Convention on the prohibition of the use, storage, manufacture and transfer of anti-personnel mines and their destruction

Convention on the prohibition of the use, storage, manufacture and transfer of anti-personnel mines and their destruction
Short title:	Ottawa Convention; Mine Ban Treaty
Title (engl.):	Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and their destruction
Date:	September 18, 1997 (Oslo)
Come into effect:	March 1, 1999
Reference:	www.icbl.org, The Treaty - Treaty Text
Reference (German):	BGBl. 1998 II pp. 778, 779 (in three languages)
Contract type:	Multinational
Legal matter:	Human rights
Signing:	164
Ratification :	164
Germany:	December 3, 1997 in Ottawa
Please note the note on the applicable contract version .

Signatory of the Ottawa Convention (2009)

Signed and ratified

Joined or taken over by succession

Just signed

The convention on the prohibition of the use, storage, manufacture and transfer of anti-personnel mines and their destruction (also known as the "Ottawa Convention" or English Anti-Personel Mine Ban Convention , or Mine Ban Treaty for short ) is an international treaty on prohibition of anti-personnel mines .

object

The treaty prohibits the use, production, storage and distribution of these weapons. The convention stipulates the destruction of stocks within four years, the clearing of mine-contaminated areas within ten years and the provision of financial means for aid to mine victims. The states not affected by mines are obliged to help the mine-contaminated states with mine clearance. Mine systems or land mines that are directed against vehicles of all kinds - including those that have an anti-handling device - are not prohibited. Cooperation in mine clearance and victim welfare is essential. It is also important that a credible verification regime with the possibility of missions to investigate facts is established by a simple majority decision of the Conference of the Parties. In contrast to earlier international regulations, including the Convention on the Prohibition or Restriction of the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons (UN Weapons Convention) and the Protocol on the Prohibition or Restriction of the Use of Mines, Booby Traps and other devices , the Convention is in the version dated May 3, 1996, a comprehensive ban on all types of anti-personnel mines.

history

The international convention (convention) on a total ban on anti-personnel mines (APM) goes back to the initiative of an Austrian diplomat.

The reason for this initiative was the enormous number of mine victims and the fact that the recent negotiations (1996) on a revision of the protocol on the prohibition or restriction of the use of mines, booby traps and other devices of the Convention on the prohibition or restriction of the Use of certain conventional weapons (UN Weapons Convention) did not reveal any prospect of a total ban on APM.

In April 1996 the Austrian representative at this conference, envoy Dr. Werner Ehrlich, privately the first draft of such a convention. He stipulated that the negotiations would have to take place outside the Geneva Disarmament Conference of the United Nations, which was actually responsible, as there would be no chance there because of the numerous opponents of such a convention and the consensus principle applicable there. The draft text was circulated in the summer of 1996 - with little success - in the core group of interested states and non-governmental organizations.

The conference held by Canada in Ottawa (October 3-5, 1996) to promote a total ban on APM was about a political declaration and concrete practical measures. The question of an agreement on a total ban, however, had no priority.

Due to massive resistance from important countries to a total ban, the conference threatened to fail. However, this was averted by the Canadian Foreign Minister Lloyd Axworthy , who took the fact that Ehrlich had presented the draft convention on the prohibition of APM - despite important reservations by humanitarian organizations - as an opportunity to give this project priority, and Austria to draft it to commission a draft of the convention and to consider signing it for the end of 1997.

The Vienna Conference organized by Austria (February 12-14, 1997) was the first round of negotiations between interested states and organizations on the basis of an Austrian text proposal expanded after extensive consultations, with experts from 111 countries and all the non-governmental organizations concerned being represented.

Further additions to this text were made by the Austrian envoy Dr. Thomas Hajnoczi coordinated in March and April 1997 and were the basis of the following conferences in Bonn ( 24-25 April 1997), in Brussels (June 1997) and also the diplomatic conference in Oslo (September 1 to September 18 1997), on which the present agreement on a total ban on APM was finally adopted on September 18 by 89 states as a treaty under international law .

