Hanging sedge

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Hanging sedge
Hanging sedge (Carex pendula)

Hanging sedge ( Carex pendula )

Systematics
Monocots
Commelinids
Order : Sweet grass (Poales)
Family : Sourgrass family (Cyperaceae)
Genre : Sedges ( Carex )
Type : Hanging sedge
Scientific name
Carex pendula
Huds.

The hanging sedge ( Carex pendula ), also known as the hanging sedge , large sedge or giant sedge , is a species of the genus Sedges ( Carex ) within the sour grass family (Cyperaceae). It occurs in forests in western , central and southern Europe , in Denmark , in the Crimea , as well as in northwestern North Africa and in the northern Middle East .

description

Vegetative characteristics

The hanging sedge is a very strong, evergreen , perennial herbaceous plant with a short, strong, woody rhizome . It forms fairly dense clumps and has no runners .

The leaves are arranged helically in a 1/3 position . All leaf sheaths have clear lattice nerves and a ligule at the mouth . The leaf sheaths of the lowest, mostly spiderless leaves of a shoot are keeled, purple-brown to dark red-brown in color and not or only slightly reticulated. The ligament's arch is 30 to 50 (up to 75) millimeters long, much longer than it is broad and ± pointed. The broad, linear, overhanging, fairly stiff spreading of the leaves are up to 100 centimeters long, mostly 9 to 16 (7 to 20) millimeters wide and gradually narrowed towards the tip. They are folded lengthways at the base, further above ± flat, but keeled underneath by the midrib and on the upper side by two parallel lateral nerves. The blades are bare, glossy dark green on top and only rough on the nerves, gray-green on the underside and finely papillary . Their edges are slightly rolled back and mostly very rough towards the tip of the leaf.

Generative characteristics

The sex distribution of the flowers is single sexed ( monoecious ).

The flowering shoots usually reach heights of 60 to 180 (40 to 250) centimeters and are therefore much longer than the leaves. The sturdy, 2 to 4 millimeter thick stem is stiffly upright, often nodding above and evenly leafed into the inflorescence. It is sharp, triangular and smooth on the edges or only a little rough at the top. The total inflorescence is 20 to 100 centimeters long and usually contains four to seven (two to eleven) axillary female ears in the lower part and one, rarely two male ears at the top. All ears are arranged relatively far apart and at the end hang over arching. The bracts of the lower and middle female ears are leaf-like. Your blades are 20 to 60 centimeters long and slightly narrower than the basal leaves. They are usually longer than the corresponding ears, but shorter than the entire inflorescence. The bracts have a 5 to 10 centimeters long, a little rough sheath. The slender cylindrical to club-shaped cylindrical female ears are 5 to 8 millimeters wide and (3 to) 5 to 21 centimeters, in some cultivated forms and in var. Myosuroides up to 25 centimeters long. They are rich and densely flowered, but too often loosely flowered towards the bottom. The lower ears have rough stalks up to 10 centimeters long, most of which are enclosed by the sheaths of their bracts, the uppermost are sessile. The rich-flowered, slender cylindrical, 8 to 16 centimeters long and 3 to 4 millimeters wide male ear is basically single terminal on the stem. Sometimes there is a second, shorter male ear at the bottom. In addition, sometimes the top, and in exceptional cases even all female ears, can have male flowers at their tips. The flowers, strictly speaking single-flowered spikelets , are arranged in a spiral manner within the ears . They sit in the axils of bracts, which are referred to as husks , and have no flower cover .

