Paul Schneider (Pastor)

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Paul Robert Schneider (born August 29, 1897 in horses field ; † July 18, 1939 in Buchenwald concentration camp ) was a German Protestant pastor , member of the Confessing Church and a victim of National Socialism . He is called the "Preacher of Buchenwald".

Paul Schneider as assistant preacher in Essen (1925)

Life

1897–1915: childhood and youth

Paul Schneider was born as the second of three sons on August 29, 1897 in horses field in the Hunsrück . His father Gustav-Adolf Schneider, a reformed pastor of the Evangelical Church of the older provinces of Prussia , married Elisabeth Schnorr in 1888 and took up the pastor's position in Horse Field. Schneider spent the first 13 years of his life in the rural idyll of the Hunsrück, until his father was forced to move to another place with a supposedly drier climate because of his wife's increasing arthritis . At Easter 1910, the father took up the parish office of the parish-related parishes of Hochelheim (zu Hüttenberg ) and Dornholzhausen (large parish of Langgöns ), a likewise rural area near Wetzlar in Central Hesse. Nevertheless, his mother's health deteriorated. Schneider moved from grammar school in Bad Kreuznach to Giessen . Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War , on September 8, 1914, his mother died. On June 29, 1915 he passed the secondary school diploma .

1915–1918: As a soldier in World War II

Immediately after graduating from high school, Schneider volunteered for military service. When he entered the barracks, he stated that he would like to become a doctor. He came to the Eastern Front in November 1915 , was wounded there on March 16, 1916 and was awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd class . After his recovery he was sent back to the front, this time to the west . Here he experienced and survived the Battle of Verdun, among other things . In 1918 he was appointed lieutenant in the reserve.

1918–1926: studies, vicariate and auxiliary service

Paul Schneider as a student in the Giessen Wingolf (1920)

After the end of the war, Schneider began to study Protestant theology in Giessen at the request of his father . Like his father, he joined the Giessen Wingolf , a Christian, non-hitting student union. His hope that membership would help him against his tendency to withdraw and that he would take away his social insecurity was not fulfilled. His criticism of the drinking habits of the Marburg Wingolf , to which he also belonged, led to his resignation after a year. As a member of the Marburg student union, he took part in the fighting and unrest in Thuringia. Finally, in 1921, he resumed membership in the Giessen Wingolf and then retained it for the rest of his life. The third semester he studied at the Philipps University in Marburg ; then he went to Tübingen , where theological training was still rather conservative. This suited Schneider: Liberal theology had brought him into great internal conflicts. Particularly through the conflict with Adolf Schlatter , he experienced a theological change towards a biblically oriented theology. He now moved in with the pastor's family Dieterich in Weilheim (Tübingen) as a subtenant, later he married their youngest daughter there, Margarete Dieterich, born on January 8, 1904.

On August 29, 1921, Schneider registered with the Consistory of the Rhine Province in Koblenz for the first theological exam. After he had passed his exams in May 1922, he decided to work at the blast furnace in steelworks in Aplerbeck and Hörde . In September 1922 he lived again with his father in Hochelheim and became engaged to Margarete. On October 31, 1922, he began his practical training as a vicar , combined with entering the Soest seminary . After Paul Schneider had passed the second theological exam, he went to Berlin to work for the city ​​mission there. There Schneider worked from November 1, 1923 to September 15, 1924 under the guidance of the pastor and mission inspector Erich Schnepel (1893–1986), mainly among the workers in East Berlin, to do the practical work of a Christian together with other candidates for an evangelical pastoral office - to get to know socially committed faith work.

End of January 1925, he in Hochelheim in his father's church ordained and then entered food -Altstadt his first position as assistant pastor at (now pastor of employment). On January 10, 1926, his father suffered a stroke during the sermon in Dornholzhausen and died three days later, on January 13.

1926–1934: Pastor of Hochelheim and Dornholzhausen

Hochelheim near Wetzlar, Protestant parish church
Memorial plaque in the Evangelical Church of Dornholzhausen

At the request of the two parishes, the church leadership allowed Paul Schneider to succeed his father in Hochelheim and Dornholzhausen on September 4, 1926. A pastor's position is filled alternately by election of the parish by the parish or by the church leadership.