The final diplomatic conference in Ottawa (December 3-4, 1997) served to sign the agreement, which was signed by 121 states there. The convention was later open for signature until it came into effect at UN headquarters in New York .

The Ottawa Convention required 40 ratifications in order to be implemented in international law. Burkina Faso and Equatorial Guinea ratified the treaty as 39th and 40th members on September 16, 1998. According to the provisions, the treaty entered into force six months after the depositary of the 40th instrument of ratification with the depositary (Secretary General of the United Nations in New York). It thus became valid for the contract members on March 1, 1999.

In Poland it was signed in 1997, but not ratified until December 2012.

The rapid success of the Ottawa Process would not have been possible without the committed cooperation of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and worldwide actions of many non-governmental organizations - united in the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) . They made a decisive contribution to raising the awareness of the international public about the mine problem. The ICBL was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in October 1997 for its commitment .

Germany ratified the convention on July 23, 1998 (Federal Law Gazette 1998, Part II, pp. 778–794), which came into force immediately. The Bundeswehr was one of the first armies to destroy its stocks of anti-personnel mines worth approx. 1.7 million DM by 1997 before the Convention came into force. This resulted in costs of 4.2 million DM.

After Sri Lanka signed the treaty on December 13, 2017 and Palestine on December 29, 2017 , the convention was ratified by 164 states on January 3, 2018. The 36 or so states that had not acceded at the time include Egypt , China , India , Iran , Israel , North Korea , Pakistan , Russia , South Korea , Syria , Saudi Arabia and the USA .

Annual conferences and summits

It takes place in regular spacing annual meeting of the participating States held ( "Annual Conference", English Annual Meeting, official: Meeting of the State Parties ) the parties to find and in a five-year cycle in a summit to assess the work of the past years ( "review meetings" , English Review Conference, officially: Summit ) together.

#	date	City / place	Country	comment
1	May 3 to 7, 1999	Maputo	Mozambique	-
2	September 11-15, 2000	Geneva	Switzerland	-
3	September 18-21, 2001	Managua	Nicaragua	-
4th	September 16-20, 2002	Geneva	Switzerland	-
5	September 15-19, 2003	Bangkok	Thailand	-
#	November 29th to December 3rd, 2004	Nairobi	Kenya	1st summit
6th	November 28th to December 2nd, 2005	Zagreb	Croatia	-
7th	September 18-22, 2006	Geneva	Switzerland	-
8th	September 18-21, 2007	Dead Sea	Jordan	-
9	November 24-28, 2008	Geneva	Switzerland	-
#	November 29th to December 4th, 2009	Cartagena	Colombia	2nd summit
10	November 28 to December 3, 2010	Geneva	Switzerland	-
11	November 28th to December 2nd, 2011	Phnom Penh	Cambodia	-
12	3rd to 7th December 2012	Geneva	Switzerland	-
13	December 2nd to 5th, 2013	Geneva	Switzerland	-
#	June 23-27, 2014	Maputo	Mozambique	3rd summit
14th	November 30th to December 4th, 2015	Geneva	Switzerland	-
15th	November 28th to December 1st, 2016	Santiago	Chile	-
16	December 18-21, 2017	Vienna	Austria	-
17th	November 26th to 30th, 2018	Geneva	Switzerland	-
18th	??. to ??. November 2020	-	-	-

Source: Anti-Personel Mine Ban Convention

Ratified or Acceding States

In the process to date, 164 states have ratified or acceded to the "Ottawa Convention" ( English Ottawa Treaty ). (As of 2020)

