Riga TV Tower
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Riga TV Tower
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| Basic data | |||
| Place: | Riga | ||
| Country: | Latvia | ||
| Coordinates: 56 ° 55 ′ 26.2 ″ N , 24 ° 8 ′ 13.3 ″ E | |||
| Use: | TV tower , restaurant, observation tower | ||
| Tower data | |||
| Construction time : | 1979-1986 | ||
| Total height : | 368.5 m | ||
| Viewing platform: | 97 m | ||
| Data on the transmission system | |||
| Further data | |||
| Opening: | 1986 | ||
| Position map | |||
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The Riga TV Tower (Rīgas radio un televīzijas tornis) is the tallest structure in the Latvian capital, Riga , with a height of 368.5 meters .
It is the tallest free-standing structure in the European Union and is also one of the tallest television towers in the world . The viewing platform is at a height of 97 meters, from which you can see almost the entire city. There is another viewing platform at 137 meters, although it is not always open to the public. In good weather you can also see the Gulf of Riga and the surrounding cities.
modification
The tower has been closed to visitors for reconstruction from May 2019 until probably 2024. Among other things, a Foucault pendulum is to be installed and the bomb shelter made accessible to visitors.
From its opening until 2006, there was also a restaurant called Vēja Roze (“wind rose”) at a height of 93 meters . It is currently closed.
Location and nature
The tower is on the island of Zaķusala (Hare Island) in the Daugava , which is about 6 to 7 meters above sea level.
Possible floods and earthquakes were taken into account in the planning. The tower is supposed to withstand earthquakes with a magnitude of 8.5 (since it was planned under political leadership at the time, this value should be treated with caution. However, the tower will probably never experience stronger earthquakes, as Latvia is far from seismically active areas). The tower should withstand winds of up to 44 m / s. To reduce the oscillation amplitude, three pendulums , each weighing 10 tons, are attached at a height of 198 meters to counteract the oscillations. The daily temperature fluctuations can cause a change in length of up to 2.4 meters at the top of the tower.
The construction of the tower was a milestone in the provision of radio and television programs. Today it covers an area that extends far beyond the city limits of Riga.
The foundation consists of formwork concrete pillars, which are supported on a dolomite plate at a depth of 24 to 27 meters .
The supporting structure consists of three pillars, two pillars accommodating express inclined elevators from Otis. You can transport visitors to the aforementioned 97 meter high viewing platform in 42 seconds. In the third pillar (the southeastern one) there is a staircase and various technical utilities.
Most of the technical equipment and another vertical elevator are located in the middle section. 62 tons of paint were required to protect the middle section from rust. The painting work was done by Saint Petersburg climbers.
In the antenna part there is a crane from the Swedish company Alimak Hek , with which loads can be lifted up to a height of 308 meters. The remaining 44 meters can be climbed via stairs within the construction.
For the 50th anniversary of Latvian television on November 6, 2004, there was a large fireworks display on the tower and a photo competition for the tower took place.
Emergence
There was a lot of discussion about the location of the tower before it was built. Eventually they could agree on the island of Za Zusala as the location, although the island is not particularly high.
The construction was designed in the then Soviet State Telecommunications Institute. The Georgian architect Kim Nikuradze drew the optical design . The final design was carried out by a team of Riga architects led by Gunārs Asara.
Construction work began in 1979 and was carried out by the Rigaer Werksbau-Gesellschaft. It was dolomite from the island of Saaremaa , granite from Karelia and steel framework from Chelyabinsk installed. The steel tip was assembled by an assembly team from Leningrad . The pure steel construction has advantages in terms of shape, but is also more expensive than a reinforced concrete construction and must also be treated regularly with rust preventive agents.
The television tower was completed in 1986.
