Misnomer

A misnomer is a term which suggests an interpretation that is known to be untrue. Such incorrect terms sometimes derived their names because of the form, action, or origin of the subject—becoming named popularly or widely referenced—long before their true natures were known. Some of the sources of misnomers are:

• An older name being retained as the thing named evolved (e.g. pencil lead, tin can, fixed income markets, mince meat pie, steamroller). This is essentially a with the older item standing for anything filling its role.
• Transference of a well-known product brand name into a generic sense (e.g. Xerox for photocopy, or Kleenex for tissue).
• An older name being retained even in the face of newer information (e.g. Chinese checkers, Arabic numerals).
• A name being applied to something which only covers part of a region (e.g. the United States of America only takes up part of the American landmass; the name Holland is often used to refer to the Netherlands while it only designates a small part of that country).
• A regional name being retained even when something moves or expands beyond that region (e.g. the United States of America kept its name even after the State of Hawaii was admitted in 1959, which is an archipelago located in the middle of the North Pacific Ocean.)
• A name being based on a similarity in a particular aspect (e.g. shooting stars (Meteors) look like stars from Earth, the settled portions of Greenland are greener than the rest)
• A difference between popular and technical meanings of a term. For example, a koala "bear" (see below) looks and acts much like a bear, but from a zoologist's point of view it is quite distinct and unrelated. Similarly, fireflies fly like flies, ladybugs look and act like bugs. Botanically, peanuts look and taste like nuts and palm trees are classified scientifically as related to grass. The technical sense is often cited as the "correct" sense, but this is a matter of context.
• Ambiguity (e.g. a parkway is generally a road with park-like landscaping, not a place to park). Such a term may seem misleading at first blush.
• Association of a thing with a place other than one might assume. For example, Panama hats are made in Ecuador, but came to be associated with the building of the Panama Canal.
• Naming peculiar to the originator's world view.
• An unfamiliar name (generally foreign) or technical term being re-analyzed as something more familiar.
• Anachronisms, terms being applied to things that belong to another time, especially much later, such as the Dendera light interpretation of a mural from the Hathor Temple of Ancient Egypt.