The up to 2.5 (up to 4.2) millimeters long and 1 (up to 1.6) millimeters wide husk of the female flowers is narrowly ovate, narrowly obovate to narrowly lanceolate, gradually tapering to a short, rough spike tip and apparently three-veined . It is bald, light brown to dark reddish brown in color, has a broad, green central stripe and at most a narrow, white skin edge at the front. The flower, which consists only of the pistil , is enclosed by the "tube" ( utriculus ), an organ that forms a hollow body attached to the front leaf of the flower (= single-flowered spikelet ). corresponds. When ripe, the ellipsoidal to egg-shaped, indistinctly triangular, slightly inflated tube is usually 2.8 to 3.5 (2.2 to 4) millimeters long. It is widest around the middle and has a diameter of 1 to 1.5 millimeters. The mature tube is about as long or up to half longer than the corresponding husk and protrudes diagonally to just between the husks. It is at the base into a short stalk and at the front usually gradually narrowed into a cylindrical, slightly outwardly curved, 0.3 to 0.5 millimeter long, at the tip trimmed to indistinctly bidentate, at the opening hyaline and fringed beak. The bald, shiny, membranous tube is pale green to yellowish, light olive-brown in front and sometimes a little brown-purple spotted. It has two or more weakly protruding nerves, of which the marginal ones are a little clearer. The Upper constant ovary is unilocular and contains only a single, upright ovule . The three rather short, brownish scars sit on a simple, thread-shaped stylus and protrude from the opening of the beak. The tube falls off together with the fruit . This is completely enclosed in it and does not fill the cavity. The fruit is a single-seeded nut fruit clearly stalked in the tube . It is matt straw-colored to brown, egg-shaped or obverse-shaped, 1.5 to 2 millimeters long, 0.8 to 1.1 millimeters wide, sharp, triangular, ± pointed and smooth. The seeds contain endosperm .

The husk of the male flowers is up to 5 millimeters long and is linear, lanceolate, oblong or narrowly obovate, pointed and single-veined. It is reddish brown or light brown at the base and has a green central stripe. The flower consists of only three stamens , the stamens are not grown together. The linear, dirty orange colored, anthers are about 4 millimeters long and pointed short. They are basifix, i.e. attached to the stamen at their base.

The hanging sedge blooms and produces fruit in Central Europe in May and June, on the Iberian Peninsula mostly between April and June, more rarely in March or even in July. For the mountains in the southeast of the distribution area, a flowering and fruiting time is given in July and August.

Chromosome set

In Carex pendula were diploid chromosome sets 2n = 58, 60 and 62 counted.

Flower and fruit biology

Like the other types of sedge, the hanging sedge is pollinated by the wind ( anemophilia ). The fruits can spread through the wind ( anemochory ) or with the help of water ( hydrochory ).

distribution and habitat

The hanging sedge is widespread in western, central and southern Europe. It is also found in Macaronesia and from the Mediterranean region and North Africa to Afghanistan. In the north, the European area extends to Ireland and the warmer regions of Scotland , Westphalia , southern Lower Saxony , Saxony , Silesia , and the western and eastern Carpathians . To the north there are isolated occurrences in Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . Former deposits in Brandenburg and Berlin are considered extinct. However, within the area outlined in this way, the species is absent, for example, in the Great and Small Hungarian Plains , the central parts of the Alps and in large areas of central Spain and the Balearic Islands . In the east, the species occurs in the Crimea, in western, northwest and northeast Anatolia , in the Caucasus and in northern Iraq . The easternmost sites are in northeastern Iran ( Khorasan ). The south-eastern edge of the area is marked by deposits in southern Anatolia ( Kahramanmaraş ), in the Amanos Dağları Mountains and in Lebanon and Cyprus . In North Africa, the hanging sedge occurs in Morocco , Algeria ( Tellatlas , Aurès ) and Tunisia ( Kroumirie ). On the Azores and Madeira , the species is represented by var. Myosuroides .

Hanging sedge on the edge of a forest path

Starting from plants grown in gardens, the hanging sedge has established itself as a neophyte in several places in the United States ( Washington , Virginia ) and New Zealand . It tends to sow itself and then emerge outside gardens on roadsides and on the banks of flowing water.

In the Central European lowlands , the hanging sedge occurs only sporadically; it is almost entirely absent to the west of the Elbe ; in the low mountain ranges it occurs scattered; it is very rare in the Alps . The hanging sedge is common in parts of Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria , but its distribution is patchy in the rest of Germany . In Austria the hanging sedge occurs in all federal states . However, it is missing, for example, in the Vienna Basin and the Weinviertel as well as in the central parts of the Alps.

