1964 Winter Olympics / Biathlon

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Biathlon at the
1964 Winter Olympics
Innsbruck1964.jpg
Biathlon pictogram.svg
information
venue AustriaAustria Seefeld in Tyrol
Competition venue Olympiaregion Seefeld
Nations 14th
Athletes 51 (51 Mars symbol (male))
date 4th February 1964
decisions 1
← Squaw Valley 1960

With the IX. Olympic Games 1964 in Innsbruck was the second time a competition in Biathlon (official name: Modern Winter Biathlon ) discharged.

The competitions took place on February 4th in the near Innsbruck municipality of Seefeld in Tyrol on a route with a maximum height of 1356 meters above sea level. M. was reached after nine kilometers. The total ascent was 792 meters, the longest ascent without interruption was 96 meters uphill. As in 1960, only one biathlon race was held, the 20-kilometer individual competition for men. In this, the athletes of the Soviet Union achieved a double victory: Vladimir Melanin triumphed in front of Alexander Priwalow .

As an Olympic sport, biathlon was controversial both before and after the Olympic Games. It was particularly criticized that a missed shot with two penalty minutes could hardly be compensated while running. In the opinion of many observers, this gave the good shooters a clear advantage over the best runners. By contrast, the organizer's review was very positive, especially because the number of spectators was significantly higher than at the Olympic premiere of the discipline in 1960.

Medal table

space country gold silver bronze total
1 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Soviet Union 1 1 - 2
2 NorwayNorway Norway - - 1 1

Preparations

Biathlon under discussion

As an Olympic discipline, biathlon continued to be controversial even after the Olympic premiere in 1960 , so that the question of maintaining the sport at the Olympics had to be clarified during a meeting of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). At this meeting, which took place in Innsbruck at the end of January 1964, only members of the IOC Executive Board expressed criticism, whereas the presidents of the International Ski Federation (FIS) and the International Pentathlon Union (UIPM) spoke out in favor of the sport. A vote on whether biathlon should remain Olympic was positive with 31 approvals and 5 rejections.

Only a few days after the IOC meeting, a UIPM congress took place in Seefeld, the third to deal specifically with biathlon. At this congress, attended by delegates from 15 countries, the official introduction of the relay competition was decided - this was also included in the Olympic program from 1968. In addition, the congress members decided not to hold world championships in the Olympic years.

Track construction and trial competitions

The logo of the Austrian Olympic Committee , which was partly responsible for building the track.

The construction of the track on which the biathlon race took place began in the summer of 1960 and lasted about two and a half years, so that the cross-country trails could finally be completed in the winter of 1962/63. The representative of the International Ski Federation (FIS) was responsible for the planning, Fred Rößner , who was advised by members of the Austrian Olympic Committee .

After the functionaries had quickly agreed on the location and the course of the trails, they passed the construction decision on July 2, 1960. A year later, the later Technical Delegate, Ole Hederén, inspected the track and the shooting ranges and described them as exemplary. As the first major test competition in Seefeld, the Austrian Biathlon Championships took place on the Olympic slopes in February 1962. A year later, the biathlon world championships followed , in which the future Russian Olympic champion Vladimir Melanin won. Following these trial competitions, the route was slightly simplified by adding more flat sections. In the summer of 1963 the final condition of the cross-country trails was established, so that in January 1964 the Austrian championships could be held as a “dress rehearsal”. By January 24th, one and a half weeks before the Olympic race, the piste had been thoroughly prepared so that the participating teams could officially visit the course on February 1st.