Older name retained

• The May balls and May Bumps (boat race) at Cambridge University no longer take place in May but during "May Week" in June.
• Fullscreen is a term commonly used for home viewing releases (DVD, VHS, etc.) of theatrical films to differentiate from their widescreen counterpart. Yet, due to the rising popularity of 16:9 HDTV sets, it is, for the most part, the widescreen versions that are technically "fullscreen" (depending on their original aspect ratio). Plus, most fullscreen versions of modern films, are in fact cut, zoomed, and panned versions of the original widescreen, so while the image fills a 4:3 screen, it is not in fact a "full" picture. The more correct term, when a widescreen film is so modified, is "Pan and scan". Conversely, DVDs of films and television shows originally shot and released in a 4:3 aspect ratio are occasionally described as "pan-and-scan" even though no such modification has occurred.
• Video filming even when discussing about digital video
• The "lead" in pencils is made of graphite and clay, not lead; graphite was originally believed to be lead ore but this is now known not to be the case. The graphite and clay mix is known as plumbum, meaning "lead ore" in Latin, and is still known as "black lead" in Keswick, Cumbria.
• Northwestern University is in northeastern Illinois, a midwestern state. Illinois was, however, part of the historical Northwest Territory.
• Some blackboards are actually green.
• Tin foil is almost always made of aluminium, whereas tin cans made for the storage of food products are made from steel plated in a thin layer of tin. In both cases, tin was originally used for the same purpose.
• A windmill is a wind turbine whose mechanical output directly drives machinery to mill grain. The earliest wind turbines were windmills. Most new, large wind turbines generate electricity, and thus are properly called wind generators, but many people call them "windmills".
• In e-mail, the abbreviation CC refers to the practice of sending a message as a "carbon copy", which has nothing to do with carbon copying, an obsolete practice in the internet age.
• The designation Castilian Spanish refers to a standard dialect historically associated with Castile.
• Clapham Junction is in Battersea (now part of Wandsworth), not Clapham (part of Lambeth); the borough boundaries have changed since the arrival of the railway.
• Quad bikes are actually ATVs (All-terrain-Vehicles) or OHVs (Off-Highway-Vehicles). The word "bike" (short for "bicycle" meaning "[having] two wheels") incorrectly implies that they have two wheels, instead of the four indicated by "quad".
• Chess players with little skill are often referred to as "woodpushers", even though modern chess pieces are mostly made of plastic.
• In minor league baseball, while the New York-Penn League does in fact still include teams from New York and Pennsylvania, it would more accurately be called the "New York-Penn-Massachusetts-Vermont-Maryland-Ohio" league. It has also previously included teams from New Jersey and Canada.
• Baseball's Pacific Coast League was originally made up only from teams located on the West Coast of the United States, but the PCL now has franchises as far east as Nashville, Tennessee. Minor league baseball's other AAA league, the International League got its name because it originally had teams in both Canada and the United States, but it currently has no Canadian franchises.
• Telephone numbers are sometimes referred to as being "dialed" despite the fact that rotary phones are now rare.
• "To tape" is a synonym for "to record", even in reference to recordings made onto digital media instead of analog devices such as cassette tapes or videotapes.
• When a computer program is electronically transferred from disk to memory, this is referred to as "loading" the program. "Load" is a holdover term from the mid-20th century, when programs were created on punched cards and then loaded into a hopper for automated processing.
• In American football, a "touchdown" is scored when the ball is advanced across the goal line, but, unlike in rugby football (the game from which American football is chiefly derived), the ball does not have to actually touch the ground for a score to be awarded.
• In American college football, the Big Ten Conference has kept its name despite the addition of an eleventh member in 1990. Their current logo incorporates an 11 in its negative space.
• American football or rugby football themselves have little to do with foot or ball; a more accurate term instead of football would be handprolate.
• Bicycles are (in the UK at least) often referred to as "push bikes", although strictly speaking that term actually refers to the bike's pedal-less predecessor (which literally had to be "pushed" along by the rider's feet).
• Up to and including Windows XP, the Hearts game included is called "The Microsoft Hearts Network", despite there being no network play in the later versions. (The Windows Vista version is simply called "Hearts".)
• Big-budget live action movies are now done with extensive use of CGI footage. The software used is usually PhotoRealistic RenderMan.

Similarity

• An asteroid is not a star-like object as the name suggests, but a smaller object orbiting a star. The name refers to the appearance in a small telescope. A disc is not seen; it appears as a point of light, literally star-like.
• Guinea pigs are not pigs and do not come from Guinea. The "Guinea" may be a re-analysis of "Guyana", though they originate from the Andes and not Guyana.
• A multi-valued function is not a mathematical function in the proper definition.
• The same can be said about a generalized function, as such a function cannot be evaluated in some point(s); the only integrals with such functions have a common sense meaning.
• A disk laser usually is not disk at all; only the pumped region (sometimes) has a disk-shaped form.
• A lead crystal is not a crystalline solid but an amorphous glass.
• The Nintendo GameCube is not a cube because the sides are not all squares.
• The Hundred Years' War did not last for 100 years but 116. It was actually a series of separate campaigns and battles which continued for 116 years (from 1337 to 1453).
• The Blitz was the sustained bombing of the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 16 May 1941. Although the word Blitz is a shortening of the German word blitzkrieg, meaning "lightning war", it was not an example of blitzkrieg but was an early example of strategic bombing.
• Catgut is made from sheep intestines.
• Podcasting is not limited to the iPod, nor does the technology involve any casting as the consumers pull audio data onto their audio players. However, like broadcasting, it is a way of distributing audio or visual data to large numbers of people.
• Heat lightning is actually lightning that is too far away for the thunder to be heard, but generally occurs during hot weather
• Sugar soap contains neither sugar nor soap.
• Smoked glass is so-called because it looks like smoke, not because it is literally kippered. It is actually a type of stained glass.
• Salad cream (a mayonnaise substitute) is so-called because mayonnaise is often (although not exclusively, as implied) used as a salad dressing. Unlike mayonnaise, salad cream is not particularly creamy.
• An egg cream is really chocolate flavored syrup with seltzer and milk. It typically contains neither eggs nor cream.
• Eggplants, although egg-shaped, are not ova.
• An egg roll is an appetizer usually made by wrapping a combination of chopped vegetables, not eggs.
• Head cheese is actually a meat product.
• Grape-Nuts are made from neither grapes nor nuts.
• A Mountain Beaver (Aplodontia rufa) is a primitive rodent unrelated, though fairly similar in appearance, to beavers not usually found in mountainous areas.
• "Horny toads" or "horned frogs" are actually lizards.
• In Baseball, the common term "ground rule double" does not refer to actual ground rules but is, in fact, provided in the standard rules, such as in Official Baseball Rules, Rule 6.09(d) through (h). Likewise, an uncaught third strike is often referred to as a "dropped" third strike, even though it is not necessarily dropped but it is simply not legally caught by the catcher. In addition, the foul lines on a baseball field are located in fair territory (Rule 2).
• At Stanford University, the term "Stanford Cardinal" is often thought to refer to the bird. It actually refers to the school's team colors.
• Photoshopping is often done with image editors other than Adobe Photoshop, such as Paint Shop Pro.
• Vinho Verde is often supposed to be pale green, due to a too-literal translation of its name; in fact, in Portuguese as in English "green" is a metaphor for "young", and most Vinho Verde for the export market is white (and a pale yellow in colour).