In Switzerland , the Carex pendula is fairly common, but does not penetrate very far into the alpine valleys one.

The hanging sedge thrives mainly on nutrient-rich and base-rich, but rather lime-poor, wet, not too cold, clay and loam soils . It avoids full sun and it thrives best in partial shade, but also in full shade. She is loving some warmth. It prefers locations with predominantly high humidity. It can be found in damp to wet or well-flowing alder and ash forests on swampy forest clearings or forest paths. It is a character species of the Carici remotae-Fraxinetums from the Alno-Ulmion association, but also occurs in other societies of this association and in those of the order Fagetalia. In Central Europe, it mainly inhabits moist forests at altitudes of 300 to 600 meters in the low mountain ranges and hardly rises above 1000 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part between Roßschläg and Musauer Alp up to 1100 m above sea level. The hanging sedge indicates high groundwater or superficial slope pressure water.

Taxonomy and systematics

The hanging sedge ( Carex pendula ) was described by the British botanist William Hudson in his 1762 work Flora Anglica . In his first description, Hudson referred to older, pre-Linen descriptions by John Parkinson , Johann Bauhin , Caspar Bauhin and John Ray . Apparently from his own experience, Hudson named abundant occurrences of the species in hedges and bushes between today's London districts of Hampstead and Highgate. Carex agastachys L.f. , Carex maxima Scop. , Carex mutabilis Willd. , Carex myosuroides Lowe , Manochlaenia pendula (Huds.) Fedde & J.Schust. , Trasus pendulus (Huds.) Gray are synonyms .

Plants from Madeira and the Azores have been distinguished by some authors as var. Myosuroides Boott . They are characterized by female ears up to 24 cm long. This variety is mostly not recognized today and is only used as a synonym for Carex pendula .

The hanging sedge is part of the sedge in the relatively poor section Rhynchocystis Dumort. (= Sect. Maximae ( Ash. ) Chick. ). In Europe, apart from the hanging sedge, this section only includes Carex microcarpa Bertol, which is native to Corsica and Sardinia and in central and southern Italy . ex Moris .

etymology

The specific epithet pendula ( Latin for hanging ) is derived from the Latin for pendere ( hanging ). It refers to the hanging ears of this species. The German name has the same meaning. The generic name Carex is an old Latin name for sour grasses with cutting leaves. The name is probably derived from a reconstructed Indo-European root * (s) ker- ( cut ).

use

The hanging sedge is often grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. It is often planted in wet, shady places, but it can also stand drier soils.