According to their own statement, the organizers paid particular attention to three points when planning the route:

  • After the start, simple parts of the route followed before the first climbs were run.
  • On descents, the trail was laid out so wide that the athletes could slow down at any time.
  • In order not to exert too much strain on the athletes in front of the shooting ranges, the slopes in front of the shooting ranges were kept as simple as possible, i.e. they consisted of flat or sloping terrain.

organization

While the Austrian Ski Association was responsible for the organization of the cross-country skiing , soldiers of the armed forces operated the lines at the shooting ranges. For the biathlon competition 76 soldiers (including four officers and twelve NCOs) were required, 19 each per shooting range. Before that, the members of the armed forces had already helped set up the shooting ranges. Former cross-country skier Balthasar Niederkofler , who won the bronze medal at the World Championships with the Austrian relay in 1933, was in charge of the shooting . The jury for the biathlon race consisted of a total of seven men, three Swedes, three Austrians and one Soviet. The Swedes included two former Olympic champions in modern pentathlon, William Grut and Sven Thofelt . The latter had also co-founded the Union Internationale de Pentathlon Moderne (UIPM), which was the umbrella organization for international biathlon in 1964. For the meeting, the jury members had a room in a Seefeld wine tavern, while the responsible racing secretariat was housed in a hotel in the center of the village.

The team captains had already chosen the quarters for their teams during the World Cup the year before. The organizers' official report stated that all participants were “very satisfied” with their accommodation during the Winter Olympics. The registration deadline for the competition was the morning of February 2nd; In the afternoon of the same day, the starting numbers were drawn in the Seefeld cinema. The award ceremony took place at 5 p.m. on race day, about six hours after the end of the competition.

Marketing and Transmission

On November 11, 1963, a special stamp series was published in Austria , which consisted of a total of seven different stamps with different values. The postage stamp showing a biathlon runner had a brand value of 1.20 shillings , making it the second cheapest. It was issued in an edition of 4 million copies and was 42 × 32.25 mm in size. The series was sold in large parts before the Olympic Games.

An entrance ticket for the biathlon competitions - there was only standing room - cost 30 schillings and was therefore just as expensive as a ticket for most cross-country skiing competitions and a little cheaper than the tickets for the alpine competitions. A season ticket for all Nordic races, including biathlon, cost 300 schillings, with the international and Austrian umbrella organizations of all Olympic sports each being guaranteed between ten and 150 free tickets. A total of 5,000 tickets were issued, of which around a quarter (around 1,200) could be sold. Together with around 800 free tickets, 2000 tickets were issued. These brought in about 36,000 schillings for the organizers, which was less than in most other Nordic disciplines.

Ten companies from different countries were involved in the broadcasts of the biathlon competition on radio and television . This was less than in ski jumping or in most alpine competitions, but more than in luge or bobsleigh competitions, for example. A total of 30 reporter seats were prepared along the route, 20 of which were used for radio and 10 for television.

competition

Regulations

The rules of the 1964 biathlon competition were very similar to those of 1960: All participants completed a cross-country ski run of 20 kilometers. The running was interrupted by shooting tests at irregular intervals - after 6, 10.5, 11.6 and 17.2 kilometers. In these, the athletes fired five shots each from a large-caliber rifle at five targets. These goals were at different distances from the athletes; the distances between the athlete and the disc became increasingly smaller. During the first shooting, the distance was 250 meters, then 50 meters less so that the athlete at the last shooting range was only 100 meters away from the target. To do this, he had to shoot standing and hands-free at the last shooting; in the previous exams the position could be chosen freely. As soon as the athlete had reached the goal, the penalty minutes that he had to accept while shooting were added to his running time. Two minutes were added to the runtime for each error. The final ranking finally resulted from this added total time.

Participants and favorites

51 athletes from 14 different countries were registered for the biathlon competition. This means that 21 more athletes took part than had been the case at the 1960 Olympic biathlon premiere in Squaw Valley . Most nations nominated four athletes, including the favorite teams from the Soviet Union and the Nordic countries. Mongolia also sent four starters; however, these “exotic species” had no chance and were only mentioned anecdotally in the Olympic reviews. The trade journal Olympisches Feuer wrote about the Mongol Tsambyn Dandsan, who came last : “With short steps, without hurry, he tripped into the long lane. The skis on his feet seemed to bother him. ”Besides the Mongolian athletes, only two other non-European countries took part in the biathlon race, the United States with four competitors and Japan with two competitors. Nevertheless, compared to 1960, this also represented a step forward in terms of internationalization. At that time, the US hosts were the only team from outside Europe to take part in the 20-kilometer race.

