Vice Chancellor (Germany)

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Deputy
Chancellor of the
Federal Republic of Germany
Vice Chancellor Olaf Scholz
Acting Vice Chancellor
and Federal Minister of Finance
Olaf Scholz
since March 14, 2018
Official seat Ministry of the Vice Chancellor
as Federal Minister; currently Federal Ministry of Finance
Creation of office May 24, 1949
Last appointment March 14, 2018
Deputy of Chancellor

As Vice-Chancellor is Deputy Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and historically also the respective general Deputy Chancellor during the time of the German Empire and the Weimar Republic called. The term Vice Chancellor is - unlike in Austria - unofficial and does not appear in any of the German constitutions. The Basic Law speaks of a deputy appointed by the Chancellor. This deputy must be a federal minister .

A Federal Chancellor has many tasks in which he can be represented by other people. However, the Basic Law only refers to the special powers that belong to the office of the Federal Chancellor. In the literature it is disputed when exactly the representation case occurs and who determines it should the Chancellor (e.g. due to a sudden illness) not be able to make this decision himself. It is also disputed whether the deputy can really exercise all the powers of the Federal Chancellor in the case of representation, such as asking a question of confidence . If the Chancellor himself is still able to act, the Vice Chancellor's options are very limited anyway. So far, however, there has not yet been a full representation, which would have been necessary because the Chancellor was seriously ill for a long time or was unavailable.

The deputy is not the successor of the Federal Chancellor if his office ends without a successor being appointed (e.g. by resigning ). The Federal Chancellor is obliged to continue managing the office if the Federal President asks him to do so. If, for example, the Federal Chancellor has died or other reasons speak against the management, the Federal President can also ask the Vice Chancellor or another minister. However, the German Bundestag should meet as soon as possible and elect a new Federal Chancellor.

The current Vice Chancellor has been Olaf Scholz since March 14, 2018 .

Deputy in the monarchical federal state 1867–1918

In the North German Confederation and since 1871 in the Empire there was no collegial government. The only responsible minister was the Federal Chancellor or Reich Chancellor. The highest authorities such as the Foreign Office were headed by state secretaries who were subordinate to the Chancellor as civil servants. The political leadership under Bismarck rejected regular ministries and a collegial government. Under pressure from the Liberals, Bismarck finally agreed to a compromise, the Act of Representation of March 17, 1878.

Thus, the Chancellor was the Emperor , request that the Emperor shall appoint an alternate. This deputy performed the chancellor's duties when the chancellor was unable to attend. A general deputy was appointed for the entire scope of the business of the Reich Chancellor. The heads of the highest Reich authorities also became representatives within the meaning of the law. This allowed them to the actions of the Emperor, for their service area countersign .

The main importance of the law lay in the upgrading of the state secretaries. The rights of the Reich Chancellor, however, remained unaffected; he was able to carry out all official acts himself even when he was deputy. With the amending law of October 28, 1918, passed at the time of the October reforms, the Act of Representatives was adapted to the new political realities at short notice. Thus, among other things, the Vice Chancellor was assured a hearing in the Reichstag at all times and the representation for individual branches of office was deleted.

As a rule, the general representation of the Reich Chancellor was incumbent on the State Secretary of the Reich Office of the Interior , only Stolberg-Wernigerode, Helfferich and von Payer were an exception here. At the same time, the Vice Chancellors were mostly also Vice President of the Prussian State Ministry .