Since his professional future was now secure, Margarete's parents allowed the bride and groom to get married. Even before his inauguration, he married Margarete Dieterich on August 12, 1926 in Weilheim. His father-in-law Pastor Karl Dieterich performed the wedding ceremony. The marriage had six children. The Schneider family lived in the Hochelheim rectory from this time until spring 1934.

The first years in the parish were marked by the everyday problems of a rural community. It was not until the beginning of the thirties that the global economic crisis and its effects in Germany also reached the villages of Hochelheim and Dornholzhausen. As a result, the NSDAP got more and more support. Even if Paul Schneider was unsure at the beginning what to think of Hitler , it was clear to him at the latest after the seizure of power that the goals of the National Socialists could not be reconciled with the statements of the Bible, even if some Christians tried to do so.

The new Reichstag met on March 21, 1933 . On the occasion of this day, the bells should be rung across the country from 12 p.m. to 12.30 p.m. After this was announced in the village at 9 a.m., a Hochelheim congregation member requested that this also take place in the local Protestant church. An ecclesiastical decree on the matter was not issued. In the morning the four presbyters came together for a meeting called at short notice in the rectory to discuss this proposal. Schneider pleaded:

“Not only for the sake of the NSDAP and the local authorities encroaching on the rights of the church, but also for the sake of political restraint on the part of the church and to make it clear that we are not a state church, the chairman asks that the motion be rejected without to somehow get too close to the national day. "

At the objection of a presbyter to still ring the bells "for the sake of national importance", the presbytery turned against Schneider. At the same time, however, it decided “that it will reject similar interventions in the rights of the Church ...”.

Because earlier in the course of 1933 the churches first restrictions were imposed - including should the priest ensure that no "non-Aryans" attended church services -, was founded in September 1933, the Pastors , who on the Barmer Confessional Synod in May 1934 to Confessing Church . Together they wanted to push back the influence that the National Socialists had on the Church. Paul Schneider immediately found his place in this movement. It was clear from the beginning that for him the standards of political action were set exclusively by the gospel. Since he was in conflict with his presbytery because of his "scriptural understanding of the Lord's Supper and the serious question of confession " and was also exposed to pressure from government agencies because of frank statements about him in newspaper articles by Joseph Goebbels and Ernst Röhm , he was finally able to follow suit View of the church leadership no longer stay in Hochelheim.

1934–1939: Pastors of Dickenschied and Womrath

Dickenschied in the Hunsrück, Protestant parish church
Womrath in the Hunsrück, Protestant parish church
Womrath in the Hunsrück, Protestant parish church

Paul Schneider applied for the vacant pastor's position in the Reformed Evangelical Churches of Dickenschied and Womrath in the Hunsrück, belonging to the parish of Simmern , and was elected by the local presbyteries . The Simmern Superintendent Gillmann introduced Schneider into his office on May 8, 1934, which he would hold until his death on July 18, 1939. For Schneider it was the return to the Hunsrück homeland, which he enjoyed very much, especially since he knew Dickenschied well from his childhood when Walter Schneider, a brother of his father, held the position from 1901 until his retirement in August 1925.

In the two Reformed congregations, Schneider dealt with the Heidelberg Catechism in detail for the first time and finally joined the “ Coetus Reformed Preacher”.

1934–1936: Further conflicts with the Nazi state

Shortly after taking up the new pastor's position, the next conflict arose between him and the NSDAP: At the funeral of the Hitler Youth Moog in the neighboring parish of Gemünden , the NS district leader said that the deceased had entered the heavenly storm Horst Wessels . Paul Schneider then said whether there would be a heavenly storm Horst Wessel he does not know, but God may bless the boy and accept him into his kingdom. Then the district leader stepped forward again and repeated his statement. Outraged Paul Schneider replied: “I am protesting. This is a Christian funeral, and as a Protestant pastor, I am responsible for ensuring that the word of God is preached in an unadulterated manner! ”They then parted in silence. This clash of state and church led to Schneider's first arrest the next day, June 13, 1934. This measure, declared as “ protective custody ”, should last a week.

Schneider and his congregation joined the Confessing Church right at the beginning of his term of office . On March 5, 1935, the second synod of the Confessing Church of the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union passed a word to the congregations against the “ new paganism” of the “racial-folk worldview”, which was to be read out by all faithful pastors on March 17 in the service . The Reich Ministry of the Interior forbade giving notice and the Gestapo demanded appropriate explanations from all pastors; Schneider refused this and was therefore imprisoned in Kirchberg from March 16 to March 19 .