Country	Signed	Deposited	method
Afghanistan	-	Sep 11 2002	accession
Albania	8 Sep 1998	Feb. 29, 2000	ratification
Algeria	Dec 3, 1997	Oct 9, 2001	ratification
Andorra	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 29, 1998	ratification
Angola	Dec. 4, 1997	Jul 5, 2002	ratification
Antigua and Barbuda	Dec 3, 1997	May 3, 1999	ratification
Argentina	Dec. 4, 1997	Sep 14 1999	ratification
Australia	Dec 3, 1997	Jan. 14, 1999	ratification
Austria	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 29, 1998	ratification
Bahamas	Dec 3, 1997	Jul 31, 1998	ratification
Bangladesh	May 7, 1998	6 Sep 2000	ratification
Barbados	Dec 3, 1997	Jan. 26, 1999	ratification
Belarus	-	3rd Sep 2003	accession
Belgium	Dec 3, 1997	4th Sep 1998	ratification
Belize	Feb. 27, 1998	Apr 23, 1998	ratification
Benin	Dec 3, 1997	25 Sep 1998	ratification
Bhutan	-	Aug 18, 2005	accession
Bolivia	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 9, 1998	ratification
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Dec 3, 1997	8 Sep 1998	ratification
Botswana	Dec 3, 1997	March 1, 2000	ratification
Brazil	Dec 3, 1997	Apr 30, 1999	ratification
Brunei	Dec. 4, 1997	Apr 24, 2006	ratification
Bulgaria	Dec 3, 1997	4th Sep 1998	ratification
Burkina Faso	Dec 3, 1997	16 Sep 1998	ratification
Burundi	Dec 3, 1997	Oct 22, 2003	ratification
Cape Verde	Dec. 4, 1997	May 14, 2001	ratification
Cambodia	Dec 3, 1997	Jul 28, 1999	ratification
Cameroon	Dec 3, 1997	19 Sep 2002	ratification
Canada	Dec 3, 1997	Dec 3, 1997	ratification
Central African Republic	-	Nov 8, 2002	accession
Chad	Jul 6, 1998	May 6, 1999	ratification
Chile	Dec 3, 1997	Sep 10 2001	ratification
Colombia	Dec 3, 1997	6 Sep 2000	ratification
Comoros	-	19 Sep 2002	accession
Republic of the Congo	-	May 4, 2001	accession
Cook Islands	Dec 3, 1997	March 15, 2006	ratification
Costa Rica	Dec 3, 1997	March 17, 1999	ratification
Ivory Coast	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 30, 2000	ratification
Croatia	Dec. 4, 1997	May 20, 1998	ratification
Cyprus	Dec. 4, 1997	Jan. 17, 2003	ratification
Czech Republic	Dec 3, 1997	Oct 26, 1999	ratification
Democratic Republic of Congo	-	May 2, 2002	accession
Denmark	Dec. 4, 1997	Jun 8, 1998	ratification
Djibouti	Dec 3, 1997	May 18, 1998	ratification
Dominica	Dec 3, 1997	March 26, 1999	ratification
Dominican Republic	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 30, 2000	ratification
Ecuador	Dec. 4, 1997	Apr 29, 1999	ratification
El Salvador	Dec. 4, 1997	Jan. 27, 1999	ratification
Equatorial Guinea	-	16 Sep 1998	accession
Eritrea	-	Aug 27, 2001	accession
Estonia	-	May 12, 2004	accession
Ethiopia	Dec 3, 1997	Dec 17, 2004	ratification