General deputy of the Reich Chancellor
No. Name (life data) Taking office End of office Days in office Reich Office Chancellor (Cabinet)
1 Count Otto zu Stolberg-Wernigerode (1837-1896) June 1, 1878 June 20, 1881 1,115 - Bismarck ( K )
2 Karl Heinrich von Boetticher (1833–1907) June 20, 1881 July 1, 1897 5,855 Interior Bismarck ( K ) • Caprivi ( K ) • Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst ( K )
3 Arthur Graf von Posadowsky-Wehner (1845–1932) July 1, 1897 June 24, 1907 3,644 Interior Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst ( K ) • Bülow ( K )
4th Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (1856–1921) June 24, 1907 July 10, 1909 747 Interior Bülow ( K )
5 Clemens von Delbrück (1856–1921) July 14, 1909 May 22, 1916 2,504 Interior Bethmann Hollweg ( K )
6th Karl Helfferich (1872–1924) May 22, 1916 November 9, 1917 536 1Inner 1 Bethmann Hollweg ( K ) • Michaelis ( K ) • Hertling ( K )
7th Friedrich von Payer 2 (1847–1931) November 9, 1917 November 9, 1918 365 - Hertling ( K ) • Baden ( K )
1 Until October 24, 1917.
2 Party: FVP

Vice Chancellor in the Weimar Republic and in National Socialism

The Weimar constitution , which was valid during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933), does not have a deputy to the Reich Chancellor; it is only dealt with in the rules of procedure of the Reich Government of 1924 (Section 7):

“On the proposal of the Reich Chancellor, the Reich President can appoint one of the Reich Ministers as the Reich Chancellor's deputy.

The Chancellor determines the extent of the representation.

Neither the leadership of a particular ministry nor the seniority is decisive for the selection of the Deputy Chancellor. "

The last Vice Chancellor during the Weimar period was Franz von Papen , a former Chancellor. In the Hitler cabinet he was otherwise a mere minister with no portfolio . Papen, who wanted to use Adolf Hitler's popularity, was not really aware of the powerlessness of a vice chancellor ; the office was not suitable for taming or framing Chancellor Hitler. Papen's power base was ultimately only the confidence of President Paul von Hindenburg . But his trust soon passed to Hitler.

In the years 1933 and 1934 the Vice Chancellor received several employees and the Vice Chancellery became its own authority. The employees were independent of Hitler and mostly came from the circles of the Conservative Revolution. The June murders of 1934 ( Röhm Putsch ) led to the end of this authority. Papen resigned from office in July 1934 and became a diplomat . In the time of National Socialism , no more vice chancellor was appointed; however, Hitler had deputies in his various offices. As early as 1933, Hitler had appointed Rudolf Hess as the Fuehrer's deputy.

General deputy of the Reich Chancellor
No. Name (life data) Taking office End of office Days in office Political party Ministerial office Chancellor (Cabinets)
01 Eugen Schiffer (1860–1954) February 13, 1919 April 19, 1919 65 DDP Finances Scheidemann ( I )
02 Bernhard Dernburg (1865–1937) April 19, 1919 June 21, 1919 63 DDP Finances Scheidemann ( I )
03 Matthias Erzberger (1875-1921) June 21, 1919 October 2, 1919 103 center Finances Farmer ( I )
04th Eugen Schiffer (1860–1954) October 2, 1919 March 27, 1920 177 DDP Judiciary Farmer ( I )
05 Erich Koch-Weser (1875–1944) March 27, 1920 June 25, 1920 90 DDP Interior Müller ( I )
06th Rudolf Heinze (1865–1928) June 25, 1920 May 10, 1921 319 DVP Judiciary Fehrenbach ( I )
07th Gustav Bauer (1870–1944) May 10, 1921 November 22, 1922 561 SPD treasure Wirth ( I • II )
08th Robert Schmidt (1864-1943) August 13, 1923 October 6, 1923 54 SPD reconstruction Stresemann ( I )
09 Karl Jarres (1874–1951) November 30, 1923 January 15, 1925 412 DVP Interior Marx ( I • II )
10 Oskar Hergt (1869–1967) January 29, 1927 June 29, 1928 517 DNVP Judiciary Marx ( IV )
11 Hermann Dietrich (1879–1954) March 30, 1930 June 1, 1932 794 DDP ; DStP Economy ; Finance 3 Brüning ( I • II )
12 Franz von Papen (1879–1969) January 30, 1933 August 7, 1934 554 independent - Hitler ( I )
3 Reich Minister of Economics until June 26, 1930, then Reich Minister of Finance.