Dieter Ritter , 22-year-old trained plumber and chief sergeant in the People's Police , was the youngest German participant.

As with the Olympic Games in 1956 and 1960, the two German states did not compete separately in 1964 , but rather together as an all-German team . The question of which athletes should represent Germany was clarified through national qualifications. Four athletes from the German Democratic Republic prevailed against their southern German competitors: Hans-Dieter Riechel , Egon Schnabel , Helmut Klöpsch and Dieter Ritter , each for one of the two successful GDR winter sports clubs - ASK Vorwärts Oberhof or SG Dynamo Zinnwald - started. With the exception of Egon Schnabel, all German starters had become GDR champions at least once by 1964, but none of them had previously participated in the Olympics. Former master Cuno Werner was now 38 years old and had ended his international career. Herbert Kirchner , Horst Nickel and Kurt Hinze did not qualify again and had meanwhile been replaced by a new generation of biathletes. At the following games in 1968, both German teams were to compete separately and for the first time German biathletes should also take part in the winter games.

The favorites for the race, in which two penalty minutes were added to the running time for each missed shot, were particularly good shooters from the Soviet Union. For example, the eventual winner and the silver medalist - Vladimir Melanin and Alexander Priwalow - were both trained soldiers of the Red Army ; in addition, both had come to biathlon through the army. While Priwalow was not a fast cross-country skier and profited to a large extent from his often faultless shooting positions, Vladimir Melanin originally came from cross-country skiing. Thanks to good mileage in 1959 , 1962 and 1963, Melanin had become both individual and relay world champions and had also just missed a medal in fourth at the Olympic biathlon premiere in 1960. The start of the Finn Veikko Hakulinen , who had previously won three Olympic cross-country gold medals between 1952 and 1960 , also caused a stir . Hakulinen switched to biathlon at the beginning of the 1960s, but initially had no chance of a medal due to poor shooting performance. At the 1963 World Cup, for example, he ran three minutes faster than his rivals, but then dropped to sixth place due to six missed shots. Over the summer of 1963, he had trained his weaker sub-discipline harder in order to achieve his goal - the fourth Olympic gold medal. At 39, the Finn, who had had experience as a hunter in his youth and worked as a forester, was the oldest participant in the field. The youngest starter was the Mongolian Tsambyn Dandsan at the age of 18.

Race course and result

space country athlete Running time (h) error Total time (h)
1 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Vladimir Melanin 1: 20: 26.8 0 1: 20: 26.8
2 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Alexander Privalov 1: 23: 42.5 0 1: 23: 42.5
3 NorwayNorway NOR Olav Jordet 1: 22: 38.8 1 1: 24: 38.8
4th NorwayNorway NOR Ragnar Tveiten 1: 19: 52.5 3 1: 25: 52.5
5 Romania 1952Romania ROME Vilmoș Gheorghe 1: 22: 18.6 2 1: 26: 18.6
6th Poland 1944Poland POLE Józef Rubiś 1: 22: 31.6 2 1: 26: 31.6
7th Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Valentin Pschenitsyn 1: 22: 59.0 2 1: 26: 59.0
8th FinlandFinland FIN Hannu Posti 1: 25: 16.5 1 1: 27: 16.5
9 SwedenSweden SWE John Güttke 1: 24: 02.4 2 1: 28: 02.4
10 Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS Nikolai Pushanov 1: 21: 21.5 4th 1: 29: 21.5

Date: February 4, 1964, 8:30 a.m.