Difference between common and technical meanings

• Apes are commonly referred to as monkeys.
• A coconut is not a nut, but a fruit.
• The album Complete Clapton isn't technically "complete," because it leaves out works Clapton did with The Yardbirds and John Mayall's Bluesbreakers.
• The East River is not a river, but a tidal strait.
• Fermat's last theorem from 1637 was not correctly proven until 1993, and was therefore, until then, not a theorem, but a conjecture.
• A firefly is not a fly, but a beetle, though it does fly.
• Koala are marsupials not closely related to the Ursid family of bears. The name "koala" is preferred in Australia, where koalas are native.
• A light-year is a unit of distance measure, not time as commonly misinterpreted.
• A peanut is not a nut, but a legume.
• Percentages in baseball (such as on-base percentage and slugging percentage) are not given in the form of a percentage but as three place averages similar to a probability—which they are assumed to be able to predict on average that the batter with such an average will get on base.
• Machines commonly known as steamrollers are usually not steam-powered. A better name is road roller.
• Tear gas is not a gas, but a (solid) crystalline substance.
• The titmouse is a bird, not a mouse.
• White chocolate is not actually considered chocolate by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States and other bodies.

Ambiguity

See also: Ambiguity

• British Isles is most commonly used to refer to constituent countries of the United Kingdom, British Crown dependencies and Ireland although the Republic of Ireland is not British politically.
• Decimal is the name of the base-ten number system (it is Latin for "by tens", the adjective form of the noun decem, "ten"); it does not, as many people suppose, solely mean "fractional" — on the contrary, the base-ten system was called "decimal" for hundreds of years before the so-called "decimal fraction" notation was invented. "Decimal fraction" notation works in any number base (not just base-ten); old computer manuals, from the time when low-level programming of floating-point routines was far more common than it is today, often speak of "binary fractions".
• Former UK ISP Freeserve was not, as the name appeared to imply (an apparent implication picked-up upon in the advertisements of at least one rival), a service which didn't charge for use; it was so-called because would-be customers were free from the need to contract to using the service, i.e. it was pay-as-you-go (and thus quite expensive for heavy users). This is one of many cases where the situational sense of "free" was or is confused with the fiscal sense.
• There are two cities named Kansas City (both dating to the 1860s), one in Kansas and one in Missouri. Kansas City, Missouri is considerably larger and contains the metro area's downtown business district. Other major landmarks such as Kansas City International Airport lie in Missouri, and both the Kansas City Chiefs and Kansas City Royals play there. As a result, the term "Kansas City" can generally be assumed to refer either to the city in Missouri or to the metro area as a whole, and generally not to Kansas City, Kansas specifically.
• Middle East, Far East, and Sub-Saharan Africa are geo-political terms which are ambiguous.
• In the United States, an Interstate Highway is a highway which is part of a jointly-funded system, not one which connects two or more states (see List of intrastate Interstate Highways for further information).

