial estates about how to proceed. He now saw in Martin Luther the heretic against whom action should be taken, and he expected the same of the imperial estates. But here was the problem of a consistent policy against Martin Luther: The imperial estates simply did not agree on whether or to what extent action should be taken against him.

On April 22, 1521, the emperor granted the imperial estates a three-day period to persuade Martin Luther to withdraw. They formed a commission to try to negotiate and find a compromise with Martin Luther. It consisted of:

The conversation began on April 24, 1521, at six o'clock in the morning in the quarters of the Archbishop of Mainz. The interview was conducted by Vehus. Luther was not ready to back off his assertion that his statements were bound by the gospel .

Another conversation took place on April 25, 1521 and lasted, with interruptions, for the whole day, with only some of the representatives of the commission present. Luther was further unwilling to step back behind his statement. That same evening, the Austrian Chancellor Maximilian von Zevenbergen and Johann von Eck visited him, dismissed Martin Luther from the Reichstag and promised him safe conduct for the next three weeks on the condition that he did not preach or write on the way. They said goodbye with a handshake. Numerous aristocrats said goodbye to Luther, including Landgrave Philip I of Hesse, who handed him a letter of safe conduct through his territory.

Return trip

Oppenheim

On April 26, 1521, Martin Luther and his companions left Worms at around ten o'clock in the morning. That was Nikolaus von Amsdorf, Hieronymus Schurff, Justus Jonas, Johann Petzensteiner and Petrus Suawe. 20 riders escorted them, probably provided by Franz von Sickingen. They reached Oppenheim, where the Reichsherold joined them and they slept.

Frankfurt am Main

Luther arrived in Frankfurt am Main on Saturday, April 27, 1521. The news of his appearance in front of the Reichstag had already got around in the city. He took up his quarters again in the Gasthof Zum Strauss . “Much of the honor of many of his patrons happened to him there,” noted the canon Wolfgang Königstein in his diary. On the following day, the Sunday Cantata, Luther's adversary Cochläus also returned from Worms. On April 24, he had offered Luther a public theological duel and had received humiliating rejection. Königstein wrote about the failure of his dean: “What he (Cochlaeus) has done fruitfully, I will let go. It is said that he received a lot of abuse […] our Dechan came back and didn’t get much, especially to Worms; I'll leave what has been said of him here. "

In the morning Luther still found time for another visit to the Latin school and a letter to Lucas Cranach , in which he indicated his retreat at the Wartburg : “I let myself be wrapped up and hidden, I don't yet know where […] There must be a small one Time to be silent and suffer: You don't see me a little, and a little, that's how you see me, says Christ. ”On April 28th, around 10 o'clock, he left for Friedberg.

Friedberg

In Friedberg, the tour group stayed at the “Zum Grünberg” inn, where they stayed until April 29th. Martin Luther dismissed the Reichsherold Kaspar Sturm and told him that he felt safe. But presumably the number of witnesses in the planned "kidnapping" should be kept low. He gave the Reichsherold a letter for Charles V in Latin , in which he explained his actions at the Reichstag in Worms in carefully chosen, well-balanced words. He sent the electors, princes and estates of the empire the letter - with the same content - but in German. Another letter was intended for his friend Georg Spalatin .

Hersfeld

The group reached Grünberg on April 30, 1521, and Hersfeld on May 1, 1521 . He was warmly received by the abbot of the monastery , Kraft Myle . On the morning of May 2, 1521, his host forced him to preach - contrary to the requirement of safe conduct. That happened at 5 a.m. before the onward journey. Martin Luther justified this with the fact that the word of God should not be bound by human conditions.

Eisenach

Eisenach was reached on May 3, 1521. Luther preached here too. He wrote a detailed letter to Count Albrecht VII von Mansfeld , in which he described the events in Worms. He dismissed Schurf, Jonas and Suaven because he wanted to visit his relatives in Möhra , only Petzensteiner and Amsdorff accompanied him there on May 4, 1521.

Wartburg

On the way back from Möhra to Eisenach, the tour group was in a staged attack by armed men, on the secret order of Elector Friedrich III. near Altenstein Castle (at today's Luther monument ) "attacked". The carter was threatened with a crossbow held up. Petzensteiner jumped out of the car and fled on foot. Amsdorff was inaugurated. Martin Luther was still able to take the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament when he was pulled from the cart under curses. He had to run alongside the riders until they were out of sight. Then he got on a horse. A further detour was ridden to distract any pursuers. Around 11 p.m. the group arrived at the Wartburg , where Martin Luther was hidden from May 4, 1521 to March 1, 1522 by the local bailiff, Hans Sittich von Berlepsch .