On 29 March 1936 a general election was held. Paul and Margarete Schneider did not vote, as only "Yes" could be ticked on the ballot paper. On the night of Easter, the next Sunday, the rectory was smeared: “He didn't vote! Fatherland? People, what are you saying ?! ”This writing was removed by church members before the Easter service in Dickenschied.

1936–1937: confrontations in the community

Since 1933, the two teachers of the Protestant elementary schools in Dickenschied and Womrath taught a “ German doctrine of faith ” that corresponded to National Socialist teachings. These were two fathers from Womrath against Schneider before and tried their children from the Sunday school get and the confirmation classes and in Gemünden, where a German-Christian priest officiated, confirm to leave. Attempts by Schneider to mediate discussions were rejected. A Dimissoriale was out of the question for Schneider, as a German-Christian community like the Evangelical Church Community of Gemünden could no longer be regarded as loyal to the Church . The Womrath presbytery agreed with its pastor and decided to exclude the two Womrath family fathers from all church rights, including from the Lord's Supper . Because of their teaching, the two teachers should also be taken under church discipline. Questions 82–85 of the Heidelberg Catechism were the theological basis for this measure . In addition to the presbytery resolution, this also required three discontinuations in the service. The Dickenschieder presbytery withdrew its decision at the last moment. In Womrath there were only two related terminations because Schneider was arrested before the third. Initially, the arrest was postponed because he had broken his leg in a motorcycle accident in March 1937 and was in hospital. But on May 31, 1937, the arrest warrant was carried out: Schneider was held in “protective custody” until July 24 in the Gestapo prison in Koblenz.

Summer and autumn 1937: expulsion and final imprisonment

Schneider was released in Wiesbaden . He was told that he was banned from staying in the Rhine Province, including his communities in the Hunsrück. After his release he stayed for a while in Eschbach in Hesse and in Baden-Baden . But when he was asked to return by his presbyteries, he made his way to Dickenschied to see his wife and six children, not without giving detailed reasons for his decision to the government president, the Reich Minister of the Interior and even the Reich Chancellery. It was about the question of whether the state has the right to rule into the church. With the expulsion of Christians from their provinces, the state undermined the separation of church and state that Schneider had actually advocated . On October 3, 1937, Schneider held the harvest festival service in Dickenschied. On the way to the service in Womrath, which was to take place in the afternoon, because Dickenschieder had informed the police in Kirchberg in the meantime, he was arrested and taken back to the prison of the Secret State Police in Koblenz.

1937–1939: Buchenwald concentration camp

Buchenwald memorial, detention building ("bunker")
Cell in the bunker, Christian memorial and pilgrimage site Paul Schneider in the Buchenwald memorial

On November 27, 1937, Paul Schneider was transferred to the newly established Buchenwald concentration camp in Weimar , where he had to do forced labor. Due to his good physical condition, he was able to withstand the work in road construction and other areas, and sometimes even take on work for other inmates.

When he refused the Hitler salute at a flag roll call on the occasion of the Fuehrer's birthday on April 20, 1938 , did not take off his cap and gave the reason: "I do not greet this criminal symbol!", He was publicly punished with cane blows and was taken to a solitary cell in the detention building ("Bunker ") blocked. Despite severe abuse, he continued to preach the gospel from prison. In the concentration camp , in which political, religious or racial persecution and criminals were held at the time - the "Jewish camp" was only established after the November pogroms in 1938 - he became the "Preacher of Buchenwald" for his fellow prisoners. On Easter Sunday, despite the greatest pain, he is said to have pulled himself up on the bars of his cell and called out to the thousands of prisoners outside on the roll call square: “Comrades, hear me. Pastor Paul Schneider speaks here. Torture and murder take place here. Thus says the Lord: 'I am the resurrection and the life!' ”He got no further. Massive strokes of the stick let the “Preacher von Buchenwald” fall silent again.

For more than a year Paul Schneider was held prisoner in the solitary cell and, above all, tortured by the guard Martin Sommer until he was physically only a wreck and close to death. All pending proceedings against him in a special court in Cologne were discontinued on June 10, 1938, as only a small sentence was to be expected. He could have left the concentration camp on the spot if he had bowed to the expulsion order from the Rhine province, which he did not do, since he felt obliged to his communities in Dickenschied and Womrath, referring to Acts 5:29  LUT .

