Hong Kong International Airport

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Hong Kong International Airport

香港國際機場
File:Vhhh.jpg
Summary
Airport typePublic
OperatorAirport Authority
ServesHong Kong
LocationChek Lap Kok
Elevation AMSL28 ft / 9 m
Coordinates22°18′32″N 113°54′52″E / 22.30889°N 113.91444°E / 22.30889; 113.91444
Runways
Direction Length Surface
ft m
07R/25L 12,467 3,800 Asphalt
07L/25R 12,467 3,800 Asphalt
Hong Kong International Airport
Traditional Chinese香港國際機場
Simplified Chinese香港国际机场
Chek Lap Kok Airport
Traditional Chinese赤鱲角機場
Simplified Chinese赤鱲角机场

Hong Kong International Airport (IATA: HKG, ICAO: VHHH) is the main airport in Hong Kong. It is colloquially known as Chek Lap Kok Airport, due to the fact that it was built on the island of Chek Lap Kok by land reclamation.

It opened for commercial operations in 1998, replacing Kai Tak airport, and is an important regional trans-shipment centre, passenger hub and gateway for destinations in China, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Despite its relatively short history, the airport has won several notable international "Best Airport" awards. In 2001-2005 and 2007, it came first in Skytrax's World Airport Awards. [1][2]

HKIA operates around-the-clock. It is one of the world's busiest airport in terms of international passenger and cargo movement. In 2006, HKIA handled 44 million passengers and 3.6 million tonnes of cargo. It is the primary hub for Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Hong Kong Express Airways, Hong Kong Airlines, Oasis Hong Kong Airlines and Air Hong Kong. It is also a focus city for United Airlines.

History

See also: Aviation history of Hong Kong
The interior of Terminal 1 at night-time, Hong Kong International Airport.

The airport was built on a largely artificial island reclaimed from Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau. The two former islands that were levelled comprise about 25% of the surface area of the airport's 12.48 km² platform. It is connected to the northern side of Lantau Island near the historic village of Tung Chung, now expanded into a new town. Land reclamation for the airport added nearly 1% to the entirety of Hong Kong's surface area. It replaced the former Hong Kong International Airport (popularly known by its former name Kai Tak Airport), which was located in the Kowloon City area with a single runway extending into Kowloon Bay close to the urban built-up areas.[3]

Construction of the new airport was only part of the Airport Core Programme, which also involved construction of new road and rail links to the airport, with associated bridges and tunnels, and major land reclamation projects on both Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon. The project is the most expensive airport project, according to Guinness World Records. Construction of the new airport was voted as one of the Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century at the ConExpo conference in 1999.[4]

Opened in 6 July 1998, it took six years and US $20 billion to build. On that day at 6:25 a.m., Cathay Pacific Flight 899 was the first flight to land at the airport. The architects were Foster and Partners. For three to five months after its opening, it suffered various severe organisational, mechanical, and technical problems that almost crippled the airport. At one time, the government reopened the cargo terminal at Kai Tak Airport to handle freight traffic due to a breakdown at the new cargo terminal, named Super Terminal One (ST1). Luckily, things started to settle down after six months and the airport started to operate normally.

On 28 February 2007, the second terminal of the airport opened, with a new Airport Express platform opened serving the new terminal. The terminal also features a new shopping mall SkyPlaza, providing a large variety of shops and restaurants, together with a few entertainment facilities.

SkyCity is currently being built directly across from the airport. It currently includes the AsiaWorld-Expo and the SkyPier. Planned for development is a golf course, Marriott hotel, and business centre. [5]

Operations

Statistics
2006
Number of Passengers 44,450,000
Number of Takeoffs/Landing 280,490
Cargo Handled 3,580,000 tonnes
Capacity
Passenger (current) 45,000,000
Passenger (ultimate) 87,000,000
Cargo (current) 3m tonnes
Cargo (ultimate) 9m tonnes
Apron (current) 96
Number of destinations
International (air) 150
International (water) 6

The airport is operated by the Airport Authority Hong Kong, a statutory body wholly owned by the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Civil Aviation Department (CAD) is responsible for the provision of air traffic control services, certification of Hong Kong registered aircraft, monitoring of airlines on their compliance with bilateral Air Services Agreements, and the regulation of general civil aviation activities.