Edict of Worms

With the Worms Edict of May 26, 1521, the imperial ban on Martin Luther was imposed. The emperor only succeeded in enforcing this with rules of procedure tricks: the edict was only "waved through" without a formal resolution after the Reichstag had passed, after some of Luther's supporters had already left, but on May 8, 1521 - well before the end of the Reichstag - backdated.

memory

Relics, commemoration

Memorial place for the large shoes of Luther at the former location of the bishop's court
Information stele in Kämmererstraße at the point where the Johanniterhof stood, where Luther lived in Worms
Commemorative stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost for the 450th anniversary (1971)
Luther sock

In Worms there is no longer any authentic evidence of the event. Due to the destruction of the city in the Palatinate War of Succession and in the Second World War , all buildings related to the events of that time were destroyed. At the place where Karl V and Luther met - in the garden of the Heylshof , an industrialist villa from the 19th century and now a public park - there is an artistic installation, Luther's Great Shoes , which commemorates the event. The Luther memorial in Worms, the world's second largest Reformation memorial after the international Reformation memorial in Geneva , stands at a point where the western moat of the inner city ​​fortifications of Worms was in Luther's time . In some places in the city that are related to Luther's stay in Worms, information steles are set up, which explain the meaning of the respective place with short texts. The city of Worms is trying to celebrate the anniversary despite the corona pandemic .

art

About the event Luther in Worms has Ludwig Meinardus (1827-1896) in collaboration with Franz Liszt an oratorio written that in 1876 Weimar premiered in 1883 Luther in Erfurt was performed and in 1921 in Worms.

For the heroic understanding of Luther, the history painting by Anton von Werner, completed in 1877, was influential.

Legends

In the literature it can often be found that Martin Luther is said to have said to the emperor at the end of his declaration: “Here I stand. God help me. I can't help it. ”However, this has not been guaranteed by contemporaries, nor does it emerge from the negotiation minutes. In the report of the eyewitness Konrad Peutinger, who was present at this hearing in Worms, it says: "Got kum to help me."

The Fischerpforte is an ogival passage for pedestrians in the eastern wall of the inner city fortifications of Worms. It did not take on its present form until 1907. The passage is also known as the “Luther Gate”, but has nothing to do with Martin Luther or his stay at the Worms Reichstag in 1521.

literature

  • Martin Brecht: Martin Luther. His way to the Reformation . Calwer, Stuttgart 1981. ISBN 3-7668-0678-5 .
  • D. Martin Luther's works. Critical complete edition . ["Weimar Edition"] Correspondence, Volume 2. Graz 1969 = ND of the edition by Hermann Böhlaus Nach Successor, Weimar 1931.
  • Fritz Reuter (Hrsg.): The Reichstag in Worms from 1521. Reich policy and Luthersache. Worms 1971.