The Rhenish consistory now tried to put Schneider on hold on the basis of changed canonical regulations . The consistory wanted to undertake the hearing of the congregation prescribed by church law. The Gestapo was supposed to commission an officer to hear Schneider. The transfer order was issued on June 15, 1939. In it Schneider's “anti-state behavior” and the “lack of a positive and unconditional affirmation of the present state” and the associated lack of prospect of release from the concentration camp were cited as reasons for being put on hold. The letter did not reach Schneider until his death; so it never came into effect, which was of importance to his widow in terms of pension.

Most recently he came to medical treatment several times, severely affected by the conditions of detention and the abuse, and with water on his legs. He was restored to such an extent that the torture could no longer be seen immediately. When this was achieved, he was murdered there on July 18, 1939 by the camp doctor Erwin Ding-Schuler, according to the report of the concentration camp inmate Walter Poller, who was employed as a doctor's clerk, through a severe overdose of the heart drug strophanthin . His wife was informed of the death of her husband, and she was given the - otherwise not granted - opportunity to bring the body to Dickenschied. With support, Margarete Schneider immediately traveled to Weimar, was able to see her husband's body there in the open coffin and then received it sealed. He was taken to the Evangelical Hospital in Simmern, where he remained under police supervision until his burial.

burial

The pastor's body was transferred to Dickenschied. Despite the precautions taken by the Gestapo , the funeral, at which Schneider's colleague from Gödenroth , Friedrich Langensiepen, gave the sermon, took place with great sympathy from the population. Altogether more than 1000 mourners came, many from far away, some had come from neighboring countries. Among the mourners were around 200 pastors, around 50 of them in gowns. To their surprise, Catholic inn operators expelled Gestapo employees from the house because they wanted to attend the funeral themselves; this meant that monitoring could not take place as planned. “This is how kings are buried,” one of the Gestapo men is said to have said in view of the hundreds of funeral guests. Due to the large number of participants, the Gestapo man was unable to complete his task of noting the participants.

After the burial, the Rhenish consistory, which was dominated by the German Christians , complained to the Gestapo that they hadn't had the matter under control. This publicly effective funeral service should have been prevented.

A wooden stele was designed for Paul Schneider's tomb in 1939 by the sculptor and preacher Wilhelm Groß , who himself was an active member of the Confessing Church.

1939–2002: After the death of Paul Schneider

Dickenschied, grave of Paul and Margarete Schneider
Paul Schneider memorial stele in Horsesfeld: "Childhood in Horses field" and "Annunciation and hostility in the dictatorship"
Paul Schneider memorial stele in horses field: "imprisonment in Buchenwald concentration camp" and "glorification"
Memorial plaque in the church of Womrath; an identical plaque is in the church of Dickenschied.
Paul Schneider on a postage stamp of the Federal Post Office 1989
Memorial plaque on the Paul Schneider House of the Ev. Luther Community Berlin-Spandau 1989

Margarete Schneider and her children moved to Wuppertal - Elberfeld in the spring of 1940 , where the Confessing Church had found them a house. As a result of air raids, the house burned down in the summer of 1943 and most of Schneider's documents were destroyed. After that, she and the children initially lived with their mother in Tübingen. After the war, Margarete Schneider helped develop the women's work at the Evangelical Church in Württemberg . Like Gustav Heinemann, she was one of the founders of the All-German People's Party in 1952 . From 1960 Margarete Schneider lived again in Dickenschied, and in the last few years increasingly also in Liederbach am Taunus . She died on December 27, 2002 in Schwalbach am Taunus . During the entire time after the war she had been involved in reconciliation in the villages of Dickenschied and Womrath and spoke often in schools and other places about the time of the National Socialist dictatorship. She was honored for her commitment by being made an honorary citizen of Dickenschied and shortly before her death by being awarded the Federal Cross of Merit. She was buried next to her husband in Dickenschied.

On the occasion of the redesign of the grave after her burial, the family decided to have the stele created in 1939 on Paul Schneider's grave replaced with two new ones in the same style; the two current steles are lighter and have a pointed instead of a round end at the top.

Appreciations

Dietrich Bonhoeffer saw Paul Schneider as the first martyr of the Confessing Church when he learned of his death in London from his twin sister Sabine Leibholz, who had emigrated .