Association with place other than one might assume

• Arabic numerals originated in India, though they came to be associated with the Arab world.
• Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) did not originate in Norway, but from North China.
• Panama hats are made in Ecuador, but are associated with Panama as they were widely worn during construction of the Panama Canal.
• Mongolian barbecue is neither Mongolian in origin nor barbecue.
• French fries did not originate in France. There are some doubts about their origin, but they most likely were invented in Belgium. They're called "French" because vegetables sliced in that manner are called "julienned", which sounds French.
• Hollandaise sauce was created by the French after the manner of a Dutch sauce.
• Many of the states in the Midwestern United States (particularly the states which also make up the Great Lakes Region) are not actually in the middle-western part of the country.
• Several sports teams have names which do not fit their current location very well, typically because they retained a nickname which made more sense in a previous location:
  • The Utah Jazz kept their nickname after moving from New Orleans.
  • The Memphis Grizzlies formerly played in Vancouver, British Columbia. Grizzly bears are common in British Columbia, which justified the name Vancouver Grizzlies — but there are no grizzlies in Tennessee. (Ironically, there was a short-lived football team called the Memphis Grizzlies in the 1970s, however.)
  • The Los Angeles Lakers play in a city with very few lakes: they used to be the Minneapolis Lakers, who played in Minnesota, the "Land of 10,000 Lakes." (Minnesota's nickname is itself a slight misnomer: the state has roughly 12,000 lakes.)
  • The Los Angeles Dodgers' nickname refers to their old location in Brooklyn: Brooklynites used to be nicknamed "Trolley Dodgers."
• Several sports teams play at venues in the metro area they represent, but not in the city proper. Some examples are:
  • The Detroit Pistons play in Auburn Hills.
  • The Washington Redskins play in Landover, Maryland.
  • The New York Jets and New York Giants play in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
  • The Buffalo Bills play in Orchard Park, New York.
  • Milwall FC have long since moved from Millwall, Isle of Dogs, to New Cross.
  • Arsenal FC are no longer based in Woolwich, but in Highbury.
  • Chelsea FC are in Fulham — they have never been based in Chelsea as land prices there are far too high.
  • Wimbledon FC moved in 2003 to Milton Keynes, although the relocated team (now renamed Milton Keynes Dons FC) are officially no longer regarded as a continuation of the original; in protest at the move, a team called AFC Wimbledon was formed, which is regarded (albeit unofficially) as the continuation of the old team.
  • 10 of the 16 Australian Football League teams are based in the Melbourne conurbation. Of these, only the Melbourne Demons and Geelong Cats play their home games in the communities they are named after. Also, in Western Australia, the Fremantle Dockers play their home games in nearby Perth instead of Fremantle: they share their home ground with the West Coast Eagles.
• Several colleges and universities are named after cities other than the one where they are located (typically because they moved within the same metropolitan area):
  • Boston College's campus is located in the Towns of Newton, Massachusetts and Brookline, Massachusetts
  • Manhattan College is located not in Manhattan but rather in Bronxville, New York (a town whose name is itself something of a misnomer because it is not part of The Bronx.)
  • Manhattanville College is located in Purchase, New York (not far from Bronxville) and not in the Manhattanville neighborhood in Manhattan.
  • Binghamton University is located in Vestal, New York
  • Norwich University is located not in Norwich, Vermont but rather in Northfield, Vermont, a town about 75 km from Norwich.
  • York University is neither in York Region nor the former city of York, but in the former city of North York (both York and North York are now in Toronto proper)
• French horns originated in Germany, not France.
• Motorsports Grands Prix do not necessarily take place in the countries giving their names, mostly because there is already a Grand Prix taking place in the country where the track is located; for example the San Marino Grand Prix used to take place in Imola, Italy because the Italian Grand Prix is held at Monza.
• The Canary Islands are not named after the canary, but dogs, the Latin word for dogs being canis. In fact, the bird was named after the islands, and not the other way around.
• Derby and Lancaster are no longer the county towns of Derbyshire and Lancashire respectively; those roles are now filled by Matlock and by Preston respectively. Interestingly, Nottingham (which is near Derby and is the county town of Nottinghamshire) has grown so large that some of its suburbs are in Derbyshire.
• Chinese checkers did not originate in China (or even Asia). The name was meant to sound more exotic to American ears.
• India ink is made in China.
• English horn refers to an alto oboe with an angled mouthpiece. "English" simply mistranslates the French for "angled"; "horn" would seem to indicate a brass instrument rather than a woodwind.
• Despite its name, the Jerusalem artichoke has no relation to Jerusalem, and little to do with artichokes. Jerusalem derives from Girasole, the Italian word for sunflower, by folk etymology. The taste of the tuber of a Jerusalem artichoke merely resembles the taste of the leaves of the Globe Artichoke.
• Only four of the sixteen teams in the Pacific Coast League – Portland, Tacoma, Fresno and Sacramento – are located in close proximity to the Pacific Ocean.
• All fourteen teams in the International League are located within one country, the United States (however the Syracuse Chiefs were affiliated with a Canadian team, the Toronto Blue Jays (the Las Vegas 51s of the PCL are now affiliated with the Jays)).
• Scotland Yard is located in England.
• The band America was formed in England.
• The news music theme Move Closer to Your World is frequently associated with Philadelphia and the Action News branding, but was first used by Boston's WNAC-TV.