Programs
VHF
|
Freq. (MHz) |
Directly. / Pol. |
Antenna height above ground (m) |
ERP (kW) |
station | PI code | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 90.0 | ND / H | 191 | 0.5 | Radio SWH Gold | 9045 | oldies |
| 90.7 | ND / H | 274 | 40 | Latvijas Radio 1 | 9211 | public service, news & information |
| 91.5 | ND / H | 274 | 40 | Latvijas Radio 2 | 9222 | public service, Schlager |
| 94.5 | ND / V | 191 | 1 | Ретро FM | Russian speaking | |
| 95.8 | ND / H | 191 | 0.7 | Latvijas Radio 6 NABA / LR Saeimas sēdes |
9226 | Latvian University campus radio / plenary sessions of the Latvian Parliament |
| 101.8 | ND / H | 274 | 5.6 | Latvijas Kristīgais Radio | 9786 | Christian program |
| 102.3 | ND / H | 191 | 0.23 | Radio discount plus | 906d | Russian speaking |
| 103.7 | ND / H | 274 | 9.6 | Latvijas Radio 3 Klasika | 9233 | public law; Classical & Culture |
| 104.3 | ND / H | 274 | 9.6 | European Hit Radio | 9488 | until 2003 “Super FM”, European chart placements |
| 105.2 | ND / H | 274 | 20th | Radio SWH | 9258 | most famous private broadcaster in Latvia |
| 105.7 | ND / H | 274 | 4.1 | Радио SWH + | 9002 | Russian speaking |
| 106.8 | ND / H | 191 | 0.57 | Radio TEV | 906a | |
| 107.2 | ND / H | 274 | 4th | Radio discount | 906e | Ü40 format |
| 107.7 | ND / H | 274 | 20th | Latvijas Radio 4 Домская Площадь | 9244 | public law; Russian speaking |
DVB-T
In Latvia, only H.264 / MPEG-4 AVC is used as the video codec.
| channel |
Frequency (MHz) |
Multiplex | Programs in multiplex |
ERP (kW) |
Diagram round (ND) / directional (D) |
Polarization horizontal (H) / vertical (V) |
Modulation method |
FEC |
Guard interval |
Net bit rate (Mbit / s) |
SFN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28 | 530 | LVRTC | 200 | D. | H |
16 QAM (8 k mode) |
3/4 | 1/4 | 14,929 | no SFN | |
| 31 | 554 | Lattelecom |
|
200 | D. | H |
64-QAM ( 8k mode) |
3/4 | 1/4 | 22,394 | no SFN |
| 43 | 650 | Lattelecom |
|
200 | D. | ? |
64-QAM ( 8k mode) |
3/4 | 1/4 | 22,394 | no SFN |
| 45 | 666 | Lattelecom | 130 | D. | H |
64-QAM ( 8k mode) |
3/4 | 1/4 | 22,394 | no SFN | |
| 48 | 690 | Lattelecom |
|
200 | D. | H |
64-QAM ( 8k mode) |
3/4 | 1/4 | 22,394 | no SFN |
| 44 | 658 | Lattelecom | 50 | D. | ? |
64-QAM ( 8k mode) |
3/4 | 1/4 | 22,394 | no SFN | |
| 59 | 778 | Lattelecom |
|
200 | D. | H |
64-QAM ( 8k mode) |
3/4 | 1/16 | 26,346 | no SFN |
? = Encrypted with Conax
Analog TV (switched off)
Since the analogue shutdown on April 1, 2010, TV3 was the only remaining analogue channel broadcast by the tower. TV3 claimed u. a., Lattelecom is charging excessive prices for DVB-T broadcasting and therefore did not want to commit to a shutdown date. On May 31, 2010, one day before the nationwide shutdown, TV3 signed a contract for broadcasting via DVB-T until the end of 2013. At the same time, the LVRTC announced that it would shut down the analogue station on the night of June 1st.
The color transmission system used was and is PAL D / K (6.5 MHz image / sound carrier spacing).
| channel | Antenna height above ground (m) |
ERP ( dBW ) |
program | Shutdown |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 305 | 50.1 | LTV1 (public law; news, reports and culture) | April 1, 2010 |
| 7th | 326 | 32.6 | TV Riga (TV5) (interactive TV shows and infotainment) | December 1, 2009 |
| 10 | 326 | 50.8 | LTV7 (public law; sports, series and feature films) | March 1, 2010 |
| 28 | 343 | 55.7 | LNT (first private TV broadcaster; shows & films) | April 1, 2010 |
| 31 | 343 | 55.2 | TV3 (shows & films) | June 1, 2010 |
Since 1998 the TV3 program has also been encrypted via Sirius 3 .
On March 29, 2006 the channels TV5 (unencrypted) as well as LTV1 and LNT (also encrypted) were added.
Since August 28, 2007 the offer has been rounded off by LTV7 (encrypted).