swell

  • M. Bässler: Family Cyperáceae Juss. - Sedge plants, sour grasses. In: W. Rothmaler (Gre.): Excursion flora from Germany. Volume 4: Vascular Plants: Critical Volume. 9th edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg / Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-8274-0917-9 , pp. 796-829.
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 .
  • AJ Healy, E. Edgar: Carex L. In: Flora of New Zealand. Vol. III: Adventive cyperaceous, petalous & spathaceous monocotyledons. PD Hasselberg, Government Printer, Wellington 1980, ISBN 0-477-01041-5 , pp. 146-181. Carex pendula - online
  • HE Heß, E. Landolt, R. Hirzel: Cárex L., Segge. In: Flora of Switzerland and adjacent areas. Volume 1: Pteridophyta to Caryophyllaceae. 1st edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1967, pp. 418–489.
  • VI Krechetovich: Genus 235. Carex L. In: BK Shishkin (Ed.): Flora of the USSR (Flora SSSR). Vol. III. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 1935, translated from Russian, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 1964, pp. 86-369. Carex pendula - online
  • M. Luceño: 20. Carex L. In: S. Castroviejo (Ed.): Flora Iberica. Vol. 18: Cyperaceae-Pontederiaceae. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid 2008, ISBN 978-84-00-08624-4 , pp. 109-250. (PDF)
  • R. Maire: Carex L. (1753). In: Flore de l'Afrique du Nord. Vol. 4: Monocotyledonae: Glumiflorae: Cyperaceae, Principes, Spathiflorae, Commelinales. (= Encyclopédie Biologique. 53). Éditions Paul Lechevalier, Paris 1957, pp. 97–180. (PDF)
  • Ö. Nielsson: 21. Carex L. In: PH Davis (Ed.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 9, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1985, ISBN 0-85224-516-5 , pp. 73-158.
  • AA Reznicek: 26w. Carex Linnaeus sect. Rhynchocystis Dumortier, Fl. Belg., 147, 1827. In: Flora of North America north of Mexico. Vol. 23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford 2002, ISBN 0-19-515207-7 , pp. 420-421. (on-line)
  • W. Schultze Motel: Order Cyperales. In: G. Hegi (term): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Volume II / 1. 3. Edition. Carl Hanser, Munich; Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1967–1977, ISBN 3-489-54020-4 , pp. 2–240.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b SM Walters: 4. Carex Linnaeus. In: SM Walters, A. Brady, CD Brickell, J. Cullen, PS Green, J. Lewis, VA Matthews, DA Webb, PF Yeo, JCM Alexander (Eds.): The European garden flora. Vol. II: Monocotyledons (Part II). Juncaceae to Orchidaceae. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge et al. 1984, ISBN 0-521-25864-2 , pp. 116-117.
  2. ↑ a b c A. Hohenester, W. Welß: Carex. In: Excursion flora for the Canary Islands with views of the whole of Macaronesia. Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3466-7 , pp. 314-316.
  3. ↑ M. Bässler 2002 , p. 796.
  4. ^ W. Schultze-Motel 1967-1977 , p. 182.
  5. ↑ a b M. Luceño 2008 , p. 163.
  6. ^ A b G. Post, JE Dinsmore: CXXXIII. Cyperaceae. Sedge Family. In: Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai. Vol. II, 2nd edition. American University of Beirut, Beirut 1933, pp. 669-687.
  7. ^ Carex pendula at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 2, 2014.
  8. ↑ W. Schultze-Motel 1967–1977 , p. 100.
  9. ↑ a b c M. Bässler 2002 , p. 821.
  10. ↑ a b c d e H. Meusel, EJ Jäger, E. Weinert: Comparative Chorology of the Central European Flora. Volume 1: Text & Maps. Fischer, Jena 1965, p. 430 (text), p. 73 (maps).
  11. ↑ a b c Ö. Nilsson 1985 , p. 117.
  12. ^ SS Hooper: Family 150. Cyperaceae. In: CC Townsend, E. Guest (Ed.): Flora of Iraq. Vol. 8: Monocotyledones (excluding Gramineae). Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Baghdad 1985, pp. 331-406.
  13. ↑ R. Maire 1957 , p. 139. (PDF)
  14. ↑ a b A. A. Reznicek 2002 , p. 421. (online)
  15. ↑ AJ Healy, E. Edgar 1980 , pp. 169-170. (on-line)
  16. ↑ a b c d e Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : Swan flowers to duckweed plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  17. ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 1130 .
  18. ^ E. Janchen: Flora of Vienna, Lower Austria and Northern Burgenland. 2nd Edition. Association for regional studies of Lower Austria and Vienna, Vienna 1977, p. 648.
  19. ↑ HE Heß, E. Landolt, R. Hirzel 1967 , p. 472.
  20. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  186 .
  21. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings . Volume 1, IHW-Verlag, Eching near Munich 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 260.
  22. ^ W. Hudson: Flora Anglica. London 1762, pp. 352-353. (on-line)
  23. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Carex pendula. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  24. ↑ AA Reznicek 2002 , pp. 420-421. (on-line)
  25. ↑ AO Chater: 12. Carex L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea. Vol. 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980, ISBN 0-521-20108-X , pp. 290-323.
  26. ↑ H. Genaust 1996 , p. 466.
  27. ↑ H. Genaust 1996 , p. 128.

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