The airport has two parallel runways, both of which are 3800 metres in length and 60 metres wide, enabling them to cater to the next generation of aircraft. The south runway has been given a Category II Precision Approach, while the north runway has the higher Category IIIA rating, which allows pilots to land in only 200 metre visibility. The two runways have an ultimate capacity of over 60 aircraft movements an hour. At present there are 49 frontal stands, 28 remote stands and 25 cargo stands. Five parking bays at the Northwest Concourse are already capable of accommodating the arrivals of the next generation of aircraft.

The airport was the third busiest airport for passenger traffic in Asia in 2005, and the world's second busiest airport for cargo traffic in 2005. In terms of international traffic, the airport is the third busiest for passenger traffic and the busiest for cargo since its operation in 1998. There are 85 international airlines providing about 760 scheduled passenger and all-cargo flights each day between Hong Kong and some 150 destinations worldwide. About 76 percent of these flights are operated with wide-bodied jets. There are also an average of approximately 31 non-scheduled passenger and cargo flights each week.

The operation of scheduled air services to and from Hong Kong is facilitated by air services agreements between Hong Kong and other countries. Since the opening of HKIA, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government has implemented a policy of progressive liberalisation of air services with the intention of promoting consumer choice and competition.

The airport expansion opportunities are subject to variables. A proposal to build a third runway has been under feasibility study and consultation but would be very expensive as it would involve additional reclamation from deep waters.[citation needed] There exists only one airway between Hong Kong and China, as the Chinese military very carefully controls Chinese airspace. This single route is often and easily backed up causing delays in both Hong Kong and China. Finally, China requires that aircraft flying the single air route between Hong Kong and China be at an altitude of least 15,000 feet. Talks are underway to persuade the Chinese military to relax its airspace restriction in view of worsening air traffic congestion at the airport.

Airlines based at HKIA

File:Concept Plan for Lantau.jpg
Map showing airport location (in yellow) on the north shore of Lantau Island

Several airlines are based at Hong Kong International Airport:

Recreational flying in Hong Kong is catered for by the Hong Kong Aviation Club, which undertakes flying training for private pilots and provides facilities for private owners.

The Government Flying Service provides short and long range search and rescue services, police support, medical evacuation and general purpose flights for the Government.

Passenger facilities

Terminal 1 Departures Hall entrance

The airport is one of the most accessible in operation today. Despite its size, the passenger terminal is designed for maximum convenience. A simple layout and effective signage, moving walkways and the automated people mover (Destinations: West Hall <-> Southwest <-> Northwest at 62 km/h every 1.5 minutes carrying 304 passengers every APM from opening and closing time of 0600 to 2400) allow quick and easy movement throughout the building. The airport also features a driverless people mover system consisting of 3 stations to provide fast transportation from check-in area to gates (and vice versa). These trains travel at 62km/h and the service is provided for free to all passengers and crew. (HKIA Automated People Mover)

According to its website, the passenger terminal 1 of the HKIA is the world's largest airport terminal building, with a total gross floor area of 570,000 m² (it was 550,000 m² before the expansion of the East Hall). The growth in space alone helped expand the shopping mall, SkyMart, which is 39,000 sq m itself at the East Hall area. The 570,000 m² figure does not include the new 140,000 m² Passenger Terminal 2 and the SkyPlaza.

The Terminal 2 of the Hong Kong International Airport, together with the Skyplaza, opened on February 28, 2007 along with the opening of the Airport Station's Platform 3[6]. It is used for departures of passengers only with no arrival facilities. So far only Oasis Hong Kong Airlines, Emirates Airline and Jetstar Asia Airways have relocated their operation to T2. But several other airlines including Bangkok Airways, Siem Reap Airways International, Thai Airways International and Qatar Airways are slated to move to the new Terminal shortly. After check in, passengers will get to the gates at Terminal 1 by the underground automated people mover. The SkyPlaza situated in the Terminal 2.

The Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre (BAC) is located within the confines of the airport and has its own terminal and facilities separate from the public terminal. It provides a full range of services for executive aircraft and passengers, including passenger lounge, private rooms and showers, business centre facilities, ground handling, baggage handling, fuelling, security, customs and flight planning. Designated spaces and hangarage are also provided at the BAC for private aircraft.

Intermodal transportation hub

A view of the airport from the air

In order to sustain the growth of passengers, the Airport Authority formulated a “push and pull through” strategy to expand its connections to new sources of passengers and cargo. This means adapting the network to the rapidly-growing markets in China and in particular to the Pearl River Delta region (PRD). In 2003, two major events improved connections to the PRD. One was the opening of a new Airport-Mainland Coach Station. The coach station features a 230 m² waiting lounge and sheltered bays for ten coaches. The dedicated coach terminal provides a comfortable environment for passengers travelling between HKIA and different cities in PRD. Some 100 buses are operating per day to transport passengers between HKIA and some 18 destinations in PRD.

The Coach Station was relocated to Terminal 2 in 2007. The 36 bays at the new Coach Station allow cross-border coaches to make 240 trips a day carrying passengers between the airport and 70 cities and towns in the PRD. Local tour and hotel coaches also operate from there.

HKIA’s network to China is also expanded by the opening of SkyPier in late September 2003, offering millions in the PRD direct access to the airport. Passengers coming to SkyPier by high-speed ferries can board buses for onward flights while arriving air passengers can board ferries at the pier for their journeys back to the PRD. Passengers travelling both directions can bypass custom and immigration formalities, which reduces transit time. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen, Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were initially served. As of August 2007, SkyPier serves Shenzhen's Shekou and Fuyong, Dongguan's Humen, Macau, Zhongshan and Zhuhai. Moreover, passengers travelling from Shekou and Macau piers can even complete airline check-in procedures before boarding the ferries and go straight to the boarding gate for the connecting flight at HKIA. The provision of cross boundary coach and ferry services has transformed HKIA into an inter-modal transportation hub combining air, sea and land transport.

Baggage and cargo facilities

Another shot of the airport from the Ngong Ping Skyrail, Lantau Island

Ramp handling services are provided by Hong Kong Airport Services Limited (HAS), Jardine Air Terminal Services Limited, and Menzies Aviation Group (Hong Kong) Limited. Their services include the handling of mail and passenger baggage, transportation of cargo, aerobridge operations and the operation of passenger stairways. The airport has an advanced baggage handling system (BHS), the main section of which is located in the basement level of the passenger terminal, and a separate remote transfer facility at the western end of the main concourse for handling of tight connection transfer bags.

HKIA is capable of handling three million tonnes of cargo annually. [citation needed] Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited operates one of the two air cargo terminals at the airport. Its headquarters, the 270,000 m² SuperTerminal 1, is the world’s largest stand-alone air cargo handling facility, with a designed capacity of 2.6 million tonnes of freight a year. The second air cargo terminal is operated by Asia Airfreight Terminal Company Limited, and currently has a capacity of 0.4 million tonnes a year. It is envisaged that HKIA’s total air cargo capacity per annum will reach nine million tonnes ultimately. [citation needed]

Aircraft maintenance services

Both line and base maintenance services are undertaken by Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Company (HAECO), while China Aircraft Services Limited and Pan Asia Pacific Aviation Services Limited carry out line maintenance. Line maintenance services include routine servicing of aircraft performed during normal turnaround periods and regularly scheduled layover periods. Base maintenance covers all airframe maintenance services and, for this, HAECO has a three-bay hangar, which can accommodate up to three Boeing B747-400 aircraft and two Airbus A320 aircraft, and an adjoining support workshop. HAECO also has the world's largest mobile hangar, weighing over 400 tons. It can be used to enclose half of a wide-body airplane, so that the whole facility can fully enclose four 747s when the mobile hangar is used. A new two-bay hangar that locates next to the current one will be in operation by the end of 2006.

Airport based ground services

Hong Kong International Airport - Outside

The Air Traffic Control Complex (ATCX), located at the centre of the airfield, is the nerve centre of the entire air traffic control system. Some 370 air traffic controllers and supporting staff work around the clock to provide air traffic control services for the safe and efficient flow of aircraft movements within the Hong Kong Flight Information Region (FIR). At the Air Traffic Control Tower, controllers provide 24-hour aerodrome control services to aircraft operating at the airport. A Backup Air Traffic Control Centre/Tower constructed to the north of the ATCX is available for operational use in the event normal services provided in the ATCX are disrupted by unforeseen circumstances. Apart from serving as an operational backup, the facilities are also used for air traffic control training.

To comply with the Global Implementation Plan, the Civil Aviation Department plans to introduce satellite based Communications, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) Systems to enhance flight safety and efficiency as well as to maintain Hong Kong’s status as a centre of international and regional aviation. The project will take 15 years and owing to the complexities involved, extensive studies and trials are being conducted before the new technologies are to be fully adopted. Currently, some of new services, including Digital-Automatic Terminal Information Service (D-ATIS), Digital-Meteorological Information for Aircraft in Flight (D-VOLMET) and delivery of Pre-Departure Clearance (PDC) over data links, are provided at HKIA to enhance the operational efficiency of both pilots and air traffic controllers.

The Airport Meteorological Office (AMO) of the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) provides weather services for the aviation community The AMO makes routine and special weather observations and provides fixed-time aerodrome forecasts and landing forecasts for the HKIA. It issues aerodrome warnings on adverse weather for protection of aerodrome facilities and aircraft on the ground. It also issues significant weather information on thunderstorms, tropical cyclones, turbulence, icing, and other hazardous weather which may affect aviation safety in the area within which Hong Kong is responsible for the provision of air traffic services. To enhance the safety of aircraft landing and taking off from HKIA, the AMO issues alerts of low-level windshear and turbulence.

Rescue and fire fighting services within the airport are covered by the Airport Fire Contingent of the Hong Kong Fire Services Department. The contingent has a strength of 282 uniformed members, operating two fire stations and two rescue berths for 24-hour emergency calls. It is equipped with 14 fire appliances which can respond to incidents within two minutes in optimum conditions of visibility and surface conditions, satisfying the relevant recommendation of the International Civil Aviation Organisation. Two high capacity rescue boats, supported by eight speed boats, form the core of sea rescue operations.