Fiji	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 10, 1998	ratification
Finland	Nov 28, 2011	Jan. 9, 2012	ratification
France	Dec 3, 1997	Jul 23, 1998	ratification
Gabon	Dec 3, 1997	8 Sep 2000	ratification
Gambia	Dec. 4, 1997	23 Sep 2002	ratification
Germany	Dec 3, 1997	23 Jul. 1998	ratification
Ghana	Dec. 4, 1997	Jun 30, 2000	ratification
Greece	Dec 3, 1997	25 Sep 2003	ratification
Grenada	Dec 3, 1997	Aug 19, 1998	ratification
Guatemala	Dec 3, 1997	March 26, 1999	ratification
Guinea	Dec. 4, 1997	Oct 8, 1998	ratification
Guinea-Bissau	Dec 3, 1997	May 22, 2001	ratification
Guyana	Dec. 4, 1997	Aug 5, 2003	ratification
Haiti	Dec 3, 1997	Feb 15, 2006	ratification
Holy See	Dec. 4, 1997	Feb. 17, 1998	ratification
Honduras	Dec 3, 1997	Sep 24 1998	ratification
Hungary	Dec 3, 1997	Apr 6, 1998	ratification
Iceland	Dec. 4, 1997	May 5, 1999	ratification
Indonesia	Dec. 4, 1997	Feb 16, 2007	ratification
Iraq	-	Aug 15, 2007	accession
Ireland	Dec 3, 1997	Dec 3, 1997	ratification
Italy	Dec 3, 1997	Apr 23, 1999	ratification
Jamaica	Dec 3, 1997	Jul 17, 1998	ratification
Japan	Dec 3, 1997	Sep 30 1998	Acceptance
Jordan	Aug 11, 1998	Nov 13, 1998	ratification
Kenya	Dec 5, 1997	Jan. 23, 2001	ratification
Kiribati	-	Sep 7 2000	accession
Kuwait	-	Jul 1, 2007	accession
Latvia	-	Jul 1, 2005	accession
Lesotho	Dec. 4, 1997	Dec 2, 1998	ratification
Liberia	-	23 Dec 1999	accession
Liechtenstein	Dec 3, 1997	Oct 5, 1999	ratification
Lithuania	Feb. 26, 1999	May 12, 2003	ratification
Luxembourg	Dec. 4, 1997	Jun 14, 1999	ratification
Macedonia	-	Sep 9 1998	accession
Madagascar	Dec. 4, 1997	16 Sep 1999	ratification
Malawi	Dec. 4, 1997	Aug 13, 1998	ratification
Malaysia	Dec 3, 1997	Apr 22, 1999	ratification
Maldives	Oct 1, 1998	Sep 7 2000	ratification
Mali	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 2, 1998	ratification
Malta	Dec. 4, 1997	May 7, 2001	ratification
Mauritania	Dec 3, 1997	Jul 21, 2000	ratification
Mauritius	Dec 3, 1997	Dec 3, 1997	ratification
Mexico	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 9, 1998	ratification
Moldova	Dec 3, 1997	8 Sep 2000	ratification
Monaco	Dec. 4, 1997	Nov 17, 1998	ratification
Montenegro	-	Oct 23, 2006	Succession
Mozambique	Dec 3, 1997	Aug 25, 1998	ratification
Namibia	Dec 3, 1997	21 Sep 1998	ratification
Nauru	-	Aug 7, 2000	accession
Netherlands	Dec 3, 1997	Apr 12, 1999	Acceptance
New Zealand	Dec 3, 1997	Jan 27, 1999	ratification
Nicaragua	Dec. 4, 1997	Nov 30, 1998	ratification
Niger	Dec. 4, 1997	March 23, 1999	ratification
Nigeria	-	27 Sep 2001	accession
Niue	Dec 3, 1997	Apr 15, 1998	ratification
Norway	Dec 3, 1997	Jul 9, 1998	ratification