The early morning clear weather suddenly changed shortly before the start, snow clouds and a biting cold wind had made the trail hard, which led to numerous falls and the runners, especially at the shooting ranges at kilometers 6.0, 10.5, 11.6 and 17.2, caused great difficulties, with which of the fellow favorites the Finns were the worst able to come to terms.

The 26-year-old Finn Esko Marttinen opened the competition at 8.30 a.m. with starting number 1 . He was followed at intervals of 30 seconds by the 49 other biathletes. Veikko Hakulinen ran the fastest intermediate times up to the first shooting range after six kilometers. With two missed shots and the associated four penalty minutes, however, he then fell out of the top ten ranks. Halfway through the competition, eight athletes had hit with all ten shots, including three athletes from the Soviet Union - Vladimir Melanin, Alexander Privalov and Valentin Pschenitsyn . Due to its good running time, Melanin led the competition with more than a minute ahead of Pschenizyn, third was the Swede John Güttke . After the third shooting, the order remained at the top, while Veikko Hakulinen did not have to accept any penalty minutes for the first time in the race and thus had the opportunity to win a medal again.

The second best German starter, Egon Schnabel (photo from 1967), was 24.

The first athlete to take part in the final shooting was Valentin Pschenizyn, who started second and overtook Marttinen from Finland on the track. Pschenitsyn, who had not missed a shot until then, also hit the first three targets of the last attack. Since he was missing two cartridges that he had lost while running between kilometers 12 and 17, he had to continue running without being able to shoot the last two targets. Assuming that these “no-shots” would have been hits, this clumsiness cost him the silver medal. But with the associated four penalty minutes, he ultimately fell back to seventh position. Pschenitsyn's teammates Melanin and Priwalow, on the other hand, hit the five targets at the last shooting range and thus took a clear lead, Melanin more than three minutes ahead of Priwalow, who in turn was almost a full minute ahead of third-placed Norwegian Olav Jordet , who had missed once . Apart from the first two, only the Romanian Constantin Carabela remained flawless; its running time (39th place) was only enough for the 14th place. This placed him one position ahead of Veikko Hakulinen, who was the best runner, but missed three more targets in the last shooting, so he received a total of twelve penalty minutes and ultimately appears fifteenth in the final classification.

All twelve starters from German-speaking countries missed the top twenty places. The best-placed German was 29-year-old Hans-Dieter Riechel in 21st position. His teammates Egon Schnabel and Helmut Klöpsch each fell behind due to a ski break. Schnabel also received a wrong ski in exchange, so that he had to compete on two left snowshoes for a short time. Of the Austrians, Hansjörg Farbmacher achieved 28th place as the best starter after failing to score four times. Paul Ernst gave up after a few falls.
The Swiss did the worst as a team, all four biathletes in the country shot at least twelve mistakes and placed in the worst five. Behind the four Swiss were only the Mongol Tsambyn Dandsan classified with 15 misses.