DAB
The introduction of DAB is currently not planned due to the high costs of DAB radios and a satisfactory FM coverage. In the long term, however, as with DVB-T, there is a need for action due to the limited frequency spectrum. Unlike in some other European countries, alternative transmission methods such as DVB-T radio are not being discussed, especially since four radio stations are broadcast on channel 38 in the DVB-T multiplex. DAB test broadcasts are already running in neighboring Lithuania.
DMB and DVB-H
In 2006, the introduction of DMB or DVB-H as a transmission method for mobile TV was discussed in cooperation with the State Office for Communication Baden-Württemberg (LfK) . The DMB project of the company “Mobile TV Germany” in Baden-Württemberg served as an example.
At the moment, however, the exclusive introduction of DVB-H together with DVB-T seems most likely.
RRC06
At the Regional Radiocommunication Conference 2006 , Latvia received
- three to four DAB / DMB coverage in band III (7 MHz channel width)
- DVB-T coverage in band III (7 MHz channel width)
- seven (Liepāja: eight) DVB-T coverage in band IV / V (8 MHz channel width)
- eight frequency assignments for local stations
| region | VHF | UHF | Transmitter locations | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DAB | DVB-T | Local | ||||||||||||||
| Liepāja | 5A | 5B | 5C | 5D | 8th | 21st | 23 | 26th | 33 | 39 | 61 | 62 | 69 | - | - | Liepāja , Embūte (Priekule), Ēvarži ( Saldus ), Lielauce |
| Kuldīga | 25th | 27 | 30th | 35 | 40 | 47 | 52 | - | 32 | 49 | Dundaga, Ventspils , Kuldīga | |||||
| Riga | 12A | 12B | 12C | 12D | 9 | 28 | 31 | 43 | 45 | 48 | 59 | 66 | - | 39 | 44 | Riga |
| Valmiera | 21st | 33 | 50 | 51 | 54 | 65 | 68 | - | 37 | - | Kapteiņi (Salacgrīva), Valmiera | |||||
| Cesvaine | 6B | 6D | 10A | - | 7th | 22nd | 24 | 29 | 30th | 41 | 58 | 69 | - | - | - | Māļi, Cesvaine, Alūksne |
| Viesīte | 5A | 5D | 11D | - | 8th | 23 | 26th | 38 | 46 | 53 | 60 | 67 | - | 55 | - | Viesīte |
| Daugavpils | 5C | 6A | 6C | - | 9 | 27 | 39 | 40 | 47 | 51 | 56 | 64 | - | 24 | - | Daugavpils |
| Rēzekne | 44 | 50 | 57 | 62 | - | 37 | - | Rēzekne , Dagda | ||||||||
In bold: in operation for DVB-T.
Signal feed
The tower also serves as a central signal feed to practically all Latvian radio and television transmitters via directional radio .
Data services
Is located on the tower a SDH - and PDH -Knotenpunkt and MMDS - and WiMAX - Access Points numerous telecom providers.
Latvia is also one of the few European countries in which, in addition to GSM / EDGE and UMTS / HSDPA , the US standard CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev A on 450 MHz ( CDMA450 ) is used to connect remote parts of the country to the Internet.
Others
The tower also houses telecommunication facilities for the military, the Ministry of Defense, border guards, the city administration, flight navigation, the electricity supplier Latvenergo and several telecommunications companies.
History of the introduction of DVB-T
First LVRTC tests
Since May 29, 2002, the operating company LVRTC has also been broadcasting DVB-T test broadcasts from the tower . They air weekdays from 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. and should continue until their final launch.
| channel | Antenna height above ground (m) |
ERP ( dBW ) |
modulation |
Protection interval |
Error correction |
Programs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 38 | 343 | 32 | 64 QAM (8K) | 1/8 | 3/4 | LTV1, LTV7, LR2 (radio), LR1 (radio), SWH (radio) |
DLRTC and the "digital affair"
Since 2003, DVB-T has had a very negative connotation among the Latvian public due to a far-reaching financial scandal involving the (bogus) company "Kempmayer Media Limited" (referred to in the press as "digitālā afēra" , "digital affair"). There were additional discussions about subsidizing set-top boxes for less affluent households.