Web links

Wikisource: Reichstag Farewell of 1521  - Sources and full texts

Remarks

  1. ^ The burning of the scholastic textbooks did not succeed because the theologians did not publish them (Brecht, p. 404).
  2. ↑ Martin Luther no longer belonged to the Augustinian order , but the rule that a monk was not allowed to travel without the company of another monk was observed.
  3. ↑ Today Mainzer Straße 11-13, a sign above the courtyard entrance reminds of the occasion.
  4. ↑ Not named after Martin Luther, but after the neighboring St. Martin monastery in Worms.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brecht, p. 398.
  2. ↑ Brecht, pp. 255ff.
  3. ↑ Brecht, p. 325.
  4. ↑ Brecht, p. 372ff.
  5. ↑ Brecht, p. 400.
  6. ↑ Brecht, p. 403.
  7. ↑ Brecht, p. 406.
  8. ↑ Brecht, p. 407.
  9. ↑ Brecht, pp. 401f.
  10. ↑ § 22 electoral capitulation Charles V : “We should and wave furkomen and kains away that now someone high or low, Churfurst, Furst or other cause, even unheard of and disregard is done, brought or explained , but in solhem orderly process and the Holy Roman Empire before established statutes in which are kept and performed ”.
  11. ↑ Vol. 2 (1896) Reichstag files under Emperor Charles V (1519–1523), DRTA.Jr 2 (507) 509–513 No. 68 [1]
  12. ↑ Christiane Laudage: The business with sin. Indulgence and indulgences in the Middle Ages . Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 2016, p. 264 f.
  13. ↑ Christopher Spehr: Luther and the Council: on the development of a central theme in the Reformation. Vol. 153 contributions to historical theology, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-16-150474-7 , p. 287 ( limited preview in Google book search)
  14. ↑ Brecht, p. 422; Vol. 2 (1896) Reichstag files under Emperor Charles V (1519–1523), DRTA.Jr 2 (514) 514–517 No. 69 [2] .
  15. ^ Gerhard Müller: Causa Reformationis. Contributions to the history of the Reformation and the theology of Martin Luther. Gütersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, Gütersloh 1989, ISBN 3-579-00124-8 , p. 111 f.
  16. ↑ Brecht, p. 415.
  17. ↑ Brecht, p. 415ff.
  18. ↑ See: D. Martin Luthers Werke. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 278ff.
  19. ↑ See: D. Martin Luthers Werke. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 285ff.
  20. ↑ Brecht, p. 423f.
  21. ↑ Brecht, p. 425.
  22. ↑ Brecht, p. 427.
  23. ↑ Brecht, p. 427.
  24. ↑ Brecht, p. 427.
  25. ↑ See: D. Martin Luthers Werke. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 296: Luther begins a letter here to Philipp Melanchthon , which he then sends off in Gotha.
  26. ↑ Brecht, p. 427.
  27. ↑ Brecht, p. 427.
  28. ↑ Hartmut Ellrich: Luther: a search for traces in Thuringia. Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2009, ISBN 978-3-86680-523-1 , p. 50.
  29. ↑ Dietmar v. d Pfordten (ed.): Great thinkers of Erfurt and the Erfurt University. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-89244-510-9 , pp. 134-135.
  30. ↑ Brecht, p. 427.
  31. ↑ Brecht, p. 428.
  32. ↑ Brecht, p. 428; see: D. Martin Luther's works. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 296f: Letter from Luther to Melanchthon on the same day.
  33. ↑ Brecht, p. 428.
  34. ↑ Brecht, p. 428; Sibylle Badstübner-Gröger, Peter Findeisen: Martin Luther. Cities, sites, stations. An art historical documentation. Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 1983, pp. 199 and pp. 203-208.
  35. ↑ Hermann Dechent , Luther's stay in Frankfurt am Main before and after the Reichstag in Worms in 1521 , in: Frankfurter Kirchenkalender 1893, p. 16ff.
  36. ↑ a b Wilhelm Bornemann , Luther in Frankfurt 1521 , in: Frankfurter Kirchenkalender 1921, p. 14ff.
  37. ↑ Brecht, p. 429.
  38. ↑ Brecht, p. 429f.
  39. ↑ Brecht, p. 430.
  40. ↑ Brecht, p. 429.
  41. ↑ Brecht, p. 431; Alberto Melloni (Ed.): Martin Luther: Christ Between Reforms and Modernity (1517–2017) . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-11-049874-5 , p. 337.
  42. ↑ Brecht, p. 431.
  43. ↑ Brecht, p. 430.
  44. ↑ Brecht, p. 433; Paul Kalkoff: The Worms Reichstag from 1521. Biographical and source-critical studies on the history of the Reformation . R. Oldenbourg, Munich / Berlin 1922, ia600301.us.archive.org .
  45. ^ D. Martin Luther's works. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 296: Letter of April 28, 1521 from Luther to Lucas Cranach .
  46. ↑ Brecht, p. 434.
  47. ↑ Brecht, p. 435.
  48. ↑ Brecht, p. 437.
  49. ↑ Brecht, p. 436f.
  50. ↑ Brecht, p. 438.
  51. ↑ German Reichstag files, Younger Series, Volume II, n. 80, pp. 581-582.
  52. ↑ Brecht, pp. 440f.
  53. ↑ Brecht, p. 442.
  54. ↑ Brecht, p. 443.
  55. ↑ Brecht, pp. 445f.
  56. ↑ Brecht, p. 447.
  57. ↑ Brecht, p. 448.
  58. ↑ See: D. Martin Luthers Werke. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 306.
  59. ↑ See: D. Martin Luthers Werke. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 306.
  60. ↑ a b Rudolf Jung : Frankfurt Chronicles and Annalistic Records of the Reformation. Along with a depiction of the siege of Frankfurt in 1552 . Frankfurt am Main 1889, p. 39 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  61. ^ D. Martin Luther's works. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 296: Letter of April 28, 1521 from Luther to Lucas Cranach.
  62. ↑ See: D. Martin Luthers Werke. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 306.
  63. ↑ See letter from Luther to Georg Spalatin : D. Martin Luthers Werke. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 318f.
  64. ↑ Printed in: D. Martin Luthers Werke. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 306ff; the letter came in 1911 to auction where John Pierpont Morgan the surcharge at 102,000 Mark received. He gave the letter to Kaiser Wilhelm II , who in turn gave it to the Lutherhalle in Wittenberg (ibid.).
  65. ^ D. Martin Luther's works. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 310ff (314–317).
  66. ^ D. Martin Luther's works. Correspondence, 2nd vol., P. 318f.
  67. ↑ Brecht, p. 450.
  68. ^ D. Martin Luther's works. Correspondence, 2nd vol., Pp. 319–328.
  69. ↑ Brecht, p. 450.
  70. ↑ Brecht, p. 450.
  71. ↑ Christoph Strack: Worms: 500 years after Luther, ecumenism is everyday life In: dw.com , April 16, 2021, accessed on April 19, 2021
  72. ↑ Dieter Nolden: Ludwig Meinardus (1827-1896) . 2nd Edition. Nolden, Bielefeld 2017, ISBN 978-3-935972-14-7 , pp. 165 .
  73. ^ Staatsgalerie Stuttgart: Description of the picture. Retrieved October 9, 2018 .
  74. ↑ Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde: History of the legal and state philosophy. Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Tübingen 2002, p. 375, footnote 7.
  75. ↑ Monika Porsche: City Wall and City Development. Investigations into early city fortifications in the medieval German Empire. Wesselkamp, ​​Hertingen 2000. ISBN 3-930327-07-4 , p. 75.
  76. ↑ Irene Spille: Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Cultural monuments in Rhineland-Palatinate. Volume 10 (City of Worms). Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft, Worms 1992, ISBN 978-3-88462-084-7 , p. 42.