Glyndebourne Festival Opera
The opera house Glyndebourne [ glaɪndbɔːn ] ( Glyndebourne Festival Opera ) was founded in 1933 on the grounds of a former country house in Sussex ( England built) by John Christie (1882-1962). With the German conductor Fritz Busch and the German actor and director Carl Ebert , he founded the Glyndebourne Festival Opera there, which opened on May 28, 1934. It quickly developed into "one of the most important small opera stages in the world".
History of the Glyndebourne Festival Opera
The festival's founder, John Christie, was a wealthy landowner and music lover who had previously given private musical evenings in his 16th-century country house. As early as 1920 he had added a large organ room to his house. Christie's particular love was opera . In his view, the work of art opera was "non-existent" in the British Isles. In 1931 he married the soprano Audrey Mildmay , with whom he attended the Salzburg and Bayreuth festivals . She encouraged him in the plan to build a small opera house with 300 seats on the country estate for his own festival with a focus on Mozart's repertoire. But the artistic makers of an opera house were still missing - a musical director and a director. First Christie had tried to win Sir Thomas Beecham and the London Symphony Orchestra for his project. But Beecham waved it off. He had already ruined himself with his own opera house. He also feared that Christie was just "another rich man trying to make his wife a star".
So it was a good thing that two emigrants from Germany were free for a new job who were very renowned in the opera field. Among other things, you had distinguished yourself in 1932 at the Städtische Oper in Berlin with an outstanding production of Verdi's masked ball . One was the general music director and conductor Fritz Busch from Dresden , the other his friend and artistic director of the Berlin City Opera Carl Ebert. After the seizure of power in 1933, both were victims of persecution by the SA because they refused to take part in the expulsion of Jewish musicians and other crimes of the Nazi era. Fritz Busch and Carl Ebert wanted to produce operas of outstanding quality, and they convinced Christie to follow this quality standard as well. The three and the emigrant who joined them, Rudolf Bing , came to an agreement and founded the Glyndebourne Festival Opera. Rudolf Bing took over the general management. The first festival opened on May 28, 1934 with Mozart's Marriage of Figaro , followed by Così fan tutte . It took six weeks. All performances of the two productions were almost sold out. Mozart remained the preferred repertoire in Glyndebourne. From the 1960s onwards, one of the main focuses was baroque opera ( Raymond Leppard ).
There was no play during the Second World War , at the time the house was home to children evacuated from London. In 1952 the Glyndebourne Festival Society was founded, which took over the management from John Christie. After his death in 1962 his son, who later became Sir George Christie, and from 2000 his son Gus Christie took over the management of the board of directors. In November 2015, the German opera manager Sebastian F. Schwarz (previously at the Theater an der Wien ) was appointed as the new general director from May 2016. In March 2018, he resigned from his position and is now head of the Royal Opera House of Turin, Teatro Regio di Torino . Stephen Langridge will take over from the summer of 2019.
Glyndebourne is four miles from Lewes , a two hour drive from London, east of Brighton .
In summer, the festival is a popular attraction for opera fans, who traditionally use the long performance breaks (the longest one and a half hours) to have a picnic in the park. However, picnics are high in evening wear (tuxedo / dinner jacket) and with a selected menu.
Architectural redesign in the 1990s
Over the years the building ensemble has been provisionally expanded again and again (1936 433 seats, 1952 approx. 600, 1977 850). In a report from 1989 entitled Glyndebourne: Building an independent future , the construction of a larger opera house was called for, on the grounds that this would secure the future of the opera and open up new sources of income.
The task of the architect Michael Hopkins was to increase the seating capacity by 50 percent (to 1200), to build a larger stage and backstage without the intimate atmosphere being destroyed by a large volume. In addition, the building should fit into the context of the neo-Elizabethan mansion .
Hopkins and Partners planned a major redesign of the facility, keeping the existing buildings as much as possible. However, the opera house was to be demolished and replaced with a completely new building. On closer examination it was found that the previous room layout was rather confusing, especially the forecourt and the stage . As a solution, it was proposed to turn the entire building by 180 °.
This resulted in several key advantages. Firstly, the new building could be adapted to the contours of the gently sloping terrain and thus better integrated into the landscape. Second, the massive stage tower could be set back so that it no longer optically overwhelmed the original country house. Thirdly, it was possible to design the new foyer in such a way that it is no longer on the street, but rather opens onto the garden, where picnics traditionally take place. And finally, the backdrop magazine was able to be integrated into a clearly marked “commercial zone” away from the public areas.