Complete final ranking
space Start
number 		athlete country running time Shooting error total time
1 23 Vladimir Melanin Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS 1: 20: 26.8 h 00 (0 + 0 + 0 + 0) 1: 20: 26.8 h
2 38 Alexander Privalov Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS 1: 23: 42.5 h 00 (0 + 0 + 0 + 0) 1: 23: 42.5 h
3 32 Olav Jordet NorwayNorway NOR 1: 22: 38.8 h 01 (0 + 0 + 0 + 1) 1: 24: 38.8 h
4th 45 Ragnar Tveiten NorwayNorway NOR 1: 19: 52.5 h 03 (1 + 1 + 0 + 1) 1: 25: 52.5 h
5 21st VilmoșGheorghe Romania 1952Romania ROME 1: 22: 18.6 h 02 (0 + 1 + 0 + 1) 1: 26: 18.6 h
6th 44 Józef Rubiś Poland 1944Poland POLE 1: 22: 31.6 h 02 (1 + 0 + 0 + 1) 1: 26: 31.6 h
7th 2 Valentin Pschenitsyn Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS 1: 22: 59.0 h 02 (0 + 0 + 0 + 2) 1: 26: 59.0 h
8th 41 Hannu Posti FinlandFinland FIN 1: 25: 16.5 h 01 (1 + 0 + 0 + 0) 1: 27: 16.5 h
9 6th John Güttke SwedenSweden SWE 1:24:02.4 h 02 (0 + 0 + 0 + 2) 1: 28: 02.4 h
10 40 Nikolai Pushanov Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union URS 1: 21: 21.5 h 04 (3 + 0 + 0 + 1) 1: 29: 21.5 h
11 3 Jon Istad NorwayNorway NOR 1: 23: 24.8 hours 03 (1 + 0 + 1 + 1) 1: 29: 24.8 hours
12 31 Stubborn Ohlin SwedenSweden SWE 1: 25: 46.0 h 02 (1 + 1 + 0 + 0) 1: 29: 46.0 h
13 35 Antti Tyrväinen FinlandFinland FIN 1: 22: 09.0 h 04 (0 + 2 + 0 + 2) 1: 30: 09.0 h
14th 10 Constantin Carabela Romania 1952Romania ROME 1: 30: 59.0 h 00 (0 + 0 + 0 + 0) 1: 30: 59.0 h
15th 15th Veikko Hakulinen FinlandFinland FIN 1: 19: 37.9 h 06 (2 + 1 + 0 + 3) 1: 31: 37.9 h
16 47 Charlie Akers United StatesUnited States United States 1: 28: 24.9 hours 02 (1 + 0 + 1 + 0) 1: 32: 24.9 hours
17th 17th Sven-Olov Axelsson SwedenSweden SWE 1: 21: 13.6 h 06 (0 + 1 + 3 + 2) 1: 33: 13.6 h
18th 13 Stanisław Szczepaniak Poland 1944Poland POLE 1: 27: 43.5 h 03 (0 + 0 + 1 + 2) 1: 33: 43.5 h
19th 26th Yūji Yamanaka JapanJapan JPN 1: 29: 51.8 h 02 (1 + 1 + 0 + 0) 1: 33: 51.8 h
20th 27 Józef Gąsienica Sobczak Poland 1944Poland POLE 1: 22: 00.6 h 06 (4 + 0 + 2 + 0) 1: 34: 00.6 h
21st 22nd Hans-Dieter Riechel Germany team all GermanAll-German team EUA 1: 28: 30.9 h 03 (1 + 0 + 0 + 2) 1: 34: 30.9 h
22nd 24 Ola Wærhaug NorwayNorway NOR 1: 24: 38.0 h 05 (2 + 1 + 2 + 0) 1: 34: 38.0 h
23 1 Esko Marttinen FinlandFinland FIN 1: 24: 50.2 h 05 (1 + 0 + 2 + 2) 1: 34: 50.2 h
24 9 Egon Schnabel Germany team all GermanAll-German team EUA 1: 30: 53.0 h 02 (1 + 0 + 0 + 1) 1: 34: 53.0 h
25th 48 Sten Eriksson SwedenSweden SWE 1: 23: 27.8 h 06 (2 + 2 + 1 + 1) 1: 35: 27.8 h
26th 14th Yoshio Ninomine JapanJapan JPN 1: 29: 38.6 h 03 (0 + 0 + 1 + 2) 1: 35: 38.6 h