These are some of the reasons why the introduction of DVB-T in Latvia has so far been very slow. Original plans for the “Digital Latvian Radio and Television Center” (Digitālais Latvijas radio un televīzijas centrs, DLRTC) established for this purpose were based on regular operations from the end of 2003 and the beginning of 2004. For 2006, a coverage level of 97% of the population should be achieved and the analog switch-off should take place. According to this schedule, Latvia would have taken a leadership position in the introduction of DVB-T in the Baltic States.
Curious: Baltkom has been using DVB-T as a replacement for DVB-C in the cable network since the beginning of 2004, so that later on there is no need to operate two different systems.
Takeover by "Baltkom"
In August 2007 the broadcast outfitter Hannu Pro founded the subsidiary Hannu Digital . The latter then bought one hundred percent of the company shares in Kempmayer Media Limited and was able to take over the six DVB-T transmitters from the manufacturer Thomson and their accessories that had been confiscated by customs .
On September 20, 2007, with a small ceremony, operations began with 25 possible television programs from the television tower, with many broadcasting slots initially only being occupied by test images. The network operator is the telecommunications and cable network operator Baltkom . The regulatory authority ESD (Elektronisko sakaru direkcija) has designated channels 43, 44, 45, 48, 59 and 66 for broadcasting operations in Riga (see RRC06 ). DVB-H tests also started on channel 45 . An information page has been set up for potential buyers of set-top boxes.
The pay TV channels listed in italics were Conax coded.
| channel | Multiplex | Programs |
PEP ( kW ) |
Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 59 | 1 | LTV-1 // LTV-7 // LNT // TV5 Riga // Euronews // Premiere 1 | 0.5 | approx. 45 km |
| 45 | 2 | ProSieben // Hallmark Channel // Fox Crime // Mezzo TV // Fox Live // Premiere 2 | 5 | approx. 90 km |
| 48 | 3 | Latvijas Ziņu Kanāls (LZK) // TV-24 // Latvijas Mūzikas Kanāls (LMK) // Первый Балтийский Канал (ПБК) // CINEMA 1 // Premiere 3 | 5 | approx. 90 km |
| 66 | 4th | Eurosport // RTVi // TV 21 // Первый Балтийский Музыкальный Канал (ПБМК) // Рен ТВ Baltic // Spice Platinium | 3 | approx. 70 km |
| 43 | 5 | Кухня ТВ // NASN // Jetix // National Geographic Channel // Premiere 4 // Cinema 2 | 5 | approx. 90 km |
In February 2008, the DLRTC's entry in the trade register was deleted.
According to the subsequent plans of the NRTP (Nacionālā radio un televīzijas padome) broadcasting council , DVB-T should be introduced successfully, and new dates have been announced: DVB-T should be available nationwide by January 1, 2010, on January 1, 2011 analogue terrestrial broadcasting should finally be discontinued.
At the same time, the Swedish pay TV provider Viasat advertised its satellite-based program package quite intensively under the term “digital television”.
Restart by "Lattelecom"
On December 15, 2008, the semi-public Lattelecom won the new tender from the Ministry of Transport for the nationwide final expansion. As a result, area coverage (roof antenna) of 99% was planned by October 1, 2009 and simulcast operation by December 1, 2011. The last date has now been brought forward, see below.
Critics doubt whether the tender was legitimately expired. Finally, Lattelecom, a semi-public company, won. This commissioned the LVRTC , which is also subordinate to the Ministry of Transport, to upgrade the transmitter network. The contract concluded is under lock and key. The Lattelecom participates in the project with 1 million lat (€ 1.4 million), while the LVRTC 15 million Lat contributing (€ 21.3 million).
Some observers also doubted whether Lattelecom had the necessary experience to operate terrestrial transmitter networks. On the other hand, it already has the appropriate infrastructure for signal feed.
The cable network operators DauTKom TV based in Daugavpils and Televideotīkls , the previous analog operator LVRTC , the already active Baltkom TV , Lattelecom and the French TDF , which already operates a DVB-T network in Estonia and up to on April 1, 2015, the German Media Broadcast GmbH also belonged.
Since the summer of 2009, the terrestrial digital TV (free and pay TV) offered by Lattelecom and LVRTC has been in provisional regular operation in Riga. Only MPEG4 AVC is used as video codec on channels 43, 45, 48 (5 kW PEP each ) and 66 (3 kW PEP) , which drastically increases the choice of possible set-top boxes and televisions with integrated DVB-T receivers restricts. The Baltkom channels were gradually handed over to Lattelecom .