The design for the new building envisaged a closed three-storey structure with an oval floor plan and a flat gable roof. The traditional horseshoe-shaped auditorium is located in a circular drum that protrudes over the main roof and is connected to the stage tower. The entrance side of the building is bordered at ground level by colonnades , which expand in a star shape along the main axis and form a new glass-roofed foyer , which connects the new building with the restaurant set up in the former stage house. At the other end of the opera house, around 700 m² of workshop and storage space are available in a semicircular room behind the stage and the stage tower, which in turn are connected in a star shape with the backdrop gate and an independent, soundproof rehearsal room. The administration and production offices are arranged around the stage building; their window openings enliven this otherwise unadorned, smooth building block. At the same time, these rooms function as an acoustic buffer zone for the auditorium. The people who work in Glyndebourne all year round get enough daylight and fresh air. The view of the surroundings is also made possible for them. Cloakrooms , technical rooms, storage and workshops are located in the basement.
The outer wall of the opera house is made of bricks, which not only serve as cladding, but also form a load-bearing wall with massive protruding pillars and flat arches - a vivid example of how the architectural character of the Hopkins buildings always emerges naturally from their structural function of the individual elements.
Construction began in 1992 under the founder's son, George Christie, which is why the 1993 festival was canceled. The £ 34 million renovation cost was raised almost entirely through donations. In return, the donors were given around a third of the seats.
Performances under the overall direction of Fritz Busch from 1934 to 1951
| year | Opera | composer | occupation | conductor | Director | Stage design / costume |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1934 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Ina Souez (Fiordiligi), Luise Helletsgruber (Dorabella), Heddle Nash (Ferrando), Willi Domgraf-Fassbaender (Guglielmo), Irene Eisinger (Despina), Vincenzo Bettoni (Don Alfonso) | Fritz Busch | Carl Ebert | Hamish Wilson / Ann Litherland |
| 1934 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Willi Domgraf-Fassbaender (Figaro), Audrey Mildmay (Susanna), Roy Henderson (Graf), Aulikki Rautawaara (Countess), Luise Helletsgruber / Lucie Manén (Cherubino) | Fritz Busch | Carl Ebert | Hamish Wilson / Ann Litherland |
| 1935 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Willi Domgraf-Fassbaender (Figaro), Audrey Mildmay (Susanna), Roy Henderson (Graf), Aulikki Rautawaara (Countess), Luise Helletsgruber (Cherubino) | Fritz Busch / Hans Oppenheim | Revival of the 1934 performance | |
| 1935 | The abduction from the Seraglio | Mozart | Noel Eadie (Konstanze), Walther Ludwig (Belmonte), Ivar Andrésen (Osmin), Irene Eisinger (Blonde), Heddle Nash (Pedrillo) | Fritz Busch | Carl Ebert | Hamish Wilson / Ann Litherland |
| 1935 | The Magic Flute | Mozart | Walther Ludwig (Tamino), Aulikki Rautawaara (Pamina), Willi Domgraf-Fassbands (Papageno), Ivar Andrésen (Sarastro), Mìla Kočová / Noel Eadie (Queen of the Night) | Fritz Busch | Carl Ebert | Hamish Wilson |
| 1935 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Ina Souez (Fiordiligi), Luise Helletsgruber (Dorabella), Heddle Nash (Ferrando), Willi Domgraf-Fassbands (Guglielmo), Irene Eisinger (Despina), John Brownlee (Don Alfonso) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1934 performance | |
| 1936 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | John Brownlee (Don Giovanni), Ina Souez (Donna Anna), Luise Helletsgruber (Donna Elvira), Salvatore Baccaloni (Leporello), Koloman von Pataky (Don Ottavio) | Fritz Busch | Carl Ebert | Hamish Wilson / Hein Heckroth |
| 1936 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Mariano Stabile (Figaro), Audrey Mildmay (Susanna), John Brownlee (Graf), Aulikki Rautawaara (Countess), Luise Helletsgruber (Cherubino) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1934 performance | |
| 1936 | The abduction from the Seraglio | Mozart | Julia Moor (Konstanze), Koloman von Pataky (Belmonte), Salvatore Baccaloni (Osmin), Irma Beilke (Blonde), Heddle Nash (Pedrillo) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1935 performance | |
| 1936 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Ina Souez (Fiordiligi), Luise Helletsgruber (Dorabella), Heddle Nash (Ferrando), Roy Henderson (Guglielmo), Tatiana Menotti (Despina), John Brownlee (Don Alfonso) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1934 performance | |