Seven days after Schneider's death, the Anglican Bishop of Chichester, George Kennedy Allen Bell , a member of the ecumenical movement and friend of Bonhoeffer, wrote a report on Schneider's murder in Buchenwald, in which he describes the pastor from Dickenschied as a German martyr. This report appeared on July 27, 1939 as a "Letter to the editor" in the Times .

After the funeral, a 43-page brochure with the title Paul Schneider in memory and a title page with a framed black cross was published without the place, year or publisher's name. It contained a picture and obituary notice from the Brothers' Council in Barmen, curriculum vitae, address on the occasion of church discipline, letters from imprisonment and concentration camps, the sermon that Kleinich pastor Hermann Lutze had given in a prayer in Womrath the evening before Schneider's funeral, and the description of the funeral and the sermon that Pastor Johannes Schlingensiepen gave during the funeral service; the formulations are consistently cautious.

In 1945, on the sixth anniversary of his death, a first official commemoration with a memorial service and subsequent speeches in the cemetery "with the participation of the authorities" was held in Dickenschied, which in the 26-page brochure "... and shall remain my preacher ...!" ( Jer. 15 , 19) of the Walter book printer from neighboring Kirchberg was arrested.

In several German cities and communities, streets, Christian meetinghouses and schools are named after him. On the occasion of his 100th birthday, on August 29, 1997, a stele with four bronze tablets by the Kirn-Sulzbach artist Karlheinz Brust was unveiled at his birthplace . The panels stolen in 2011 were replaced by replicas made of aluminum in 2012; they were unveiled on the 1st of Advent.

With his sermons in the concentration camp and calling out Bible words on the roll call square, he not only knew how to console Christians, like the Jew Ernst Cramer , who was imprisoned like Schneider in Buchenwald at the end of 1938, in 2000 in the film You Mass Murderers - I'm Complaining You to testified.

Pope John Paul II paid tribute to two witnesses of Christ by name as part of the memorial of the martyrs on May 7, 2000 in the Colosseum in Rome. One of them was Paul Schneider. He said: “Just as convinced [as the Orthodox Metropolitan of St. Petersburg Benjamin, murdered in 1922], the ... [Protestant] Pastor Paul Schneider affirmed from his cell in Buchenwald to his overseers: 'Thus says the Lord: I am the resurrection and that Live! '. ”After the year 2000 and the appreciation of Paul Schneider by Pope John Paul II, who emphasized the ecumenical dimension of martyrdom in the 20th century, his life is also perceived and honored with greater attention in the Roman Catholic Church .

On October 12, 2002, the icon designed by Renata Sciachì and the artistic staff of the Community of Sant'Egidio was inaugurated in the Roman basilica of San Bartolomeo . In the center of the picture, immediately below the Easter candle, it shows Paul Schneider as the preacher von Buchenwald in his detention cell and thus refers to the sermon of John Paul II, in which he refers to Schneider's testimony and sermon of the resurrection. On April 22nd, 2017, a Liturgy of the Word in memory of the "new martyrs" was celebrated by Pope Francis in San Bartolomeo . In this, Karl Adolf Schneider, Paul Schneider's second youngest son, remembered his father.

In honor of Paul Schneider, the Wingolfsbund holds a commemorative hour every two years on Ascension Day before every Wingolf festival in Buchenwald.

Paul Schneider's day of remembrance in the Evangelical Calendar of Names of the Evangelical Church in Germany is July 18, the day of his death. In 2019 (80th anniversary of his death) he was honored in radio broadcasts .

Amongst others, the Evangelical Boy Scouts of the VCP named their district around Wolfsburg after Paul Schneider.