Throughout December 2009 there were very contradicting reports about the analog exit of the commercial broadcasters LNT and TV3 . As a result of the economic crisis, advertising revenues had collapsed and the two broadcasters could not decide for weeks whether they would continue to broadcast analogue for as long as possible or, in the case of rapid digitization, switch to terrestrial pay TV. According to LVRTC , both broadcasters were in massive arrears with regard to broadcasting costs.
Regular operation began in February 2010. In addition to a free-to-air basic offer, there are two (Conax-coded) pay TV packages that are paid for using the prepaid method:
| Bezmaksas paka (Free TV) | Ekonomiskā paka (economy package) | Piedzīvojumu un zinātnes paka (experience and science package ) | Filmu un izklaides paka (film and entertainment package ) | Pieaugušo paka (adult package ) | Sporta paka (sports package) | HD paka (HD package) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiplex 1 | Multiplex 2 | Multiplex 3 | Multiplex 4 | Multiplex 5 | Multiplex 6 | HD multiplex | |
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Since February 1, 2010, at least the free TV programs can also be received throughout Latvia, and the pay TV packages are to follow nationwide in the first half of 2010. Until the end, it was unclear under which conditions TV3 would join the DVB-T package.
At the same time, there are final dates for the analogue shutdown this time:
- March 1, 2010: LTV7 across Latvia
- April 1, 2010: LTV1 and LNT in and around Riga (TV tower)
- June 1, 2010: LTV1 and LNT across Latvia
Other transmitter locations
VHF
The following programs are not broadcast by the TV tower, but can still be received in and around Riga and should therefore not be left unmentioned.
The location Āgenskalns ( Geo ) is the old, former television tower in the Riga district of the same name.
|
Freq. (MHz) |
Directly. / Pol. |
Antenna height above ground (m) |
Location |
ERP (kW) |
station | PI code | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 88.6 | V | 100 | R-Āgenskalns | 1 | Радио Юмор FM | 8860 | Russian-speaking, comedy, belongs to the Mix Media Group |
| 89.2 | V | 110 | LTV high-rise | 4th | Radio SWH Rock | 9007 | |
| 93.1 | V | 190 | Ulbroka | 10 | Latvijas Radio 5 | 9255 | public service, youth program |
| 93.9 | H | 125 | R-Āgenskalns | 2.8 | Радио Балтком / Радио Эхо Москвы |
9390 | Russian-speaking, information, belongs to the Mix Media Group |
| 96.2 | V | 155 | R-Āgenskalns | 2.1 | EHR Русские Хиты / Русское Радио |
9489 | Russian-speaking, branch of European Hit Radio |
| 96.8 | V | 155 | R-Āgenskalns | 1 | EHR super hits | 9487 | Branch of European Hit Radio |
| 97.3 | V | 155 | Ulbroka | 2.6 |
Radio Marija Latvija / Vatikāna Radio |
907a | Christian program |
| 98.3 | V | 155 | Ulbroka | 2.3 | TOP radio | 924a | Russian speaking |
| 99.0 | V | 60 | Jurmala | 2 | Radio Jurmala | ||
| 99.5 | H | 125 | R-Āgenskalns | 2.8 | Радио Lounge FM | 9950 | Russian-speaking, belongs to the Mix Media Group |
| 100.0 | V | 100 | R-Āgenskalns | 2.5 | Радио PIK / Радио Спутник |
7252 | Russian speaking |
| 100.5 | H | 102 | LTV high-rise | 1.3 | BBC World Service | in FMeXtra : "Top Radio" | |
| 101.0 | V | 155 | Ulbroka | 2.3 | XO.FM | 9310 | |
| 102.7 | H | 125 | R-Āgenskalns | 20th | Mix FM / Радио Эхо Москвы |
1027 | Russian-speaking, belongs to the Mix Media Group |
| 103.2 | H | 100 | LTV high-rise | 0.25 | Русское Ретро | 9120 | Russian-speaking, oldies |
| 106.2 | V | 110 | LTV high-rise | 6.3 | Star FM | 2201 | belongs to the Swedish Viasat group |
DVB-T
| Channel | SD -Mux 1 | SD-Mux 2 | SD-Mux 3 | SD-Mux 4 | SD-Mux 5 | SD-Mux 6 | HD -Mux |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| channel | channel | channel | channel | channel | channel | channel | |
| Liepāja | 21st | 61 | 62 | 69 | 33 | 35 | |
| Embūte ( Priekule ) | 21st | ||||||
| Ēvarži ( Saldus ) | 21st | ||||||