Vice Chancellor in the Federal Republic of Germany

Olaf Scholz Sigmar Gabriel Philipp Rösler Guido Westerwelle Frank-Walter Steinmeier Franz Müntefering Joschka Fischer Klaus Kinkel Jürgen Möllemann Hans-Dietrich Genscher Egon Franke Hans-Dietrich Genscher Walter Scheel Willy Brandt Hans-Christoph Seebohm Erich Mende Ludwig Erhard Franz Blücher

In contrast to the earlier constitutions, the Basic Law of 1949 expressly provides for a deputy to the Federal Chancellor . Many people speak of the "Vice Chancellor", even if the Basic Law itself does not use this expression. If necessary, the Vice Chancellor does not represent the office of the Federal Chancellor , but only his function. The legal scientist Ute Mager said: “The deputy does not act on the basis of a power of attorney from the Chancellor, in his name and with effect for him. Rather, the so-called Vice Chancellor, by virtue of his office, exercises the powers of the Chancellor on his own responsibility. "

The article of the Basic Law, unchanged since 1949, reads:

"Art. 69

(1) The Federal Chancellor appoints a Federal Minister as his deputy.

(2) The office of Federal Chancellor or a Federal Minister ends in each case with the meeting of a new Bundestag, the office of Federal Minister also with any other execution of the Office of the Federal Chancellor.

(3) At the request of the Federal President, the Federal Chancellor, or at the request of the Federal Chancellor or the Federal President, a Federal Minister is obliged to continue the business until his successor is appointed. "

One would actually expect the regulation on representation in Art. 64, which deals with the composition and formation of the federal government. In addition, there is no provision for the representation of federal ministers . It is also insufficiently clarified who the Federal President should ask to continue the business of the Federal Chancellor if the previous official is no longer available.

The merging of these three contents in one article is explained by the history of its creation. In the draft of the Herrenchiemsee Convention (1948), Article 91 of the time, the appointment of the deputy was followed by the provision that the deputy should temporarily manage the business after the Chancellor's term of office. The Parliamentary Council then wanted to emphasize the government's ties to the Bundestag and made it clear that the office of Federal Chancellor and Federal Ministers ends when a new Bundestag meets. So the mention of the end of office came to this point after the regulation of the deputy.

appointment

The Federal Chancellor must appoint a permanent deputy, both when appointing his cabinet and later when the office of deputy ends. The appointment must be made within a reasonable period. The decision is made by the Federal Chancellor alone, without the involvement of the Federal President. This differs from the appointment of federal ministers in general: if someone is to become federal minister, the federal chancellor proposes him and the federal president appoints him.

A certain form of appointment is not regulated, but it should be done publicly. Otherwise it could happen that no one would accept this authorization in the case of representation. A special document is unnecessary, although permissible. The decision of the Federal Chancellor can also be announced orally in a cabinet meeting.

Only one deputy is appointed. However, the wording in the Basic Law does not exclude that a second representative could be appointed in the event that the first should be prevented. In the event that both the Federal Chancellor and the Vice Chancellor are generally prevented from attending, there are no regulations. The rules of procedure of the Federal Government (§§ 8 and 22) only provide rules for the conduct of cabinet meetings ; this would then have to be generalized if necessary. According to this, the representation is held by the Federal Minister selected by the Vice Chancellor. In the absence of such a decision by the Vice Chancellor, the one who has been part of the Federal Government for the longest uninterrupted period comes into play. If this applies to several federal ministers, the age decides.

The Federal Chancellor is constitutionally free to choose the deputy from among the federal ministers , so there is no federal minister he cannot appoint. It is unimportant, for example, whether the federal minister leads a federal ministry or is a minister without a portfolio . Due to his strong constitutional position, the Federal Chancellor always has the last word to the ministers, so that no minister could develop his own position of power through the agency's office.

The deputy can only be a federal minister, not an executive federal minister. However, it is possible that a managing Chancellor asks the previous Vice Chancellor to continue to be the Managing Vice Chancellor. The powers are then restricted. If the previous Federal Chancellor should not be able to exercise the office in an executive role, for example due to death, the Federal President can make the previous Vice Chancellor executive Vice Chancellor according to the Basic Law commentator Roman Herzog .