Naming peculiar to the originator's world view

• The tremolo arm on guitars is used to produce vibrato; not tremolo. Conversely, a vibrato unit produces tremolo, not vibrato. Both terms are due to electric guitar pioneer Leo Fender.
• As European explorers mistook the Americas for India, the native peoples were called Indians. Similarly, the West Indies were so called after India. Ironically, the term "Native American" is not only just as wrong as "American Indian", but it is wrong in the same way; while the latter term implies that the people descended from the original population of the Americas were born elsewhere, the former term implies that they are the only inhabitants who were not. In a similar irony, the name "Indians" for those living on the Indian subcontinent was also applied by travelers from Europe and Asia Minor. The term referred to those peoples living beyond (from the travelers' point of view) the Hindus river. They applied the term "Indian" to the people and "Hindu" to the panopaly of religious beliefs of those people. Thus, there has never been any particular tribe or population of people, either in the western hemisphere or the eastern, who name themselves "Indian." The term has always only been used by outsiders, never (at least originally) by the people themselves who were labeled with that name.
• Newfoundland was considered newly found by those who so named it, but had first been inhabited at least 5,000 years before.
• Greenland is mostly Arctic and Iceland is mostly tundra (the settled portions of Greenland are green).
• Anti-Semitism is prejudice against Jews, not all Semites.
• The term "American" is frequently used to mean a citizen of the United States of America, despite the fact that anyone who lives in the Americas is technically an "American".
• Christian science and creation science are religious movements, not sciences.

Reanalysis

• In logic, begging the question is a type of fallacy occurring in deductive reasoning in which the proposition to be proved is assumed implicitly or explicitly in one of the premises. However, more recently, "begs the question" has been used as a synonym for "raises the question".
• A quantum leap is properly an instantaneous change, which may be either large or small. In physics, it is the smallest possible changes that are of particular interest. In vernacular usage, however, the term is often taken to imply an abrupt large change.
• In common usage, a "steep" learning curve implies a difficult learning problem; but on the actual learning curve graph, a steep curve describes a rapid reduction in production cost per unit produced, indicating rapid (easy) learning by the production staff.
• English speakers frequently ask "why are hamburgers called that when the meat content is beef?"; this is a false analysis (ham–burger; the correct analysis is hamburg–er) resulting from failure to realize that this word is named after the town of Hamburg (most likely the German city) following the tradition found in many countries of naming foods after the town or region with which they're most associated (e.g. "manchego" (La Mancha, Spain, cheese), "wiener" (Vienna, Austria, hotdog sausage), "berliner" (Berlin, Germany, a type of doughnut)), although some believe it to be named after the town in New York. The presence of the English word "ham" may not be purely coincidental as some suggest that the city of Hamburg was named after a "bend" or "angle" on a river - the old high germanic word "hamma" being also used to denote "knee" which in turn evolved to denote the part of the pig used to make "ham".
• History derives from the Greek histrios "saga"; it has no connection with the English phrase "his story", and folk etymologies which claim that it does are instances of false analysis. For further examples of this kind of reanalysis-misnomer, see False etymology.