Oman	-	Aug 20, 2014	accession
Palau	-	Nov 19, 2007	accession
Palestine	-	29 Dec 2017	accession
Panama	Dec. 4, 1997	Oct 7, 1998	ratification
Papua New Guinea	-	Jun 28, 2004	accession
Paraguay	Dec 3, 1997	Nov 13, 1998	ratification
Peru	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 17, 1998	ratification
Philippines	Dec 3, 1997	Feb 15, 2000	ratification
Poland	Dec. 4, 1997	Dec 27, 2012	ratification
Portugal	Dec 3, 1997	Feb 19, 1999	ratification
Qatar	Dec. 4, 1997	Oct 13, 1998	ratification
Romania	Dec 3, 1997	Nov 30, 2000	ratification
Rwanda	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 8, 2000	ratification
St. Kitts and Nevis	Dec 3, 1997	Dec 2, 1998	ratification
St. Lucia	Dec 3, 1997	Apr 13, 1999	ratification
St. Vincent and the Grenadines	Dec 3, 1997	Aug 1, 2001	ratification
Samoa	Dec 3, 1997	Jul 23, 1998	ratification
San Marino	Dec 3, 1997	March 18, 1998	ratification
Sao Tome and Principe	Apr 30, 1998	March 31, 2003	ratification
Senegal	Dec 3, 1997	Sep 24 1998	ratification
Serbia	-	Sep 18 2003	accession
Seychelles	Dec. 4, 1997	Jun 2, 2000	ratification
Sierra Leone	Jul 29, 1998	Apr 25, 2001	ratification
Slovakia	Dec 3, 1997	Feb 25, 1999	Approval
Slovenia	Dec 3, 1997	Oct 27, 1998	ratification
Solomon Islands	Dec. 4, 1997	Jan. 26, 1999	ratification
Somalia	-	April 16, 2012	accession
South Africa	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 26, 1998	ratification
South Sudan	-	Jul 9, 2011	Succession
Spain	Dec 3, 1997	Jan. 19, 1999	ratification
Sri Lanka	-	Dec 13, 2017	accession
Sudan	Dec. 4, 1997	Oct 13, 2003	ratification
Suriname	Dec. 4, 1997	May 23, 2002	ratification
Swaziland	Dec. 4, 1997	Dec 22, 1998	ratification
Sweden	Dec. 4, 1997	Nov 30, 1998	ratification
Switzerland	Dec 3, 1997	March 24, 1998	ratification
Tajikistan	-	Oct 2, 1999	accession
Tanzania	Dec 3, 1997	Nov 13, 2000	ratification
Thailand	Dec 3, 1997	Nov 27, 1998	ratification
East Timor	-	May 7, 2003	accession
Togo	Dec. 4, 1997	9th of March 2000	ratification
Trinidad and Tobago	Dec. 4, 1997	Apr 27, 1998	ratification
Tunisia	Dec. 4, 1997	Jul 9, 1999	ratification
Turkey	-	5th Sep 2003	accession
Turkmenistan	Dec 3, 1997	Jan. 19, 1998	ratification
Tuvalu	-	13 Sep 2011	accession
Uganda	Dec 3, 1997	Feb 25, 1999	ratification
Ukraine	Feb. 24, 1999	Dec 27, 2005	ratification
United Kingdom	Dec 3, 1997	Jul 31, 1998	ratification
Uruguay	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 7, 2001	ratification
Vanuatu	Dec. 4, 1997	16 Sep 2005	ratification
Venezuela	Dec 3, 1997	Apr. 14, 1999	ratification
Yemen	Dec. 4, 1997	Sep 1 1998	ratification
Zambia	Dec 12, 1997	Feb 23, 2001	ratification
Zimbabwe	Dec 3, 1997	Jun 18, 1998	ratification