Airlines and destinations

Terminal 1 check-in area

Terminal 1

Terminal 2 Departures Hall
Terminal 2 check-in area

Terminal 2

Cargo airlines

  • ACT Airlines (Dhaka)
  • Aeroflot-Cargo (Moscow, Khabarovsk, Novosibirsk)[7]
  • AirBridgeCargo Airlines (Frankfurt, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow-Sheremetyevo, Moscow-Domodedovo)[7]
  • Air China (Beijing, Tianjin)
  • Air France (Abu Dhabi, Bahrain, Kuwait, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Zaragoza)
  • Air Hong Kong (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Beijing, Nagoya-Centrair, Osaka-Kansai, Penang, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Singapore, Taipei-Taiwan Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita)
  • Alitalia (Delhi, Milan-Malpensa)
  • All Nippon Airways (Nagoya-Centrair, Osaka-Kansai)
  • Asiana Airlines (Seoul-Incheon)
  • Atlas Air (Adana Incirlik, Ault Field, Chicago-O'Hare, Kagoshima, Miami, New York-JFK, Osaka-Kansai, Sapporo-Chitose, Seoul-Incheon)
  • British Airways (Bahrain, Chennai, Delhi, London-Stansted, Cologne/Bonn, Mumbai, Munich)
  • Cargolux (Almaty, Abu Dhabi, Auckland, Baku, Barcelona, Budapest, Dammam, Doha, Dubai, Ferihegy, Helsinki, Istanbul-Atatürk, Komatsu, Kuwait, Luxemburg, Melbourne, Terhran)
  • Cathay Pacific (Amsterdam, Anchorage, Atlanta, Beijing, Belfast-International, Brussels, Chennai, Chicago-O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Manchester, Melbourne, Milan-Malpensa, Mumbai, Munich, New York-JFK, Osaka-Kansai, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Penang, San Francisco, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Sharjah, Singapore, Stockholm-Arlanda, Sydney, Taipei-Taiwan Taoyuan, Toronto-Pearson, Tokyo-Narita, Vancouver)
    • Dragonair (Osaka-Kansai, Shanghai-Pudong, Taipei-Taiwan Taoyuan)
  • China Air Cargo (Shanghai-Pudong)
  • China Airlines (Taipei-Taiwan Taoyuan)
  • China Eastern (Shanghai-Pudong)
  • El Al Israel Airlines (Almaty, Luxemburg, Seoul-Incheon, Tel Aviv)
  • Emirates Airline (Chennai, Dhaka, Dubai)
  • EVA Air (Taipei-Taiwan Taoyuan)
  • Evergreen (Adana Incirlik, Anchorage, Columbus, Kuwait, Nagoya-Centrair, New York-JFK, Osan, Sapporo-Chitose)
  • Federal Express (Almaty, Anchorage, Chicago-O'Hare, Cologne/Bonn, Indianapolis, London-Stansted, Memphis, New York-JFK, Newark, Oakland, Osaka-Kansai, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Seoul-Incheon, San Francisco, Subic Bay, Taipei-Taiwan Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita)
  • Gemini Air Cargo (New York-JFK, Sapporo-Chitose)
  • Japan Airlines (Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita)
  • Jett8 Airlines Cargo (Singapore)
  • Kalitta Air (Adelaide, Anchorage, Bahrain, Chicago-O'Hare, Columbus, Guam, Honolulu, Khabarovsk, New York-JFK, Pyongyang, Tripoli)
  • KLM(Amsterdam, Istanbul-Atatürk)
  • Korean Air (Seoul-Incheon)
  • Lufthansa Cargo (Almaty, Astana, Bahrain, Calcutta, Cologne/Bonn, Frankfurt, Sharjah, Tashkent)
  • Mandarin Airlines (Kaohsiung)
  • Malaysia Airlines (Kuala Lumpur, Penang)
  • Martinair(Amsterdam, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Muscat, Sharjah, Sydney)
  • NCA (Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita)
  • Northwest Airlines (Anchorage, Tokyo-Narita)
  • Ocean Airlines (Bishkek, Brescia, Lahore, Milan-Malpensa, Sabiha Gokcen)
  • Philippine Airlines (Manila)
  • Polar Air Cargo (Chicago-O'Hare, Los Angeles, Seoul-Incheon)
  • Qantas Airways (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Darwin, Kuwait, Male, Sydney)
  • Saudi Arabian Airlines Cargo (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Jeddah, Riyadh)
  • Shanghai Airlines Cargo (Shanghai-Pudong)
  • Singapore Airlines Cargo (Anchorage, Chennai, Dallas/Fort Worth, Don Miguel, Los Angeles, Singapore)
  • Southern Air (Anchorage, Chicago-O'Hare, Maastricht, Sharjah, Seoul-Incheon)
  • Thai Global Airline (Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi)
  • Transmile Air Services (Anchorage, Riverside, Subang)
  • United Parcel Service (Anchorage, Clark, Cologne/Bonn, Dubai, Honolulu, Louisville, Manila-Clark, Mumbai, Ontario, Osaka-Kansai, Philadelphia, Sapporo-Chitose, Seoul-Incheon, Sydney)
  • World Airways (Anchorage, Seoul-Incheon)
  • Yangtze River Express (Hangzhou, Qingdao)

Ground Transport

MTR Airport Station
Hong Kong International Airport - Inside
Hong Kong International Airport - Arrival Hall 6

Rail

The airport can be reached by the Airport Express, a dedicated high-speed rail link provided by the MTR. It takes 24 minutes to reach the airport from the central Hong Kong station, via Kowloon and Tsing Yi stations. Airport Express passengers may check-in for their flights up to a day before their departure, depending on the airline they are travelling with. Check-in counters are available at both the Hong Kong and Kowloon stations on the Airport Express Line.

Passengers may also take the 1-minute journey to AsiaWorld-Expo, which is located also in Chek Lap Kok. This portion of the Airport Express was opened from 20 Dec 2005.

Bus

Numerous city bus services are provided between the airport and most of the city, both by Citybus, New Lantao Bus, Long Win Bus and Discovery Bay Bus (DB02R) from both the Airport Ground Transportation Centre and Cheong Tat Road.

In the various bus terminals in the City, bus routes that goes to the Airport are marked with the letter "A", "E", "S" and "N" on the route number. No matter where you are located in Hong Kong, any bus that starts with an "A" or an "E" on Citybus' CityFlyers or Long Win Bus' Airbus means that it goes to the airport, except routes E21A, E21X and E31. Some of the buses are also marked with a special orange color. These buses are also specially designed to carry large amounts of luggage.

A" Express Routes to Airport
"E" Routes to AsiaWorld-Expo/Airport/Tung Chung'
"S" Inter-Northern Lantau Route
  • S1: Tung Chung MTR Station <> Airport <> AsiaWorld-Expo (Circular)
  • S52: Tung Chung Yat Tung Estate <> Airport Maintenance Area
  • S52P: Tung Chung Yat Tung Estate <> Airport Cargo Area (Circular, Peak-time only)
  • S56: Tung Chung MTR Station / Tung Chung New Development Pier / Tung Chung North <> Airport (Circular)
  • S64: Tung Chung Yat Tung Estate <> Tung Chung MTR Station <> Airport (Circular)
  • S64P: Tung Chung MTR Station <> Airport Catering Area (Circular)
"N" Night Bus Routes (0000-0530)
  • N11: Airport <> Jordan, Causeway Bay, Wan Chai, Central Macau Ferry
  • N21: Airport <> Mei Foo, Cheung Sha Wan, Mong Kok, Tsim Sha Tsui Star Ferry
  • N23: Tung Chung <> Airport <> Hung Hom, To Kwa Wan, Kowloon City, Tsz Wan Shan
  • N26: Tung Chung <> Airport <> Wong Tai Sin, Choi Hung, Kwun Tong, Yau Tong
  • N29: Tung Chung <> Airport <> Wong Tai Sin, Choi Hung, Kwun Tong, Tiu Keng Leng, Tseung Kwan O
  • N30: Tung Chung <> Airport <> Tuen Mun <> Yuen Long East
  • N31: Airport <> Tsuen Wan (Discovery Park)
  • N42: Airport <> Sha Tin, Ma On Shan (Yiu On)
  • N42A: Tung Chung, Airport <> Tai Po, Sheung Shui, Fanling

Long Win route E41 will serve passengers from Terminal 2 to AsiaWorld-Expo daily from 12:00 to 00:00.

Coach service is available to major cities and towns in Guangdong, such as Shenzhen, Dongguan and Guangzhou.

Ferry

Direct ferry services are available from the airport to various destinations throughout the Pearl River Delta. Passengers using these services are treated as transit passengers and are not considered to have entered Hong Kong for immigration purposes. For this reason, access to the ferry terminal is before immigration in the airport for arriving passengers. Check-in services are available at these piers. Four ports – Shekou, Shenzhen, Macau and Humen (Dongguan) – were initially served, extending to Guangzhou and Zhongshan at the end of 2003. The Zhuhai service began on 10 July 2007 [2].
However, at this moment, these services are available to air passengers only.

Taxi

Main article: Taxicabs of Hong Kong

The airport is served by three different sorts of taxi, distinguished by their colour:

  • Urban taxis (red) connect the Airport with Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and parts of the new towns of Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin and Tseung Kwan O. (Urban taxis can reach entire Hong Kong except southern Lantau Island).
  • New Territories taxis (green) connect the airport with the New Territories, excepting those parts of the Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin and Tseung Kwan O served by urban taxis.
  • Lantau taxis (blue) connect the airport with the rest of Lantau Island.

There is a surcharge for luggage. The passenger is also responsible for toll charges going through tunnels or bridges. Collected by the tunnel or bridge operator, the charges act as a maintenance fee for the tunnels and bridges of Hong Kong.

Accidents and incidents

  • On July 31 2000 a man, armed with a pistol, forced his way through a security checkpoint and held a woman hostage on a Cathay Pacific aircraft. The man surrendered after two and a half hours. Template:PDFlink
  • On 15 July 2006, Virgin Atlantic Airways Flight 201 suffered damage during take off because of a tailstrike and was forced to dump fuel in Hong Kong airspace and return to the airport for repairs.

Awards

See also

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hong Kong International Airport.

References

  1. ^ "Airport Star Ranking - 5 Star Airports". Skytrax. 2007.
  2. ^ "International travellers have voted Hong Kong Best Airport in the World .. the final results being the most closely contested in the history of this global survey" (Press release). Skytrax. 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2007-08-08. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  3. ^ Plant, G.W.; Covil, C.S; Hughes, R.A. (1999). Site Preparation for the New Hong Kong International Airport. American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN 0-7277-2696-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ CONEXPO-CON/AGG '99 (1999). Top 10 Construction Achievements of the 20th Century. ISBN 0-9530219-5-5. Retrieved November 10, 2005.
  5. ^ http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/aboutus/scbrochure.html
  6. ^ Template:PDFlink
  7. ^ a b c Template:Ru icon Federal State Unitary Enterprise "State Air Traffic Management Corporation", Summer Air Traffic Schedule 25.03.2007 - 27.10.2007 (Airports - Russian international), 29 May 2007, p. 13-14
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