End of the Vice Chancellorship

The office of deputy can end in several ways. The Federal Chancellor has the sole right to withdraw the office of the Federal Minister. He does not have to ask the Federal President, the Federal Ministers or the German Bundestag for permission. It would be different if the Federal Chancellor wants to withdraw his ministerial office from the Vice Chancellor: This is only possible on the proposal of the Federal Chancellor by the Federal President.

However, this means that in the event of a longer period of representation, no one can deprive the Vice Chancellor of the office. The Bundestag can only overthrow the Chancellor and thus the entire Federal Government through a constructive vote of no confidence in accordance with Article 67 of the Basic Law. This ends the term of office of all ministers, including the deputy. Herzog: "That that can be a hardship for a Federal Chancellor who is in captivity, for example, is another matter."

A constructive vote of no confidence, however, cannot be directed against the Vice Chancellor, as this would force the Federal Chancellor to appoint another deputy. According to Art. 69 Paragraph 1, the appointment of the deputy is only at the discretion of the Federal Chancellor.

Representation case

The Basic Law is silent about the cases in which the Vice Chancellor represents the Federal Chancellor. In any case, the end of office of the Federal Chancellor cannot lead to representation. If there is no longer a Federal Chancellor, it would no longer be a substitute but a successor. If the office of the Federal Chancellor ends, the Federal President must ensure a governing government. According to Mager , the Basic Law has left a loophole because, unlike in the Herrenchiemsee draft, the Vice Chancellor does not automatically become the Executive Chancellor. Only recourse to the deputy could close this gap and thereby take into account the idea that the Federal President can only oblige the previous office holders to carry out the management (Art. 69 paragraph 3).

The case of representation only occurs if the Chancellor is temporarily prevented from exercising his function. The Federal Chancellor himself makes the determination. The Basic Law says nothing about the possibility that the Federal Chancellor cannot make the determination himself. In practice, according to Hermes, the cabinet could appropriately make the decision. In addition to the cabinet, the literature suggests the Vice Chancellor himself and the Federal Constitutional Court ; According to Mager, it makes political sense to apply Art. 67 (i.e. a new election of the Federal Chancellor by the Bundestag).

The Federal Government's rules of procedure (Section 8) differentiate between general disabilities and other cases. A general handicap exists, for example, if the Chancellor is seriously ill or has been unavailable for a long time. The representation is then a substitute representation (also: general or full representation). In the case of supplementary representation (also: individual or subsidiary representation), for example “due to a slight illness or work overload” (Mager), the Federal Chancellor is still able to determine the extent to which he is represented.

Scope of power of representation

A Federal Chancellor is responsible for many things that he can delegate to other people, for example in contact with the media or in his representative tasks. The regulation of Art. 69 relates only to those acts for which the special constitutional powers of the Federal Chancellor are necessary. If the deputy concerns these special competencies of the Federal Chancellor, the following must be taken into account for the deputy of the Vice Chancellor: The Chancellor may not simply appoint another Federal Minister and thereby override the Vice Chancellor.

In the case of a mere supplementary representation, the Vice Chancellor must strictly adhere to the instructions of the Federal Chancellor. If, on the other hand, it is a substitute representation (full representation), the question arises more sharply as to which powers the Federal Chancellor is entitled to the Vice Chancellor in the case of representation. This overall representation has not yet existed in the history of the Federal Republic. In reality, a Vice Chancellor's decision-making space is likely to have narrow limits because of the political dependencies to which he is subject. A Vice Chancellor would have to coordinate closely with his cabinet colleagues and the governing parties if he was to be represented.

It is undisputed that the Vice Chancellor cannot declare the Federal Chancellor's resignation if he is deputized. The Chancellor himself reserves the right to terminate his chancellorship. On the other hand, it is controversial whether the Vice Chancellor has the authority to issue guidelines in the case of representation , to reshuffle the cabinet or to ask a question of confidence . Hermes affirms this, as does Mager, as the government must remain functional. Herzog denies it.