Other

• Dry cleaning does not involve water, but immerses clothes in liquid solvents.
• The Quad damage power-up in the game Quake III Arena only triples the damage.
• Despite the name, a magpie is not a pie or even a dessert. It is a type of bird.
• A radiator usually transfers more energy by convection than by radiation.
• Some band names seem to refer to the bandleader when they actually do not.
  • Darius Rucker from the band Hootie and the Blowfish is often referred to as "Hootie". The nickname actually belongs to a friend from his university choir, who was never a member of the band.
  • Debbie Harry from the band Blondie is often called "Blondie" (she is blond).
  • Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull is often thought to be Jethro Tull; the band is instead named for the 17th century agriculturist.
  • The band Steely Dan has never featured a member named "Dan"; the band's name comes from the dildo in Naked Lunch.
  • "Echo" is not a stage name for Echo and the Bunnymen frontman Ian McCulloch.
  • James Dewees, singer of Reggie and the Full Effect, is commonly referred to as Reggie by unknowing fans.
  • The Marshall Tucker Band does not have a member named "Marshall Tucker". According to the band's official website, Marshall Tucker was a blind piano tuner who had previously rented the warehouse the band practiced in.
  • Fleetwood Mac is named after members Mick Fleetwood and John McVie, but the original leader was Peter Green.
  • Although The Alan Parsons Project does have producer Alan Parsons as a member, its founders and leaders were Alan Parsons (keyboards and backing vocals) and Eric Woolfson (keyboards and lead singer in several songs).
  • While Jim Heath uses "Reverend Horton" as his stage name, the full title "The Reverend Horton Heat" refers to his band.
  • No one in Pink Floyd is named either "Pink" or "Floyd" — the name derives from blues artists Pink Anderson and Floyd Council.
• Some bands have names which falsely indicate the number of members:
  • The Thompson Twins had three (unrelated) members.
  • Frankie Valli & the 4 Seasons were named after their leader, Frankie Valli. However, the singing group only had four members, not five: logically, the name should have been "Frankie Valli & the 3 Seasons".
• The 1980s rock band League of Gentlemen actually included a lady: bassist Sara Lee.
• Another popular band of that same era, Twisted Sister, was made up entirely of men, none of whom were siblings.
• The band Barenaked Ladies consists entirely of clothed men.
• There is only one woman in the band Scissor Sisters, vocalist Ana Matronic.
• None of the Doobie Brothers are actually brothers.
• In the United States, the term "college" traditionally refers to an institution which does not grant doctoral or professional degrees. However, there are some "colleges" which have a full range of graduate programs, such as Dartmouth College and Boston College.
• Voltaire observed that the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.
• The Oktoberfest beer festival actually begins in September and ends in October; although it originally started in October, the dates have been pushed forward because the weather in September is more favourable.
• "I could care less" really means "I couldn't care less", but the former is more common despite the phrase being the opposite of the intended meaning. It is the same for "all but", which usually means "nothing but". Similarly, "quite a few" means "many" rather than "very few."
• The "funny bone" is not a bone — the phrase instead refers to the ulnar nerve.
• During its peak, rush hour often lasts more than an hour, with very little, if any, movement.
• Despite the film's title, there are no sequels to Mel Brooks' History of the World Part I.
• Similarly, there are no prequels to Bill Cosby's Leonard Part 6.