| Lielauce | 21st | ||||||
| Kuldīga | 30th | 40 | 47 | 52 | 25th | 35 | |
| Ventspils | 30th | 40 | 47 | 52 | 25th | 35 | |
| Dundaga | 30th | ||||||
| Riga | 28 | 31 | 43 | 45 | 48 | 66 | 59 |
| Valmiera | 21st | 51 | 54 | 50 | 33 | 65 | |
| Kapteiņi (Salacgrīva) | 21st | ||||||
| Cesvaine | 41 | 58 | 22nd | 69 | 30th | 24 | |
| Alūksne | 41 | 58 | 22nd | 69 | 30th | 24 | |
| Māļi | 41 | ||||||
| Viesīte | 38 | 46 | 60 | 67 | 26th | 29 | |
| Daugavpils | 47 | 51 | 64 | 27 | 39 | 40 | |
| Rēzekne | 44 | 50 | 62 | 27 | 39 | 37 | |
| Dagda | 44 |
KW and MW
There were two other AM transmitters at the Ulbroka ( Geo ) transmitter site:
|
Freq. (kHz) |
Directly. / Pol. |
Mast height (m) |
ERP ( dBW ) |
comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 945 | ND / V | 125 | 2.7 | inactive |
| 9290 | D / H | unknown | 100 |
The medium wave transmitter ( LVRTC transmitter Riga ), which transmitted on 945 kHz, had one of the few Blaw Knox towers still in existence in Europe.
The latter partially served military purposes during the Soviet Union .
Nowadays it was rented by various free European radio stations (e.g. from Radio Joystick up to and including December 2008 every first Saturday of the month at 9 a.m. UTC , also from Radio Caroline Eifel or Radio City ) for a few hours on the weekend and was mostly in large parts of Central Europe, sometimes with a good signal worldwide.
The broadcast hour has cost € 78 since December 2006 (before that it was € 45, then € 65).
Since the beginning of 2007, there has been a one-hour magazine program produced by Radio SWH on the station named "Latvia Today" .
According to information from "Transmitters and Frequencies 2009", the operator LVRTC planned to switch off the shortwave transmitter at the end of 2008, dismantle the transmission systems and sell the site. The medium wave transmitter had been inactive since June 2008. This step was completed on December 31, 2008.
After the end of broadcasting operations, the transmission masts including the Blaw-Knox transmission tower were blown up on May 16, 2010.
Amateur radio service
The Riga 2-m - amateur radio relay YL2RMK (Issue: 145.650 MHz) is also located not like to suspect would be on the tower, but in the framework of the former neon sign of the old VEF-building ( Geo ).
New directional radio tower
Since November 2009, the LVRTC has been building a new 70-meter-high radio tower in downtown Riga for 116,000 Lat (165,000 euros), which is intended to relieve the smaller radio relay nodes previously distributed across the city center. In addition, it is hoped that the cityscape will be cleared of the countless radio relay stations distributed on the roofs of houses . The tower was completed in November 2011 and handed over to the LVRTC .
The planning dates back to 2002, when the architect Ingurds Lazdiņš was commissioned to design a new directional tower near downtown Riga. In 2003 there was another, officially accepted draft, which was rejected due to the high construction costs.
Due to the proximity to the city center, the city made special demands on the architecture. The tower should not be heavily braced or guyed .
The building project has led to protests with signature lists from residents, especially since there was a jammer (popularly known as a “ saw ”) against the Voice of America radio program at the same location during the Soviet Union .
See also
Web links
- Tower website (Latvian) (de) (en) (ru)
- Operator of the television tower (Engl.)
- Hannu Pro side to the DVB-T launch (Engl.)
- Entry at skyscraperpage.com
- Riga TV Tower. In: Structurae
Individual evidence
- ↑ Latvijas Valsts radio un televīzijas centrs , accessed on November 6, 2019.
- ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original dated November 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Sakaru tornis Ērgļu ielā ( Latvian ) Arhitektūras platforma A4D. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