According to Herzog, the acts of sovereignty of the Federal Chancellor in which the Vice Chancellor can represent him include the countersignature or signing of federal laws and ordinances of the federal government, other state acts or the correspondence between the federal government and other constitutional organs. According to Herzog, the abovementioned competencies are unacceptable because in the system of the Basic Law the cabinet is always the “cabinet of the Chancellor”; in addition, the Chancellor could normally make absolutely unavoidable personnel decisions himself from the bedside. In general, the Vice Chancellor should change the Federal Chancellor's policy as little as possible and adhere to instructions and guidelines, according to Herzog. If possible, he has to act in trust in the presumed sense of the Federal Chancellor. A deviation can only be justified in new, changed situations.

practice

It is largely up to the Federal Chancellor himself whether a representation case occurs at all. It is usually foreseeable when the Federal Chancellor will not be able to carry out an official act himself, e.g. by traveling abroad. It will then be scheduled before or after. After all, many decisions can also be made over the phone. Rare exceptions relate to cases in which the Chancellor has to be present in person, such as a cabinet meeting.

Usually the chairman of the smaller coalition party is appointed deputy. But even if the deputy belongs to the same party as the Federal Chancellor, the Federal Chancellor has no interest in the Vice Chancellor using the office for his own profile, even at the Federal Chancellor's expense. Hence, according to Herzog, the “relative colorlessness” of the office, which the creators of the constitution must have been aware of.

In the history of the Federal Republic of Germany, Walter Scheel was the only Vice Chancellor who held the office of Federal Chancellor (from May 7 to 16, 1974). Before that, Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt had resigned and asked the Federal President to release him from his duties immediately and not to ask, in accordance with Art. 69 Paragraph 3, to continue business. Scheel was also elected Federal President on May 15, 1974 (an office he took up on July 1 of the same year), so that he was simultaneously Executive Chancellor and Federal President-elect for 24 hours.

For most of the time in the Federal Republic of Germany, Vice Chancellor was the Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs . This has the diplomatic advantage that the deputy head of government is often the highest-ranking member at conferences of foreign ministers. Since Germany joined numerous international organizations relatively late, the German representative was able to draw level with the representatives of the founding states of the respective organization in the ranking. A disadvantage of the connection is that the foreign minister is the minister most likely to be on a trip abroad when the federal cabinet meets.

Party affiliation

Since the second strongest government faction in a coalition traditionally provides the Vice Chancellor (the strongest is the Federal Chancellor), this function has so far (as of 2019) mostly been held by the FDP (44 years), SPD (13 years) or Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen (seven years) occupied.

A Vice Chancellor from the CDU only appeared in exceptional cases: after the Bundestag elections in 1957 , in which the Union parties won an absolute majority and thus did not need a coalition partner, the CDU provided Konrad Adenauer and Ludwig Erhard as both the Chancellor and his deputy. This constellation was retained even after the 1961 federal election , when the Union parties again formed a coalition with the FDP. After Adenauer's resignation in 1963, FDP chairman Erich Mende finally became deputy to the newly elected Chancellor Ludwig Erhard. A comparable constellation, in which the Federal Chancellor and Vice Chancellor belonged to the same party, arose after the government coalition broke up in October 1966. All the ministers of the coalition partner FDP left office; in the short-lived minority government that followed , the Union parties filled the vacant ministerial posts with their members. A similar scenario also existed in September 1982 when the FDP left the social-liberal coalition and the SPD temporarily provided the government alone.

A CSU member was never Vice Chancellor. Historically, there have been two occasions when the CSU could have claimed this office during a CDU / CSU sole government. But in 1957/1960 (after the DP left the Adenauer government), Ludwig Erhard's popularity was apparently decisive for his appointment as Vice Chancellor. In 1966 it was to be expected that a changed government constellation would soon replace the minority government of Chancellor Erhard.