literature

  • Albrecht Aichelin: Paul Schneider. A radical testimony of faith against the tyranny of National Socialism . Kaiser, Gütersloh 1994, ISBN 3-579-01864-7 .
  • Wolfgang Benz :  Schneider, Paul Robert. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 23, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-428-11204-3 , p. 304 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Manfred Blänkner: Paul Schneider's activity in wing golf . In: Wingolfsblätter, 135th year, issue 1/2016, pp. 40–49.
  • Claude R. Foster jr .: Paul Schneider. His life story. The preacher from Buchenwald. translated by Brigitte Otterpohl. Hänssler, Holzgerlingen 2001, ISBN 3-7751-3660-6 . The English-language edition is about twice as long: Paul Schneider, the Buchenwald apostle: a Christian martyr in Nazi Germany; a sourcebook on the German Church struggle. SSI Bookstore, West Chester University, Westchester, Pennsylvania 1995, ISBN 1-887732-01-2 .
  • Markus Geiger: Pastor Paul Schneider and his reception history (= series of publications of the Heidelberg University of Education 49). Mattes, Heidelberg, 2007
  • Werner Raupp : Paul Schneider - the preacher of Buchenwald . In: Werner Raupp: Werkbuch Kirchengeschichte. 52 people from two millennia. Brunnen-Verlag, Gießen / Basel, 1987, ISBN 3-7655-2870-6 , pp. 352-355 and 63-64 (quiz: profile).
  • Folkert Rickers : Resisting in difficult times. Memory of Paul Schneider (1897–1939). A workbook for religious education in secondary schools and for church educational work. Verlag des Neukirchener Erziehungsverein, Neukirchen-Vluyn 1998, ISBN 3-7887-1673-8 .
  • Margarete Schneider: Paul Schneider - The preacher of Buchenwald. Newly edited by Elsa-Ulrike Ross and Paul Dieterich. SCM Hänssler, Holzgerlingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-7751-5550-2 . In epub format: ISBN 978-3-7751-7210-3
  • Margarete Schneider: The preacher from Buchenwald. with a preface by Heinrich Vogel. Evangelical Publishing House , Berlin East, 1958, DNB 578206811
  • Rudolf Wentorf: Paul Schneider. The witness from Buchenwald. Brunnen, Gießen and Basel 1987 3 , ISBN 3-7655-3810-8 .
  • Rudolf Wentorf: The case of the pastor Paul Schneider. A biographical documentation. Verlag des Neukirchener Erziehungsverein, Neukirchen-Vluyn 1989, ISBN 3-7887-1327-5 .
  • Klaus-Gunther Wesseling:  Paul Schneider. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 9, Bautz, Herzberg 1995, ISBN 3-88309-058-1 , Sp. 563-568.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  • Karl Würzburger: Martyrium und Admonition , audio book (together with Johannes Kuhn: Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Freedom is in fact alone), Medienverlag Kohfeldt, 2009, ISBN 978-3-940530-82-0 .
  • Philippe Noyer: Paul Schneider 1897–1939. Martyr de l'Eglise Confessante Allemande. Diploma thesis at the Institut Protestant de Théologie (Faculté de Théologie Protestante) à Montpellier / Paris 1983 (available as a manuscript in the library of the institute)

Movies

  • Sabine Steinwender, Folkert Rickers: "You mass murderers - I accuse you". Pastor Paul Schneider (a film designed for educational purposes ; English version with the title: “You Mass Murderers - I accuse you”. Reverend Paul Schneider )
  • Südwestrundfunk: The father and us. The legacy of Paul Schneider

Slide series

  • Gerd Westermayer, Heinz-Günther Ney, Harald Kosub: Paul Schneider. The preacher from Buchenwald . Pastor Paul Schneider Society, Weimar, 2005