Source: Anti-Personel Mine Ban Convention

States that are signed but not ratified

Country	Signed
Marshall Islands	Dec. 4, 1997

Unsigned states

Country
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Myanmar
People's Republic of China
Cuba
Egypt
Micronesia
Georgia
India
Iran
Israel
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Libya
Mongolia
Morocco
Nepal
Pakistan
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Syria
Tonga
United Arab Emirates
United States
Uzbekistan
Vietnam

See also

• Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining
• Convention on Cluster Munitions
• UN convention

literature

• Stuart Maslen: The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction . In: Oxford Commentaries on International Law, Commentaries on Arms Control Treaties, Volume I. Oxford University Press, 2004; ISBN 0-19-926977-7
• Werner Ehrlich: On the way to a convention on the prohibition of anti-personnel mines, page 194. In: Austrian Yearbook for International Politics 1996 , published by the Austrian Society for Foreign Policy and International Relations together with the Institute for International Politics, Verlag Böhlau, 1996

Web links

• Signatory card of the agreement
• Wording of the Ottawa Agreement

Individual evidence

1. ^ History and areas of application of mines (viewed on August 12, 2009) ( Memento of January 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ).
2. ^ Wording of the Ottawa Treaty. In: handicap-international.de. Retrieved December 14, 2019 . 
3. ^ Press report on negotiations for the delivery of mortars and anti-tank mines. ( pdf  84 kB) German Bundestag , December 10, 1999, accessed on December 14, 2019 (Deutscher Bundestag printed matter 14/2339, 14th electoral term). 
4. ^ Anti-Personel Mine Ban Convention - Overview and Convention Text. www.apminebanconvention.org, accessed January 19, 2020 (English, French, Spanish).  
5. ^ Anti-Personel Mine Ban Convention - Convention Text - Unofficial Translations. ( pdf  140kB) www.apminebanconvention.org, accessed on January 19, 2020 .  
6. ^ Stuart Maslen, The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction . Item 0.43, page 24, note 128. In: Oxford Commentaries on International Law, Commentaries on Arms Control Treaties, Volume I. Oxford University Press, 2004; ISBN 0-19-926977-7 .
7. ↑ Stuart Maslen, op. Cit. 0.43, page 24, as well as note 128, the text of the draft is printed in Appendix 4, page 396 f.
8. ↑ Werner Ehrlich: On the way to a convention on the prohibition of anti-personnel mines, page 194. In: Austrian yearbook for international politics 1996 , published by the Austrian society for foreign policy and international relations together with the institute for international politics, publishing house Böhlau , 1996.
9. ↑ Stuart Maslen, op. Cit. Point 0.47, page 25.
10. ↑ Stuart Maslen, op. Cit. Point 0.49, page 26.
11. ↑ Stuart Maslen, op. Cit .; Points 0.59 to 0.61, pages 30 f.
12. ↑ Stuart Maslen, op. Cit .; Point 0.53, page 28
13. ↑ Stuart Maslen op. Cit. Point 0.90, page 43.
14. ↑ Stuart Maslen, op cit .; Point 0.91, page 43.
15. ↑ Country Status. International Campaign to Ban Landmines, accessed August 26, 2014 . 
16. ↑ Welcome on board, Sri Lanka! International Campaign to Ban Landmines, accessed February 25, 2018 . 
17. ↑ Palestine Accedes to the Mine Ban Treaty. International Campaign to Ban Landmines, accessed February 25, 2018 . 
18. ^ Review Conference: 1st Review Conference - The Nairobi Summit on a Mine-Free World. www.nairobisummit.org, November 29, 2004, accessed January 19, 2020 .  
19. ↑ Review Conference: 2nd Review Conference - The Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World. www.cartagenasummit.org, November 29, 2009, accessed January 19, 2020 .  
20. ↑ Review Conference: 3rd Review Conference - The Maputo Summit on a Mine-Free World. www.cartagenasummit.org, November 29, 2009, accessed January 19, 2020 .  
21. ^ Anti-Personel Mine Ban Convention: Sixteenth Meeting of the State Parties. www.apminebanconvention.org, December 18, 2017, accessed January 19, 2020 .  
22. ^ Anti-Personel Mine Ban Convention: Seventeenth Meeting of the State Parties. www.apminebanconvention.org, November 26, 2018, accessed on January 19, 2020 .  
23. ^ Anti-Personel Mine Ban Convention: Eighteenth Meeting of the State Parties. www.apminebanconvention.org, accessed on January 19, 2020 .  
24. ^ Anti-Personel Mine Ban Convention - Meetings of the States Parties. www.apminebanconvention.org, accessed January 19, 2020 (English, French, Spanish).  
25. ^ ^{A b} Anti-Personel Mine Ban Convention - States Parties to the Convention. www.apminebanconvention.org, accessed January 19, 2020 (English, French, Spanish).