The youngest Vice Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany to date was the 38-year-old Free Democrat Philipp Rösler in the Merkel II cabinet at the time of his appointment .

Deputy Chancellor (since 1949)
No. Name (life data) Taking office End of office Days in office Political party Ministerial office Chancellor (Cabinets)
01 Franz Blücher (1896–1959) September 20, 1949 October 29, 1957 2,961 FDP / FVP Marshall Plan matters ; Economic cooperation 4 Adenauer ( I • II )
02 Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977) October 29, 1957 October 16, 1963 2,178 CDU economy Adenauer ( III • IV • V )
03 Erich Mende (1916–1998) 17th October 1963 October 28, 1966 1.107 FDP All-German questions Erhard ( I • II )
04th Hans-Christoph Seebohm (1903-1967) November 8, 1966 1st December 1966 23 CDU traffic Erhard ( II )
05 Willy Brandt (1913–1992) 1st December 1966 October 22, 1969 1,056 SPD Foreign Kiesinger ( I )
06th Walter Scheel (1919–2016) October 22, 1969 17th May 1974 1,670 FDP Foreign 6 Brandt ( I • II )
07th Hans-Dietrich Genscher (1927-2016) 17th May 1974 17th September 1982 3,045 FDP Foreign Schmidt ( I • II • III )
08th Egon Franke (1913–1995) 17th September 1982 October 1, 1982 14th SPD Relations within Germany Schmidt ( III )
09 Hans-Dietrich Genscher (1927-2016) 4th October 1982 May 18, 1992 3,514 FDP Foreign Cabbage ( I • II • III • IV )
10 Jürgen Möllemann (1945-2003) May 18, 1992 January 21, 1993 248 FDP economy Cabbage ( IV )
11 Klaus Kinkel (1936-2019) January 21, 1993 October 27, 1998 2,105 FDP Foreign Cabbage ( IV • V )
12 Joschka Fischer (* 1948) October 27, 1998 November 22, 2005 2,583 Alliance 90 / The Greens Foreign Schröder ( I • II )
13 Franz Müntefering (* 1940) November 22, 2005 November 21, 2007 729 SPD Work and social Merkel ( I )
14th Frank-Walter Steinmeier (* 1956) November 21, 2007 October 28, 2009 707 SPD Foreign
15th Guido Westerwelle (1961–2016) October 28, 2009 May 16, 2011 565 FDP Foreign Merkel ( II )
16 Philipp Rösler (* 1973) May 16, 2011 17th December 2013 946 FDP Economy and technology
17th Sigmar Gabriel (* 1959) 17th December 2013 March 14, 2018 1,548 SPD Economy and energy ; Foreign 6 Merkel ( III )
18th Olaf Scholz (* 1958) March 14, 2018 officiating 897 SPD Finances Merkel ( IV )
4th Federal Minister for Marshall Plan Affairs until October 20, 1953, then Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation.
5 From 7 May to 16 May 1974 he was acting Federal Chancellor .
6th Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy until January 27, 2017, then Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs.

Comparisons

Similar to Germany, one or more deputies of the head of government are known in other countries. They are usually also ministers with the additional role of representing the head of government when necessary. For example, the titles are called Deputy Prime Minister in Great Britain , vicepremier in the Netherlands or Numéro deux du gouvernement français in France . The rules for this function can be very different: the appointment may require the consent of the head of state , the appointment is not mandatory, or there may be several Vice Prime Ministers (e.g. one per coalition partner).

Despite the similar name, the German Vice Chancellor is very different from the Vice President of the USA . It is essential that the Vice President is not intended for the deputy, but for the successor. The popular election of the president is usually several months in advance. If he died, the country would be left without a head of government for a long time without a succession plan. The vice-president is elected together with the president, so that he has just as much democratic legitimation. The President cannot remove the Vice-President either. If the Vice-President leaves office prematurely, however, the President can appoint a new Vice-President; this must be confirmed by both chambers of the congress .

Furthermore, according to the constitution at least, the Vice President has no government office. It is up to the President to decide to what extent he involves the Vice President in government activities. Until the 20th century it was not even common for the Vice President to sit at the cabinet table. Since then, the position of Vice President has been significantly upgraded and he is now treated like a member of the cabinet.

The constitution gives the Vice President, apart from the possible successor, only one task, on which at least the incumbents concentrated almost completely up to the 20th century: he formally presides over the Senate , with which he can and is allowed to set the agenda cast the decisive vote in the event of a tie . Nevertheless, the Vice President is not a member of the Senate and has no voting rights outside of a “stalemate” . If absent, the president pro tempore , usually the senior senator of the majority party, takes over his duties, which has become the norm since the 1960s. Accordingly, the Vice President nowadays only keeps himself ready for extremely important or brief voting situations, or takes part in traditionally important meetings. In theory, however, he can claim the chairmanship at any time.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ute Mager, in: von Münch / Kunig: Basic Law Comment II , 5th edition 2001, Rn. 2 to Art. 69.
  2. ↑ Files of the Reich Chancellery, No. 192: Rules of Procedure of the Reich Government. May 3, 1924 (Federal Archives), accessed on April 13, 2014.
  3. ^ Daniel Koerfer: Vice Chancellery group against Hitler. In: FAZ Online. April 10, 2017, accessed December 24, 2019 .
  4. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 7th
  5. ↑ Ute Mager , in: von Münch / Kunig: Basic Law Comment II , 5th edition 2001, Rn. 2 to Art. 69.
  6. ↑ Article 69 of the Basic Law
  7. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 2.
  8. ↑ Ute Mager, in: von Münch / Kunig: Basic Law Comment II , 5th edition 2001, Rn. 31 re Art. 69.
  9. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 2.
  10. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 3.
  11. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 10.
  12. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 5.
  13. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 5.
  14. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 11.
  15. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 5.
  16. ^ Rules of Procedure of the Federal Government. Press and Information Office of the Federal Government, November 21, 2002, accessed on December 24, 2019 .
  17. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 19th
  18. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 9.
  19. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 13.
  20. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 59.
  21. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 12.
  22. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 12.
  23. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 11.
  24. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 7th
  25. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 17-19.
  26. ↑ Ute Mager, in: von Münch / Kunig: Basic Law Comment II , 5th edition 2001, Rn. 23 re Art. 69.
  27. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 7, 9.
  28. ↑ Ute Mager, in: von Münch / Kunig: Basic Law Comment II , 5th edition 2001, Rn. 10 re Art. 69.
  29. ↑ Ute Mager, in: von Münch / Kunig: Basic Law Comment II , 5th edition 2001, Rn. 7 to Art. 69.
  30. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 14th
  31. ↑ Ute Mager, in: von Münch / Kunig: Basic Law Comment II , 5th edition 2001, Rn. 7 to Art. 69.
  32. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 8th.
  33. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 15, 17.
  34. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 10.
  35. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 9.
  36. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 16.
  37. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 10.
  38. ↑ Ute Mager, in: von Münch / Kunig: Basic Law Comment II , 5th edition 2001, Rn. 10/11 to Art. 69.
  39. ↑ Ute Mager, in: von Münch / Kunig: Basic Law Comment II , 5th edition 2001, Rn. 12 re Art. 69.
  40. ↑ Ute Mager, in: von Münch / Kunig: Basic Law Comment II , 5th edition 2001, Rn. 11 re Art. 69.
  41. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 11.
  42. ↑ Georg Hermes, in: Horst Dreier (Ed.) Basic Law Commentary , Volume 2, 2nd Edition 2006, Art. 69, Rn. 10.
  43. ↑ Ute Mager, in: von Münch / Kunig: Basic Law Comment II , 5th edition 2001, Rn. 11 re Art. 69.
  44. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 16/20.
  45. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 16.
  46. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 20th
  47. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 21st
  48. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 18th
  49. ^ Roman Herzog, in: Maunz / Dürig: Commentary on the Basic Law , 2008, Art. 69, Rn. 9.