Web links

Commons : Paul Schneider  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ According to other accounts, Schneider resigned from the Giessen Wingolf in 1933 because he refused to provide evidence of the Aryan language in rejecting the Aryan paragraph . See Margarete Schneider: Paul Schneider: the preacher of Buchenwald. Holzgerlingen 2014, p. 40; limited preview in Google Book search
  2. ^ Margarete Schneider (ed.): The preacher of Buchenwald. The martyrdom of Paul Schneider . Neuhausen-Stuttgart 1981, p. 28.
    A. Aichelin: Paul Schneider ; P. 11f.
  3. ↑ Erich Schnepel: A life in the 20th century, 1st part 1900-1930 . R. Brockhaus Verlag, Wuppertal 2 1966, p. 95
  4. ^ Presbytery protocol of the Evangelical Church Community of Hochelheim; quoted from Wentorf: The case of Pastor Paul Schneider ; P. 45 f.
  5. ↑ a b Wentorf: The case of the pastor Paul Schneider ; P. 46
  6. ↑ Maria Elisabetha glass man: diary of my life, a family saga from the Hunsrück (1860-1942). Edited by Hajo Knebel . Self-published, Simmern 1973, pp. 110 and 239. (2nd edition. Ed. By grandson Walter Göhl; Pandion, Simmern 2004).
  7. ↑ Heidelberger Katechismus , questions 82-85, on the website heidelberger-katechismus.net of the Reformed Covenant , accessed on February 21, 2017.
  8. ↑ A. Aichelin: Paul Schneider ; P. 273.
  9. ↑ Quoted from: A. Aichelin: Paul Schneider ; P. 276.
  10. ↑ A. Aichelin: Paul Schneider ; Pp. 273-278.
    Simone Rauthe: "Sharp opponents": the disciplining of church employees by the Evangelical Consistory of the Rhine Province and its finance department from 1933 to 1945 (= series of publications by the Association for Rhenish Church History, 162). Habelt, Bonn, 2003, ISBN 3-7749-3215-8 , pp. 89f.
  11. ^ Walter Poller: Doctor's writer in Buchenwald . Verlag Das Segel, Offenbach a. M., 1960. Quoted from: Prediger in der Hölle, memorial booklet for the 25th anniversary of the death of Paul Schneider . Verlag Kirche und Mann, Gütersloh [no year].
  12. ↑ a b Bernhard Forck; quoted in Aichelin, 296.
  13. ^ Front page of the Pastor Paul Schneider Society, ( Memento of the original from May 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed on February 21, 2017. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / paulschneider.studio-h-weimar.de
  14. ↑ Printed in the English original and in a German translation in: Prediger in der Hölle, memorial booklet for the 25th anniversary of the death of Paul Schneider . Publishing Church and man, Gütersloh (with the erroneous indication that the letter seven days after the death Schneiders published was).
  15. ↑ Jer 15,19  LUT
  16. ^ Theft of four Paul Schneider bronze plaques in his place of birth, horse field near Bad Sobernheim. In: Website of the Pastor Paul Schneider Society. Retrieved November 13, 2016 .
  17. ^ Horse field: Paul Schneider stele newly manufactured and re-inaugurated . Article on ekir.de , December 3, 2012, accessed on February 21, 2017.
  18. ^ Pope John Paul II: Sermon at the memorial service for the witnesses of the faith in the 20th century on May 7, 2000 in the Colosseum in Rome, accessed on February 21, 2017.
  19. ^ Renzo Giacomelli: Il Testimone - Il Pastore Luterano Tedesco Paul Schneider. Il “Predicatore Nel Bunker” Che Morì A beech forest . ( Memento of the original from December 22nd, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Article from the magazine “Famiglia cristiana”, November 14, 2004, reproduced in the press review on the website of the Community of Sant'Egidio , May 11, 2011, accessed on February 21, 2017 (Italian). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.santegidio.org
  20. ^ Celebration commemorating the "New Martyrs" of the Twentieth and Twentyfirst Century . Transmission of the Vatican Television Center on YouTube , accessed on April 29, 2017 (video, 1:44:48 hours; on Paul Schneider from 21:00 to 24:30).
  21. ^ Karl Dienst : Politics and Religious Culture in Hesse and Nassau between 'State Change' (1918) and 'National Revolution' (1933): Causes and Consequences . Peter Lang Publishing Group , Frankfurt 2010, ISBN 978-3-631-60469-4 , p. 195.
  22. ^ Sabine Steinwender: The Preacher von Buchenwald: Paul Schneider - 80th anniversary of death. (pdf, 555 kB) In: Kirche-im-wdr.de. July 18, 2019, accessed on July 18, 2019 (broadcast on WDR 2). Frank Küchler: Paul Schneider. (pdf, 555 kB) In: Kirche-im-wdr.de. July 18, 2019, accessed on July 18, 2019 (broadcast on WDR 3, WDR 4 and WDR 5).
  23. ^ Paul Schneider . Website of the Evangelical Boy Scouts of the VCP, Wolfsburg district, accessed on November 13, 2016.
  24. ^ Folkert Rickers: Paul Robert Schneider (1897-1939), Nazi regime opponent. In: Portal Rheinische Geschichte , Landschaftsverband Rheinland , June 26, 2013.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 29, 2005 .
personal data
SURNAME Schneider, Paul
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Schneider, Paul Robert
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German Protestant pastor
DATE OF BIRTH August 29, 1897
PLACE OF BIRTH Horse field , today in Bad Sobernheim
DATE OF DEATH July 18, 1939
Place of death Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar