Xbox 360

Xbox 360

Xbox 360 logo Xbox 360 logo
Xbox 360 system and controller Xbox 360 system and controller
Manufacturer	Microsoft
Type	Video game console
Generation	Seventh generation era
Lifespan	November 22, 2005
Media	DVD, CD
Online services	Xbox Live
Best-selling game	Call of Duty 2

File:X-Box 360.JPG

Xbox 360

Xbox 360 is the successor to Microsoft's original Xbox. The Xbox 360 competes among the upcoming generation of consoles, including the Sony PlayStation 3 and Nintendo Revolution, and was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12, 2005, a week before the E3 trade show.

The Xbox 360 is currently the only Seventh Generation console available and is showing the world some amazing technology and games since its release in November 2005.

In all countries except Japan the console is sold in two different configurations: the "Xbox 360" and the "Xbox 360 Core System". The former configuration is often referred to as the "Premium Edition", which includes a hard drive (which is required for operations including backwards compatibility with limited original Xbox games), a wireless controller, a headset, an Ethernet cable, an Xbox Live silver subscription, and a component HD AV cable (which can also be used on non-HD TVs).

The console hardware is based on a custom IBM PowerPC-based "Xenon" central processing unit (CPU) and a custom ATI "Xenos" graphics processing unit (GPU). It is equipped with 512 MB of RAM and uses the DVD-ROM storage medium for Xbox 360 game software.

The Xbox 360 was released on November 22, 2005 in United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico, December 2 in Europe, December 10 in Japan, February 2, 2006 in Mexico and Colombia. It was released February 24 2006 in South Korea, and was released March 16, 2006 in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan (Delayed from original March 2, 2006 launch date). It is now also available in Australia and New Zealand, after being delayed from 2 March 2006 to 23 March 2006.

Retail configurations and pricing

Microsoft's current retail strategy involves two different configurations of the Xbox 360 in most countries: the Xbox 360 SKU, frequently referred to as the "Xbox 360 Premium Package"; and an Xbox 360 Core System SKU. The Core System is not available in Japan, instead Microsoft offers a package identical to the Xbox 360 SKU for ¥37,900 ($323.90 as of 21 December 2005. The Xbox 360 Premium Edition is being sold in America for $399.99. Japanese pricing of the console has drawn some criticism, as customers there will be able to purchase the Xbox 360 full package, albeit one region-coded for Japan, for a lower price than in other countries.

Microsoft's decision has also allowed Japanese developers to fully utilize the hard drive to optimize game performance, since it is part of the default system configuration in their market. However because of the existence of a Core System edition, many games do not require a hard drive.

BusinessWeek magazine compiled a report which estimates that the total cost of all of the components in the "premium" bundle is $525 USD, aside from additional manufacturing costs, meaning that Microsoft is losing at least $126 on every Xbox 360 system sold in the US, and at least as much in Japan. The strategy of selling a console at a loss or near-loss is common in the console games industry, as console makers can usually expect to make up the for all custom hardware used in the Xbox 360, they can easily switch to new fabrication processes or change suppliers in the future in order to reduce manufacturing costs. This flexibility stands in contrast to the situation faced by the original Xbox, which contained a processor from Intel (a slightly modified Pentium III) and a GPU from NVidia (a modified GeForce 3). Both of these were very similar to "off the shelf" PC hardware and were therefore sold to Microsoft at inflated market prices. Because of these chips and the added expense of a hard drive component, Microsoft was never able to reduce the cost of manufacturing an Xbox below the break-even point. Microsoft's home entertainment division posted a loss through nearly every quarter of the console's lifecycle as a result. Microsoft hopes to avoid such a predicament with its new console, the company is predicting that a greater market share and falling hardware costs will make the Xbox 360 a profitable item.

Comparison table	Xbox 360 File:X360premium.jpg	Xbox 360 Core System File:Xbox360CoreSystem.jpg
Features
Premium chrome finish	Yes	No
Detachable hard drive (20 GB)	Yes	No
Controller	2.4 GHz Wireless	Wired with 3 m/(~9 ft) break-away cable
Xbox-Live Headset	Yes	No
Cables	Component HD-AV cable	Standard AV cable
Xbox Live Silver membership	Yes	Yes
One month membership for Xbox Live Gold (hard drive or memory unit needed for Core)	Yes	Yes
Ethernet cable	Yes	No
Pricing on release
Australia (Australian dollars)	$649.95	$499.95
Canada (CAD)	$499.99	$399.99
Europe (Euro)	€399.99 (€409.99 for Finland, Ireland, and Portugal)	€299.99 (€309.99 for Finland, Ireland, and Portugal)
Sweden (SEK)	3995:-	2995:-
Norway (NOK)	3395:-	2595:-
Japan (Yen)	¥39,795	Not available (but imported ones cost ¥59,800)
Mexico (Pesos)	$4999.99	$3999.99
New Zealand (New Zealand dollars)	$718.95	$549.95
Singapore (Singapore dollars)	$660.00	$535.00
South Korea (Won)	₩419,000	₩339,000
United Kingdom (Pound sterling)	£279.99	£209.99
United States (USD)	$399.99	$299.99
Taiwan (TWD)	NT$12980 (originally 13888)	NT$9980 (originally 10888)

Xbox 360 is compatible with DVD movies, but neither HD DVD nor Blu-Ray. Microsoft plans to release an external HD-DVD attachment to play high-definition movies.

Launch details

The Xbox 360 has been released in North America, Puerto Rico, Europe and Japan. Many stores sold out on the first day, and as of mid-March consumers had to hunt across many stores to find one in stock. In Japan, it was received far less enthusiastically, despite the low price and bonus features. The main reason for this may have been the delaying of Dead Or Alive 4 which remains an extremely popular Xbox 360 Japanese game. Without it the Xbox 360 numbers sold were less than originally anticipated. For full details see Console Launch.

Launch titles

Eighteen launch titles were available for customers in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico on November 22, 2005. The European countries had fifteen titles available for the launch date of December 2, 2005. Japanese customers, however, only had six titles to choose from by the time the Xbox 360 was released on December 10, 2005. This discrepancy is partially accounted for by the time needed to localize the games.

File:COF2promoscreen.jpg	File:DOA4screen.jpg
Call of Duty 2	Dead or Alive 4
	File:FIFA06screen.jpg
Every Party	FIFA '06: Road to FIFA World Cup
File:Kameoscreenshot.jpg	File:NBALive06screen.jpg
Kameo: Elements of Power	NBA Live '06
File:Pdzscreen1.jpg	File:Pgr3screen04.jpg
Perfect Dark Zero	Project Gotham Racing 3

Title	North America	Europe	Japan
Amped 3	Yes	Yes	No
Call of Duty 2	Yes	Yes	No
Condemned: Criminal Origins	Yes	Yes	No
Every Party	No	No	Yes
FIFA '06: Road to FIFA World Cup	Yes	Yes	Yes
Gun	Yes	Yes	No
Kameo: Elements of Power	Yes	Yes	No
Madden NFL 06	Yes	Yes	No
NBA 2K6	Yes	No	No
NBA Live 06	Yes	Yes	No
Need for Speed: Most Wanted	Yes	Yes	Yes
NHL 2K6	Yes	No	No
Perfect Dark Zero (Collector's Edition available)	Yes	Yes	Yes
Peter Jackson's King Kong	Yes	Yes	No
Project Gotham Racing 3	Yes	Yes	No
Quake 4	Yes	Yes	No
Ridge Racer 6	Yes	No	Yes
Tetris: The Grandmaster Ace	No	No	Yes
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06	Yes	Yes	No
Tony Hawk's American Wasteland	Yes	Yes	No

Components and accessories

Controller

An Xbox 360 controller.

An Xbox 360 controller.

Wireless Controller.

Wireless Controller.

The Xbox 360 has the ability to support up to four wireless controllers. Alternately it can support two wired controllers through the use of its USB ports at the front, or four wired controllers with the use of a four port USB hub. The USB port on the back will support a third controller. Since the interface of the wired controller is standard USB, it can be directly plugged in and used on a PC, once a suitable driver has been installed. The wired controller has a nine foot (2.74 m) long cord with a break-away feature. The controllers have two digital touch-sensitive trigger buttons. The rest of the buttons are not touch-sensitive. The wireless controller has a battery life of up to 25 hours on the NiMH rechargeable battery pack (optional and recommended) and a recommended range of up to 30 feet (9.14 m). The play and charge kit (sold separately) can recharge the rechargeable battery pack while playing games but will take a longer time to fully charge.

The controller for the Xbox 360 is similar to the Type-S gamepad for the original Xbox. The Xbox 360 controller adds an Xbox guide button, which has the appearance of the Xbox 360 emblem and is surrounded by a ring of green LEDs. Pressing the Xbox guide button will bring the Xbox 360 out of sleep mode, turn the console on or off, and bring up the "Xbox Guide" for access to digital movies, music and games libraries. The ring of light lights up the quadrant (on the controller as well as the console) that represents the player number assigned to that controller (starting with player one in the top left quadrant and moving left to right, top to bottom with player 4 on the lower right quadrant). The black and white buttons have been redesigned as shoulder buttons, now referred to as the left and right bumpers, located above their respective triggers. The rear of the controller includes a port where the player can connect a headset. This port replaces the two proprietary USB connectors on the front of the Xbox controller. On the top of the controller is a port for the Play & Charge kit which charges the Rechargable Battery Pack while you play.

Faceplates

Xbox 360 faceplates

Xbox 360 faceplates

The default white faceplate can be replaced with a range of custom designs, each to be sold separately. Microsoft has also distributed two promotional faceplates, one for those present at the E3 2005 unveiling and one for VIP X05 attendees. The price of these custom designs are around $20 with more to be released by third party manufacturers.

AV connection cables

Note: The Xbox 360's native resolution is 720p, but for 1080i the picture is upscaled.

• Xbox 360 Component HD-AV Cable

This set provides component RCA and composite video cables, along with 2-Y RCA stereo audio connectors for both high and standard definition output to TVs. All the connectors also offer an optical audio output jack for connection to surround sound systems.

Supported HDTV resolutions

Standard	Aspect Ratio	Megapixels	Resolution
480p	4:3	0.31	640x480
720p	16:9	0.92	1280x720
1080i	16:9	1.03 interlaced (2.07 effective)	1920x540 interlaced (1920x1080 effective)

• S-Video AV Cable (U.S., Japan, and Canada only) or Xbox 360 SCART AV Cable (Europe only)

This set of cables connects to standard-definition TVs that have S-Video or composite video inputs. The SCART AV Cable allows an RGB connection via the SCART connector. Connections to high definition TVs will only use standard-definition signals.

• Xbox 360 D-Terminal AV Cable (Japan only) This cable is included in the Japanese Xbox 360 System.
• VGA HD AV Cable

This set of cables allows for high-definition on flat-panel TV or computer monitors that have a VGA connector. It has 2-Y RCA male jacks for audio connection, and also comes with a Female to Female adapter to connect to monitors with non removable VGA cables

Supported VGA resolutions

Resolution	Aspect Ratio	Megapixels	Standard
640x480	4:3	0.31	VGA \ 480p \ NTSC
848x480	16:9	0.4	WVGA \ Widescreen 480p
1024x768	4:3	0.79	XGA
1280x720	16:9	0.92	720p
1280x768	16:10	0.98	WXGA
1360x768	16:9	1.04	WXGA
1280x1024	5:4	1.31	SXGA

• Composite video cable with SCART adapter

Cable supplied with Core systems in Europe; not sold separately. No optical audio output.

Other

File:X360 Remote.png

Bonus Media Remote (non-retail)

Bonus Media Remote (non-retail)

• Rechargeable battery pack: This nickel metal hydride battery pack provides up to 30 hours of continuous gaming for the wireless controller. It is recommended in place of disposable AA batteries (which differ slightly in voltage). It also ships as part of the Play & Charge Kit.
• Play and Charge kit: allows the controller to be recharged while "playing". Also includes the rechargeable battery pack.
• Memory Unit: a portable 64MB device which allows the transfer of saved games, in-game achievements and unique gamer profiles to other Xbox 360 consoles.
• Wireless Networking Adapter: The Wi-Fi (802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g) adapter is sold separately and will be sold for $100/€80/£60/C$130/¥8,925. Using an official or third-party wireless bridge the console will automatically detect and link up with other Xbox 360 consoles that are within range and form a mesh network.
• Headset: allows gamers to talk to each other when plugged into the controller and connected to Xbox Live, and has an in-line volume control and a mute switch.
• Universal Media Remote: assists in the playing of DVD movies and music (although the console can play such media without the remote) , and offers controls for a TV or Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005-based PC. The universal media remote is a bigger version of the media remote that was initially shipped with the premium version of the console (which is no longer available). Both remotes allow basic control of games, along with being able to navigate the dashboard. The remote controls interface with the Xbox 360 via infra-red.

Hardware specifications

Specifications are also available at the official Xbox 360 website.

Central processing unit

The central processing unit (CPU), named Xenon (Microsoft) or Waternoose (IBM) is a custom IBM triple-core PowerPC-based design.

• 90 nm process, 165 million transistors
• Three symmetrical cores, each one SMT-capable and clocked at 3.2 GHz
• One VMX-128 (IBM's branding for AltiVec) SIMD unit per core
• 128×128 register file for each VMX unit
• 1 MB L-2 cache (lockable by the GPU) running at half-speed (1.6 GHz) with a 256bit bus
• 51 gigabytes per second of L-2 memory bandwidth (256bit x 1600 MHz)
• DOT products performance: 9.6 billion per second
• ROM storing Microsoft private encrypted keys.

Graphics processing unit

File:R500gpu.jpg

Xbox 360 GPU; note the smaller eDRAM die to the left of the main Xenos die.

The graphics processing unit (GPU) is a custom ATI "Xenos" chip. (Developed under the name "C1", sometimes "R500")

• 325 million transistors total
• 500 MHz parent GPU (90 nm process, 235 million transistors)
• 500 MHz 10 MB daughter embedded DRAM framebuffer (90 nm process, 90 million transistors)
  • NEC designed eDRAM has internal logic for color, alpha blending, Z/stencil buffering, and anti-aliasing.
• 48-way parallel floating-point dynamically-scheduled shader pipelines
  • 3 groups of 16 arithmetic logic units
  • 1 ALU per fragmentpipe for vertex or pixel shader processing
  • Unified shader architecture (This means that each pipeline is capable of running either pixel or vertex shaders.)
  • Support for DirectX 9.0 Shader Model 3.0, limited support for future DirectX 10 shader models
  • 2 Shader operations per pipe per cycle
  • 96 Shader operations per cycle across the entire shader array
  • Shader performance: 48 billion (48,000 million) shader operations per second (96 shader operations x 500 MHz)
• 8 ROPs in daughter die
• 16 Filtered & 16 unfiltered texture samples per clock
• Maximum polygon performance: 500 million triangles per second
• Texel fillrate: 8 gigatexel per second fillrate (16 textures x 500 MHz)
• Pixel fillrate: 16 gigasamples per second fillrate using 4X multisample anti aliasing (MSAA) or 4 gigapixel per second without multisample anti aliasing (8 ROPs x 500 MHz)
• Dot product operations: 24 billion per second or 33.6 billion per second theoretical maximum when summed with CPU operations.

Memory

• 512 MB 700 MHz GDDR3 (1400 MHz effective) RAM (Total system memory is shared with the GPU via the unified memory architecture.)

System bandwidth

Xbox 360 Bandwidth Diagram

The system bandwidth comprises:

• 22.4 GB/s memory interface bus bandwidth (700 MHz × 2 accesses per clock cycle (one per edge) on a 128 bit bus)
• 256 GB/s eDRAM internal logic to eDRAM internal memory bandwidth
• 32 GB/s GPU to eDRAM bandwidth (2 GHz × 2 accesses per clock cycle on a 64 bit DDR bus)
• 21.6 GB/s front side bus (aggregated 10.8 GB/s upstream and downstream)
• 1 GB/s southbridge bandwidth (aggregated 500 MB/s upstream and downstream)

Overall system floating-point performance

• 115 GFLOPS theoretical peak performance for CPU
• 1 TFLOPS theoretical peak performance of CPU and GPU combined

Audio

• All games support at least six channel (5.1) Dolby Digital surround sound
• Supports 48 kHz 16-bit audio
• 320 independent decompression channels
• 32 bit processing
• 256+ audio channels
• No voice echo to game players on the same Xbox console; voice goes only to remote consoles
• Voice communication supported by the console, not by each game. This allows players to communicate online even if they are playing different games.
• Uses XMA codec (advanced audio technology from Microsoft)

Video

• VC-1 at non-HD NTSC and PAL resolutions
• VC-1 or WMV will be used for streaming video
• VC-1 supports DVD quality and high definition quality video
• Bink Video is licensed for games like Project Gotham Racing 3
• additional MPEG2 decoder for DVD video playback

DVD drive

A 12X DVD-ROM SATA drive, capable of reading DVD+R/DVD+RW discs and DVD-R/RW, is part of the console, with game titles shipping on single or dual-layer DVDs. The other supported formats are: CD-DA, CD-ROM, CD-R/RW, WMA-CD, MP3-CD, and JPEG Photo CD.

It has been confirmed by Yoshihiro Maruyama, Japan's chief of Xbox operations, that Microsoft will never release games for Xbox 360 in a format other than DVD.

Bill Gates has confirmed during his keynote speech at CES 2006 that an external HD-DVD drive will be released for the 360 during 2006. However, Peter Moore has stated that if HD-DVD loses the format war, Microsoft may release an external Blu-Ray drive.

Xbox 360 games are set to the standard 7.95GB of storage available on a dual-layer DVD. Due to the limited space of standard DVDs, some games made for the system may span multiple discs, although procedural generation of textures and models (as seen in the PC game .kkrieger) may reduce the need for multiple discs. It is also notable that, should the statistics (based on known game sizes) for the speed of game-size growth prove to be correct, it is unlikely that any games would span multiple discs (or that it would remain an extremely marginal amount).

Cooling

The Xbox 360 has two 60mm exhaust case fans to remove air heated by the processors. Both the GPU and CPU of the console have Heatsinks, in which the CPU's heatsink is watercooled with a copper heat pipe which contains water and a vacuum is pulled on the pipe prior to sealing. Water under a vacuum boils at a lower temperature than at atmospheric pressure, so when the water boils and becomes steam, the steam rises and moves the heat higher into the fins where the air flow from the fans can extract the heat more efficiently. Once the steam is cooled it condenses and flows back down the pipe as water to the copper base of the heat sink, which is attached to the processor to continue the condensing and cooling processes cycle. As a result the console is considerably louder than the original Xbox. There have been third party modifications that watercool the console.

Physical characteristics

Sides of Console

Sides of Console

• Weight 3.5 kg (7.7 lb)
• 30.9 cm (L) x 25.8 cm (W) x 8.3 cm (H) (12.16 x 10.15 x 3.27 in)

Miscellaneous

• Support for WMV HD and progressive or interlaced DVD video playback.
• Media Center Extender capability
• The console makes use of regional lockout. Games bought for the console in a specific region can only be played in a console from the same region, though some games are region-free. DVD playback on the console has similar lockouts.
• All games must support a 16:9 aspect ratio, and a minimum of 720p HD resolution with 2x full-scene anti-aliasing enabled. The GPU can downsample 720p to lower display resolutions (including 480i SDTV and 480p) and dynamically crop or scale 16:9 to fit 4:3 screens. Some games will optionally support native 1080i and 480p video resolutions as well.
• 3 USB 2.0 ports
• All games support custom music at any time. There are several ways to utilize the custom soundtrack option: by ripping music from audio CD's, by streaming music directly from a PC, plugging in a USB flash drive, or by plugging in a USB-capable portable music player.

Dashboard

The Dashboard is the main interface to the Xbox 360, governed by a series of "blades" to subdivide categories. The Dashboard will launch automaticially at boot if no game disc is inserted into the console. The Dashboard can also be accessed via the Xbox Guide button on the controller at any time to open a player specific blade. From there, the full Dashboard can be run, exiting the current game.

The main dashboard is divided into 4 main sections:

Xbox Live/MarketPlace

• Connect to Xbox Live - If offline, allows the user to connect to Xbox Live
• Messages - View messages, friend requests or game invites sent by other Xbox Live members
• Friends - Displays the user's Xbox Live friend list
• Xbox Live Marketplace - Download a wide variety of content such as avatars, trailers, and game demos

Games

• Achievements - Allows the user to view all of their unlocked achievements from games they have played
• Played Games - Displays a list of all the games the user has played
• Xbox Live Arcade - Allows the user to play games they have downloaded from the Xbox Live Marketplace
• Demos - Play downloaded game demos
• Trailers - Watch downloaded movie/game trailers

Media

• Music - Listen to music from the hard drive, computer or other USB-connected devices
• Pictures - View pictures stored on a camera, a computer or other portable devices and use them as backgrounds for the dashboard
• Video - Watch videos stored on the hard drive
• Media Center - Activate Media Center extender

System

• Console Settings - Edit Xbox 360 settings such as display, audio, and language
• Family Settings - Toggle parental controls, adjust profile levels
• Memory - Manage things on the harddrive such as game saves, profiles, and downloaded content
• Network Settings - Create and manage internet connections, set up wireless connections
• Computers - Manage connections to other computers over network
• Initial Setup - Runs the system setup that executes the first time the Xbox 360 is used

DirecTV

On 5 January 2005, Microsoft announced a long-term agreement with DirecTV that will "extend the DIRECTV experience to the Xbox 360 system."