27 46 Gheorghe Cimpoia Romania 1952Romania ROME 1: 29: 44.6 h 03 (0 + 2 + 0 + 1) 1: 35: 44.6 h
28 49 Hansjörg color maker AustriaAustria AUT 1: 28: 11.3 h 04 (3 + 0 + 0 + 1) 1: 36: 11.3 h
29 5 John Dent United KingdomUnited Kingdom GBR 1: 30: 27.2 h 03 (0 + 1 + 1 + 1) 1: 36: 27.2 h
30th 4th Bill Spencer United StatesUnited States United States 1: 28: 49.8 h 04 (3 + 0 + 0 + 1) 1: 36: 49.8 h
31 50 Helmut Klöpsch Germany team all GermanAll-German team EUA 1: 32: 08.5 h 03 (1 + 0 + 1 + 1) 1: 38: 08.5 h
32 30th Paul Romand FranceFrance FRA 1: 22: 51.2 h 08 (1 + 2 + 2 + 3) 1: 38: 51.2 h
33 37 Dieter Ritter Germany team all GermanAll-German team EUA 1: 22: 51.4 h 08 (0 + 2 + 4 + 2) 1: 38: 51.4 h
34 33 Walter Müller AustriaAustria AUT 1: 25: 12.3 h 07 (1 + 3 + 2 + 1) 1: 39: 12.3 h
35 11 Stanislaw Styrczula Poland 1944Poland POLE 1: 32: 52.1 h 04 (0 + 1 + 0 + 3) 1: 40: 52.1 h
36 39 Peter Lahdenpera United StatesUnited States United States 1: 27: 04.7 h 08 (0 + 3 + 3 + 2) 1: 43: 04.7 h
37 29 Alan Notley United KingdomUnited Kingdom GBR 1: 36: 10.3 h 05 (2 + 2 + 0 + 1) 1: 46: 10.3 h
38 28 Bayanjawyn Damdindschaw Mongolia People's Republic 1949Mongolian People's Republic MGL 1: 32: 19.7 h 07 (3 + 1 + 1 + 2) 1: 46: 19.7 h
39 16 Paul Renne United StatesUnited States United States 1: 34: 45.9 h 06 (3 + 1 + 1 + 1) 1: 46: 45.9 h
40 51 John Moore United KingdomUnited Kingdom GBR 1: 27: 49.4 h 10 (4 + 1 + 3 + 2) 1: 47: 49.4 h
41 7th Adolf Scherwitzl AustriaAustria AUT 1: 36: 12.7 h 06 (1 + 2 + 0 + 3) 1: 48: 12.7 h
42 42 Bidsjaagiin Daschgai Mongolia People's Republic 1949Mongolian People's Republic MGL 1: 31: 26.0 h 10 (3 + 2 + 2 + 3) 1: 51: 26.0 h
43 19th Roderick Tuck United KingdomUnited Kingdom GBR 1: 33: 55.5 h 09 (3 + 3 + 1 + 2) 1: 51: 55.5 h
44 25th Tüdewiin Lchamsüren Mongolia People's Republic 1949Mongolian People's Republic MGL 1: 37: 10.1 h 08 (2 + 4 + 1 + 1) 1: 53: 10.1 h
45 36 Marcel Vogel SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI 1: 29: 14.1 h 12 (2 + 3 + 3 + 4) 1: 53: 14.1 h
46 20th Erich Schönbächler SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI 1: 29: 59.5 h 12 (3 + 2 + 2 + 5) 1: 53: 59.5 h
47 43 Willy Junod SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI 1: 28: 00.7 h 13 (4 + 4 + 4 + 1) 1: 54: 00.7 h
48 12 Peter Gerig SwitzerlandSwitzerland SUI 1: 30: 32.5 h 16 (3 + 5 + 5 + 3) 2:02:32.5 h
49 8th Tsambyn Dandsan Mongolia People's Republic 1949Mongolian People's Republic MGL 1: 36: 45.6 h 15 (4 + 5 + 2 + 4) 2: 06: 45.6 h
DNF Paul Ernst AustriaAustria AUT - - -
DNF Nicolae Bărbăşescu Romania 1952Romania ROME - - -

Review and criticism

Sports reporter Bruno Moravetz strongly criticized the biathlon competition.

The result of the second Olympic biathlon competition once again made it clear that shooting was the more important sub-discipline. Even the best cross-country skiers like the Finn Veikko Hakulinen could not catch up with the two-minute time penalty for each mistake, or only to a small extent. As a result, the sports reporter Bruno Moravetz saw the soldiers as an advantage and demanded in the magazine Olympisches Feuer : "As long as soldiers decide, it [the biathlon competition] must not be celebrated again in the Olympic Winter Festival." Moravetz justified this with the fact that a soldier whose craft is aiming and shooting at people is "not allowed to find" Olympia. Therefore, according to Moravetz, the evaluation between shooting and running should be fairer, the large-caliber rifles should no longer be allowed and the targets should no longer "give a hint of human faces".

In the Olympic report published by Robert Lembke , the biathlon competition was described as "controversial": fans considered it the "crown of skiing" because it reminded of the original conditions of hunting on skis; the opponents would take offense at the rating, by which weaker shooters would be severely disadvantaged. The FIS representative Fred Rößner finally commented on the result as follows: “At the top, the shooting performance is so balanced that the decision has to be made in the cross-country track. That is a positive development. ”Nevertheless, the one-sidedness of the classification resulted in a rule change. From 1968 , shots that narrowly missed the target were only punished with one minute. The currently (as of 2010) valid mode of adding only one minute instead of two penalty minutes for individual misses was introduced in 1984.

The 20-kilometer race, which took place in windy weather and occasional freezing rain, was attended by 2000 spectators. This number was well below that of ski jumping (20,000 and 55,000 spectators) or cross-country skiing (between 5000 and 20,000 spectators), but it was significantly higher than at the biathlon Olympic premiere in 1960: In Squaw Valley the competition had taken place in front of almost empty stands. On the basis of this comparison, the organizers spoke in the official final report of a "gigantic public success" which would have convinced the IOC to keep the discipline in the Olympic program, especially since it is an "extremely difficult, interesting and moreover, very masculine sport ”would act. In general, the organizers drew a very positive conclusion with regard to the biathlon and justified this with, among other things, the "good shooting results that can be described as unique" and the fast running times, which can be attributed to the many improvements in the cross-country skiing route. The President of the Pentathlon Union, Sven Thofelt, also praised the event:

“First and foremost, we thank you for the excellent handling of the Olympic competition in the modern winter biathlon. As with all Olympic competitions in Innsbruck-Seefeld, the organization was flawless. Everything worked without any errors. There was not a single protest. "