According to the March 2006 issue of the Official Xbox Magazine, a DirecTV blade may be added to the dashboard. It went on to explain that "in that blade, you could download TV episodes in high definition, HD movies on demand, and standard-definition streaming DVR (i.e., TiVo) functions."

Windows Media Connect

The Xbox 360 has the ability to connect to Windows XP based computers over a home network to stream music and pictures right to a TV.

To connect the Xbox 360 to a computer the user will need to download Windows Media Connect. After installation the computer and the Xbox 360 will automatically detect one another. Windows Media Connect allows users to stream their favorite music collection through the Xbox 360 Dashboard, and allows users to play their music via the Xbox 360 Guide in place of the game's original soundtrack.

Playing DivX movies

The Xbox 360 is able to stream movies from a PC running Windows XP Media Center Edition, although it is unable to stream movies in DivX format. By using a program "mceDivX360" on the PC, the Xbox 360 is able to receive streamed films which are converted to WMV format from DivX by Windows Media Encoder.

Software development

During early development the Xbox 360 was referred to as "Xenon", "Xbox 2", and "Xbox Next".

XNA

Main article: XNA (Microsoft)

In March 2004, Microsoft announced a new game development software strategy dubbed "XNA", which Microsoft claims would enable game studios to cut development times by up to a third if developing across multiple Microsoft platforms, by means of tools created with the increasing difficulty of programming for a machine with three processor cores in mind. The Xbox 360 game development will be centered around the XNA Studio game development platform. XNA Studio covers three areas: Content Creation, Production Processes and Game Technologies. XNA Studio will enable collaboration between content creators, programmers, management and QA staff to speed the game production process. Based on Microsoft's Visual Studio 2005 Team System, the XNA Studio is the Visual Studio for game development; an integrated, team-based development environment tailored for game production. XNA Studio will provide versions of key production tools such as asset management, defect tracking, project automation and work lists. These tools are designed to work together to automate common development tasks and present interfaces tailored to the different functions within the team. XNA Studio will allow team members to collaborate using familiar techniques and tools, even when elements of the team are distributed geographically, an increasing trend in game development. Microsoft believes that this will give developers more time to generate unique content and reduce time running the content process. To date, some developers have endorsed XNA Studio. For example, John Carmack stated at QuakeCon 2005 that the Xbox 360 had "the best development environment" he has seen for a console.

Procedural synthesis

Main article: Procedural synthesis

For the Xbox 360, Microsoft has drawn on recent research in computer graphics to enable a new method for game programming. In traditional games, all content is statically stored and generally immutable; that is, textures, meshes, and other game content is stored on a storage medium. As complexity in each rises, the demand for storage rises as well. A newer approach to generating content is utilised for Xbox 360 titles, a method referred to by Microsoft as procedural synthesis. Procedural synthesis is an approach to generating game content via algorithms. For example, trees are one of the most complicated objects to render in a game, due to their organic complexity. A game with only one model for a tree will appear odd, as nature is far more random; the game loses some of its immersion as a result. Instead, a general recursive algorithm will generate the tree's model and textures, so that each tree looks different from the next, and do so with high efficiency. The Xbox 360's architecture was designed with this approach in mind. When running procedural synthesis algorithms, one of the Xenon CPU's cores may "lock" a portion of the 1 MB shared L2 cache. When locked, a segment of cache no longer contains any prefetched instructions or data for the CPU, but is instead used as output space for the procedural synthesis thread. The Xenos GPU can then read directly from this locked cache space and render the procedurally generated objects. The rationale behind this design is that procedurally generated game content can be streamed directly from CPU to GPU, without incurring additional latency by being stored in system RAM as an intermediary step. The downside to this approach is that when part of the L2 cache is locked, there is even less data immediately available to keep the 3 symmetric cores in the Xenon CPU running at full efficiency (1 MB of shared L2 is already a rather small amount of cache for 3 symmetric cores to share, especially considering that the Xenon CPU does not support out-of-order execution to more efficiently use available clock cycles).

Procedural synthesis is also found outside of the Xbox 360 in the advanced freeware FPS game .kkrieger, where such techniques have reduced the size of the visually stunning game to a mere 96 kilobytes. Other interesting examples of procedural synthesis are shown in various demoscene demos. The Playstation 3 also has impressive procedural synthesis capabilities, but the technical implementation differs significantly.

Backward compatibility

See also: List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360

The Xbox 360 achieves backward compatibility through software emulation of the original Xbox hardware. Games have minor graphical enhancements due to being rendered in 720p resolutions with anti-aliasing enabled. Some games have slightly improved draw distance, possibly due to the system's greater memory bandwidth. Software emulation is not perfect, as drops in framerate are observable in certain titles.

A hard drive is required to enable backward compatibility. Hard drives purchased separately or as part of the console package include an early version of the emulator that includes emulation profiles for games Halo and Halo 2. Updated emulation profiles can be obtained through Xbox Live, by burning a CD with content downloaded from Xbox.com, or by ordering an update disc from Microsoft at a small charge for shipping.

The list of backward-compatible games for the U.S. market was released on 11 November, 2005 and is maintained at Xbox.com. Although the U.S. list includes over 200 games, fewer games are listed as backward compatible in the European markets. As of 13 February, 2006, the Japanese Xbox site shows only 30.

Microsoft states that they will be adding more emulation profiles as they become available, with the intended goal of making the entire Xbox library playable on the Xbox 360. However, it is suspected that these will not be "game by game" updates, but more likely "waves" with several new games added at a time.

Xbox Live on the Xbox 360

Xbox Live

Xbox Live

Main article: Xbox Live

With the launch of the Xbox 360, Microsoft's online gaming service, Xbox Live went through a major upgrade adding a basic non-subscription service (Silver) to its already established premium subscription-based service (Gold). Xbox Live Silver is free of charge and allows users to create a profile, join on message boards, access Microsoft's Xbox Live Arcade, and talk to other members. Silver members are not allowed to play any games online. Microsoft has also announced there will be trial weekends for Silver members to access the full features of Gold service temporarily. Xbox Live is supporting a few features, such as the headset, or an Xbox Live webcam that will come out in the Spring of 2006.

Xbox Live Gold has the same features as Silver plus online game playing capabilities. Microsoft has allowed for previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information, buddy lists, and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold. To transition an Xbox Live account to the new system the user needs to link a Microsoft Passport account to their gamer tag on Xbox.com. Then when the user goes to add a Xbox Live enabled profile to their console, the user just needs to provide the console with their passport account information. An Xbox Live Gold account costs $49.99 USD, £39.99 Pounds Sterling, €59.99 per year (or, in the UK, a 3-month Gold membership is available for £11.99).

Xbox 360 Guide

The Xbox 360 Guide is a tabbed user interface that can be accessed instantly by pressing the Guide Button on any Xbox 360 controller. While not as fully featured as the main "Dashboard" interface, the guide provides an easy glance of information and options while in a game.

It offers the following selections:

• Xbox Gamer Card
• Xbox Live Messages, Friends, and Recent Players lists
• Xbox Live "Private Chat" with friends
• Personal Settings
• Music controls

Once in the guide, you can hit the Y button to return to the Xbox 360 Dashboard, or X to switch your current user profile. Holding down the guide button for five seconds on an Xbox 360 controller (not the infared remote) allows you to shut down the console remotely, or turn off the controller (if wireless).

Xbox Live Marketplace and Arcade

By far one of the most interesting features of the Xbox 360 Live is the capability to download arcade-style games through Xbox Live Arcade, as well as game demos and other content through Xbox Live Marketplace. While game demos and trailers are free, full versions of games must be purchased using a system called Microsoft Points. Points can be purchased directly through Live or via game cards sold at retails shops.

See Xbox Live Arcade, Xbox Live Marketplace, and Microsoft Points

Marketing

File:Mtv-xbox-360-unveiling.JPG

MTV's Xbox 360 TV special hosted by actor Elijah Wood.

File:X360 BillG TIMECover.jpg

Bill Gates on the Cover of Time Magazine with an Xbox 360

The official unveiling of the system occurred on Thursday, May 12, 2005 on MTV in a program called MTV Presents: The Next Generation Xbox Revealed hosted by actor Elijah Wood with a musical performance by the band The Killers. The Xbox 360 was also featured on the cover of Time magazine's May 23, 2005 issue with an article written by Lev Grossman. The cover shows Microsoft chairman Bill Gates holding up one of the units. In the article he says "It's perfect...The day Sony launches [the new PlayStation], and they walk right into Halo 3." Read more at wikiquote. Microsoft executive Robbie Bach later clarified this statement, saying "Philosophically the point Bill was trying to make is that we're not just going to ship and not have great stuff coming up." Gates himself later clarified that "Halo 3 will ship when Bungie is ready."

The system, along with some playable games, were shown off at E3 2005. The demos were running on "Xbox 360 Alpha Development Kits" which were Apple PowerMac G5s, chosen due to the PowerPC processor architecture that the machine shares with the Xbox 360. Microsoft claims that most of the games were running at 25-30% of full capacity because they were not running on actual systems.

In October/November 2005, North American Target and Wal-Mart stores received kiosks to demonstrate games like Call of Duty 2 and Kameo: Elements of Power. In the first week of November, the Xbox 360 screen of death was reported. EB Games locations received the Xbox 360 kiosks in their stores just over a week prior to its release.

Viral advertising and alternate reality games

The promotional campaign for Xbox 360 began on March 14, 2005 with the opening of an alternate reality game called OurColony. Throughout March and April OurColony.net offered challenges to its community, rewarding solutions with cropped pictures of the console and game screenshots. On 12 May, 2005 the ARG section of OurColony closed, visitors were instead greeted with a promotional video hosted by J. Allard.

OrigenXbox360.com was the next viral marketing campaign from Microsoft. Unveiled on 27 September, 2005 the website, hosted by talking rabbits Boss and Didier offers visitors an opportunity to enter in various contests. The initial contest was a raffle that required participants to answer three trivia questions regarding the Xbox 360 for a chance to attend a promotional pre-launch event. New contests include a Halo 2 tournament and a competition to design a "Gamertile" (an avatar icon). Design for the website employs flash animation of a Bonsai tree and bland elevator music to create a serene environment that is punctuated by visually intense psychedelic episodes involving the host rabbits.

October 2005 saw the launch of "Hex168", another viral marketing campaign commissioned by Microsoft and executed by the Marden-Kane advertising agency. On 13 October, 2005, members of the TeamXbox forums were directed to the Hex168.com website through mysterious messages posted by someone called "Lutz". This website hosted a number of images that appeared to perpetuate obscure conspiracy theories, but sometimes contained oblique references to Xbox 360. The campaign was later revealed to be a U.S. contest that offered participants a chance to win one of three hundred and sixty Xbox 360 console bundles six days before the official launch.

Console launch

North America

Prelaunch reports assume that Microsoft intentionally restricted supply although there is no evidence to support this and Microsoft has said they are releasing all units into supply chains as quickly as possible. Evidence indicates that Microsoft launched with all consoles available at the time, and operating at maximum production capability (i.e. they did not withhold produced consoles). They did not, however, build up a sufficient supply of consoles to satisfy the entire demand at launch. This allowed them to launch several months earlier than would otherwise be possible, but also led to shortages.

Peter Moore, Microsoft corporate vice president, predicts that shipments will reach 10 million units worldwide by the end of 2006.

Immediately after the launch, reports about the new machine's technical glitches started coming out. Some reported the Xbox 360 crashing with errors, some reported the hard drive does not respond in certain situations while others report error messages during various games or unusually fast overheating. The manual contains warnings about not placing the Xbox 360 on soft surfaces or in enclosed spaces to avoid heating problems. Microsoft claims that these problems are to be expected on a large scale release for a console and the number of reports versus the number of consoles released was very minimal. Microsoft has stated that they will look into the reports and have offered assistance reachable by phone.

The high demand for the Xbox 360 led to some owners almost immediately re-selling their console for vastly inflated prices. eBay in particular was a popular location for such offers with thousands of consoles going up for auction, some selling for many times the original retail price. It was reported that 40,000 units appeared on eBay during the initial month of release, which would mean that 10% of the total supply was resold. As of February 18, 2006 at 4:59 EST, major online retailers were sold-out of both Xbox 360 packages (including Amazon.com, circuitcity.com and buy.com).

According to the NDP Group, North American sales totaled 326,000 units in November. In Canada, all 32,100 units available for launch were sold. By the end of 2005, Microsoft sold roughly 900,000 units.

Analysts believe Microsoft will not meet the original worldwide target of 2.75-3 million units sold in the first 90 days after launch., and Microsoft has revised their initial 90 day estimate down to 2.5 million units, though their 6 month sales estimate remains unchanged at 4.5 to 5.5 million consoles.

Europe

Microsoft confirmed that 300,000 units were available for the European launch. As in North America, thousands of Xbox 360 appeared on auction websites like eBay, selling for more than twice their retail price. The shortages led to some consumers criticising retailers, and others attacking Microsoft itself for failing to fill demand. In turn, some retailers blamed Microsoft for failing to provide enough consoles in the Christmas period. By the end of 2005, Microsoft sold 500,000 consoles in the region.

A total of 15 games were available for launch, including critical hits Call of Duty 2, Project Gotham Racing 3 and Perfect Dark Zero.

Three North American titles (Ridge Racer 6, NBA 2K6, and NHL 2K6) were not available for the Europe launch.

Japan

While other regions such as the United States or Europe enjoyed successful launches, sales in Japan have been deemed as a failure. In fact, only 96,982 units have sold by the end of March 5th, 2006.

Some believe this is mainly due to the other popular and prospective video game handheld consoles like the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, and PlayStation Portable, all of which have sold far more than the Xbox 360. Others have also attributed this slow start to titles such as Dead or Alive 4 and Enchant Arm missing the launch date while others point to the marketing strategy that focused on selling the Xbox 360 as a fashionable item when customers were looking for an affordable or a high performance gaming console.

For his part, Famitsu Xbox 360 editor-in-chief Munetatsu Matsui pointed to DOA4's absence as the main factor behind the slow start. He even added information that over 60% of his readers had planned to buy the much anticipated Tecmo fighting game. The 2-day 62,135 sales figure of the Xbox 360 is a little past half of the 123,334 units of the old Xbox that Microsoft sold in the first 3 days in Japan in February 2002.

Initial predictions were highly optimistic as the highest rating launch game reviewed by Famitsu, Namco's Ridge Racer 6, scored 35 out of 40 stars. Namco expects to sell 500,000 copies of Ridge Racer 6 in Japan. It should be noted that this number is roughly equal to the number of Xbox units sold in Japan by November of 2005. Microsoft Japan executive Yoshihiro Maruyama stated that he expects sales of Xbox 360 in Japan to hit one million units sometime next year. Maruyama is widely credited for attracting support from Japanese game developers.

To entice people into buying the Xbox 360 some retailers are offering discounts on the system if they sign up for a 2 year broadband contract, similar to cell phone deals in the US.

On the day of the launch, Capcom unveiled their Xbox 360-exclusive sci-fi game Lost Planet, which features South Korean actor Lee Byung Hun in the lead role.

Latin America

The Xbox 360 was released in Mexico on February 2, 2006. The retailers such as Liverpool, Walmart, Blockbuster, Sams Club, CompuDabo, Game Planet, gdGames and Cyberbox have started to sell the console, games, and accessories.

Some department stores are selling the console at $550 (6,000 pesos).

Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan)

The Xbox 360 was released in South Korea on 24 February, 2006.

It was released in Taiwan on 2 March, 2006. Promotions included one free limited edition PGR3 faceplate bundled for the initial shipment, and a gamepad-game combo pack containing Kameo and a wireless gamepad.

The launch date for Hong Kong and Singapore is 16 March, 2006, delayed from original 2 March, 2006 launch date. In Hong Kong, there are promotions include: free PGR3 faceplate with purchase of selected titles, DOA4 collectibles with purchase of an extra game, and reduced price when purchased with cross-promotional items.

Asia (China)

Microsoft have not announced any release dates for the Xbox 360 in China, instead announcing that they plan to take a "careful approach" to the release in the region.

Australia and New Zealand

The Xbox 360 was released in Australia and New Zealand on March 23, 2006, delayed for 3 weeks from the original March 2 launch date.

To compensate for the late Xbox 360 release to Australia and New Zealand, Microsoft released a VIP pack priced AU$149.95, containing the items below. Purchased separately, the price of the items would be AU$209.85.

• Xbox 360 Faceplate
• Perfect Dark Zero
• One Wireless Controller
• One Xbox 360 Preview DVD
• Membership to the Xbox 360 VIP website.

Microsoft elected not to include the Xbox live headset with the Xbox 360 (non-core) system, as they did in every other region. Instead, Australian customers recieve the media remote, and if they want to purchase the Xbox live headset must do so seperately. Because it is AU$50 for the headset,it is technically bringing the total cost of the system to AU$700, the equivalent of US$517 as of March 2006, a full US$120 increase over the stateside pricing.

Sales data

2005

On 26 January, 2006, Microsoft released Q2 2006 earning report, stating the Xbox 360 has reached 1.5 million units in 2005, 900,000 units in North America, 500,000 units in Europe, and 100,000 units in Japan.

According to NPD Group 600,000 units were sold in the U.S. in 2005.

2006

January: 250,000 units were sold in North America.

February: 160,000 units sold in North America.

Technical issues

Xbox 360 "Screen of Death"

File:Xbox360 bsod 02.jpg

A photo of the Xbox 360 "Screen of Death" at a kiosk

The Xbox 360 screen of death is an error screen displayed by the Xbox 360 game console. It was discovered in Wal-Mart stores days before the official console launch. Microsoft placed kiosks for demonstration in some stores and the error began appearing. The error stops the console and requests that the player contact technical support.

The screen contains the text "System error. Contact Xbox Customer Support" in a variety of languages and the error code at the bottom.

Crashing

Since its initial release date, some Xbox 360 customers have complained that the 360 occasionally freezes, apparently due to overheating because of high environment temperatures or a limited airflow around the Xbox 360 (and as such the problem can be lessened by allowing a better airflow or cooler environment).

Disc scratching

When a user moves the Xbox 360 from its vertical position to its horizontal position and vice-versa while the system is reading from a disc, the angular momentum of the disc causes it to brush against the drive's pickup-assembly and results in scratches. The manual that comes with the Xbox 360 specifically warns against moving the system while it is powered on. Microsoft is unable to replace the scratched discs due to the fact the games are often from 3rd party publishers, however they are offering a free copy of Perfect Dark Zero (a Microsoft published game) as a replacement.

Red light patterns

For some errors the Xbox 360 system will display patterns of red lights to occur in place of the standard green "Ring of Light" to indicate what error is occurring.

The patterns are as follows:

• 4 Red Lights: The A/V cable is either not properly connected to the Xbox 360 system, or is not being detected.
• 3 Red Lights: The Xbox 360 system is experiencing a hardware failure.
• 2 Left Red Lights: The Xbox 360 system is overheating.
• 1 Bottom left red light: General hardware failure.

Disc drive noise

The Xbox 360 system has been reported to be very noisy and loud when playing an Xbox 360 disc, especially Project Gotham Racing 3. It should be noted that this auditory difference is only noticeable while using Xbox 360 discs; not DVDs, or original Xbox discs. Many theories such as the fact that the disc uses more power thus spins faster have been acknowledged but have yet to be proven by an official source. ^[1]

With the third, and most recent, production run of the Xbox 360, the original Hitachi DVD drive (model GDR-3120L) was replaced with a quieter Toshiba/Samsung DVD drive (model TS-H943). The Toshiba/Samsung model uses the same laser unit as the old LG/Hitachi drive, so the reading capabilities and quality remain identical between the drives. ^[2]

Hardware failures

In late February/early March, a number of users began reporting on xbox.com forums, that their Xbox 360 units had begun to freeze after only several minutes of being powered on, subsequently giving the "3 Red Lights" indicator. Microsoft has been repairing the consoles affected. The actual cause of the failures is currently unknown (at least to the public). Some forum users have subsequently blamed the failures on the March Dashboard Update (exact contents of which is unknown).

See also

• List of Xbox 360 games
• List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360
• List of Region Free Xbox 360 Games
• Xbox Live
• Xbox Live Arcade
• Comparison of seventh-generation game consoles
• Microsoft
• Xbox

External links

• Official Xbox 360 home page
• Xbox 360 at GameSpot
• Xbox 360 at IGN
• Xbox 360 High-Definition Videos at Microsoft
• Free60 - A wiki for the ongoing project to port Linux and other open source operating systems to the new Xbox 360.

Articles

• The insides of the Xbox 360
• The Xbox Reloaded - Wired Magazine, June, 2005
• NTSC-uk's hands on 360 Hardware feature
• Rejected Xbox 360 designs
• Xbox 360 changing the home entertainment game
• Release dates for Xbox360 Games
• Asia to get Xbox 360 by March, Microsoft says