- Sven Thofelt, President of UIPM : after the Olympic Winter Games in 1964

literature

  • Biathlon. In: Robert Lembke (Ed.): The Olympic Games 1964. C. Bertelsmann Verlag , Gütersloh 1964, pp. 65–66.
  • When every shot is a hit ... In: Harald Lechenperg (Ed.): Olympic Games 1964 - Innsbruck • Tokyo. Copress-Verlag, Munich 1964, pp. 81-83.
  • Bruno Moravetz : The hunter and the soldier or winter biathlon before the decision. In: German Olympic Society (Hrsg.): Olympic fire . Issue 3, March 1964. Pages 7–9.
  • Without a miss biathlon victory. In: Society for the Promotion of the Olympic Thought in the German Democratic Republic (Hrsg.): IX. Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964. Sportverlag, Berlin 1964, pp. 57–58.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Minutes of the 61st Session of the International Olympic Committee (PDF; 113 kB) on la84foundation.org. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  2. ↑ Winter Biathlon Congresses (p. 11; PDF; 1.2 MB) in Modern Pentathlon, Biathlon and Olympism on la84foundation.org. Published 1983. Accessed April 23, 2010.
  3. ^ Organizing Committee of the IX. Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck 1964 (Ed.): Construction of the sports facilities - biathlon (p. 42; PDF; 22.2 MB) in the official report of the IX Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964 . Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  4. ^ Organizing Committee of the IX. Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck 1964 (Ed.): Report of the Sports Committee - Modern Winter Biathlon (p. 65; PDF; 22.2 MB) in the Official Report of the IX Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964 . Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  5. ^ Organizing Committee of the IX. Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck 1964 (publisher): Nordic competitions - final expansion of the cross-country trails (p. 97; PDF; 22.2 MB) in the official report of the IX Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964 . Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  6. ^ Organizing Committee of the IX. Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck 1964 (Ed.): Modern Winter Biathlon - Selection of the competition route (p. 124; PDF; 22.2 MB) in the official report of the IX Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964 . Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  7. ^ Organizing Committee of the IX. Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck 1964 (Ed.): Nordic Competitions - Biathlon: Jury (p. 103; PDF; 22.2 MB) in the official report of the IX Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964 . Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  8. ^ Organizing Committee of the IX. Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck 1964 (Ed.): Nordic competitions - Rennsekretariat (p. 99/100; PDF; 22.2 MB) in the official report of the IX Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964 . Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  9. ^ Organizing Committee of the IX. Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck 1964 (Ed.): Modern Winter Biathlon - Accommodation of the teams (p. 125; PDF; 22.2 MB) in the official report of the IX Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964 . Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  10. ^ Organizing Committee of the IX. Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck 1964 (publisher): Special stamps, special stamps / The brand values ​​and motifs of the special series (p. 224/225; PDF; 22.2 MB) in the official report of the IX Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964 . Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  11. ^ Organizing Committee of the IX. Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck in 1964 (ed.): Quartier Committee (pp 230-237; PDF; 22.2 MB) in the official report of the IX.Olympischen Winter Games Innsbruck 1964 . Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  12. ^ Organizing Committee of the IX. Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck in 1964 (ed.): Quartier Committee (S. 311; PDF; 22.2 MB) in the official report of the IX.Olympischen Winter Games Innsbruck 1964 . Retrieved May 29, 2010.
  13. ↑ When every shot is a hit ... In: Harald Lechenperg (Ed.): Olympic Games 1964 - Innsbruck • Tokyo. Copress-Verlag, Munich 1964, pp. 81-83.
  14. ↑ a b c Bruno Moravetz : The hunter and the soldier or winter biathlon before the decision. In: German Olympic Society (Hrsg.): Olympic fire . Issue 3, March 1964. pp. 7-9.
  15. ↑ Bruno Moravetz : The hunter and the soldier or winter biathlon before the decision. In: German Olympic Society (Hrsg.): Olympic fire . Issue 3, March 1964. pp. 7-9. “'Veikko is a forester, Veikko is a hunter,' said his friends. 'He knows winter hunting from his early youth, when his father and his brothers, farmers in Karelia, [...] hunted the wolf.' "
  16. ↑ a b Biathlon victory without a miss. In: Society for the Promotion of the Olympic Thought in the German Democratic Republic (Hrsg.): IX. Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964. Sportverlag, Berlin 1964, pp. 57–58.
  17. ↑ biathlon. In: Rupert Kaiser: Olympia-Almanach - 90 years of the Olympic Winter Games. Agon Sportverlag, Kassel 1998, pp. 125-126. ISBN 3-89609-119-0 .
  18. ^ "Biathlon: Despite bad luck, Russian triumph - two cartridges and silver lost". In: Kurier Wien, February 5, 1964, p. 9.
  19. ↑ Biathlon at the 1964 Innsbruck Winter Games: Men's 20 kilometers on sports-reference.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  20. ↑ Olympia 1964. p. 96.
  21. ↑ biathlon. In: Robert Lembke (Ed.): The Olympic Games 1964. C. Bertelsmann Verlag , Gütersloh 1964, pp. 65–66.
  22. ^ Organizing Committee of the IX. Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck 1964 (Ed.): Modern Winter Biathlon - Course and Experience of the Olympic Competition in the Official Report of the IX Olympic Winter Games Innsbruck 1964 . Retrieved April 23, 2010 (p. 125; PDF, 22.2 MB).
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on June 9, 2010 in this version .