| 1936 | The Magic Flute | Mozart | Thorkild Noval (Tamino), Aulikki Rautawaara (Pamina), Roy Henderson (Papageno), Alexander Kipnis (Sarastro), Noel Eadie / Julia Moor (Queen of the Night) | Fritz Busch / Hans Oppenheim | Revival of the 1935 performance | |
| 1937 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | John Brownlee (Don Giovanni), Ina Souez (Donna Anna), Luise Helletsgruber (Donna Elvira), Salvatore Baccaloni (Leporello), Dino Borgioli (Don Ottavio) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1936 performance | |
| 1937 | The abduction from the Seraglio | Mozart | Margherita Perras (Konstanze), Eric Starling (Belmonte), Herbert Alsen (Osmin), Irene Eisinger (Blonde), Heddle Nash (Pedrillo) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1935 performance | |
| 1937 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Ina Souez (Fiordiligi), Luise Helletsgruber (Dorabella), Heddle Nash (Ferrando), Willi Domgraf-Fassbands / Roy Henderson (Guglielmo), Irene Eisinger (Despina), John Brownlee / Salvatore Baccaloni (Don Alfonso) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1934 performance | |
| 1937 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Willi Domgraf-Fassbands (Figaro), Irene Eisinger (Susanna), John Brownlee (Graf), Aulikki Rautawaara (Countess), Marita Farell (Cherubino) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1934 performance | |
| 1937 | The Magic Flute | Mozart | Thorkild Noval (Tamino), Aulikki Rautawaara (Pamina), Roy Henderson (Papageno), Herbert Alsen / David Franklin (Sarastro), Sinäda Lissitschkina (Queen of the Night) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1935 performance | |
| 1938 | Macbeth | Verdi | Francesco Valentino (Macbeth), Vera Schwarz (Lady Macbeth), David Lloyd (Macduff) | Fritz Busch | Carl Ebert | Caspar Neher |
| 1938 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | John Brownlee (Don Giovanni), Ina Souez (Donna Anna), Luise Helletsgruber (Donna Elvira), Salvatore Baccaloni (Leporello), Dino Borgioli (Don Ottavio) | Fritz Busch / Alberto Erede | Revival of the 1936 performance | |
| 1938 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Ina Souez (Fiordiligi), Luise Helletsgruber (Dorabella), Heddle Nash (Ferrando), Roy Henderson (Guglielmo), Irene Eisinger (Despina), John Brownlee (Don Alfonso) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1934 performance | |
| 1938 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Mariano Stabile (Figaro), Audrey Mildmay / Irene Eisinger (Susanna), John Brownlee (Graf), Aulikki Rautawaara (Countess), Marita Farell (Cherubino) | Fritz Busch / Alberto Erede | Revival of the 1934 performance | |
| 1938 | Don Pasquale | Donizetti | Salvatore Baccaloni (Pasquale), Dino Borgioli (Ernesto), Audrey Mildmay (Norina), Mariano Stabile (Malatesta) | Fritz Busch | Carl Ebert | Hamish Wilson / Kenneth Green |
| 1939 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | John Brownlee (Don Giovanni), Ina Souez (Donna Anna), Hella Toros (Donna Elvira), Salvatore Baccaloni (Leporello), David Lloyd / Dino Borgioli (Don Ottavio) | Fritz Busch / Alberto Erede | Revival of the 1936 performance | |
| 1939 | Don Pasquale | Donizetti | Salvatore Baccaloni (Pasquale), Luigi Fort (Ernesto), Audrey Mildmay (Norina), Mariano Stabile (Malatesta) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1938 performance | |
| 1939 | Macbeth | Verdi | Francesco Valentino (Macbeth), Margherita Grandi (Lady Macbeth), David Lloyd (Macduff) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1938 performance | |
| 1939 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Ina Souez (Fiordiligi), Risë Stevens (Dorabella), Gino del Signore (Ferrando), Roy Henderson (Guglielmo), Irene Eisinger (Despina), John Brownlee (Don Alfonso) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1934 performance | |
| 1939 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Mariano Stabile (Figaro), Audrey Mildmay / Irene Eisinger (Susanna), John Brownlee (Graf), Maria Markan (Grafess), Risë Stevens (Cherubino) | Fritz Busch / Alberto Erede | Revival of the 1934 performance | |
| 1940 | The Beggar's Opera | Pepusch | Michael Redgrave (Macheath), Audrey Mildmay / Irene Eisinger (Polly), Roy Henderson (Peachum), Constance Willis / Elsie French (Mrs Peachum), Joseph Farrington (Lockit), Linda Gray (Lucy) | Frederic Austin / Anthony Bernard / Michael Mudie | John Gielgud | Motley Theater Design Group |
| 1941/5 | Theater closed during World War II | |||||
| 1946 | The Rape of Lucretia | Britten | Kathleen Ferrier / Nancy Evans (Lucretia), Otakar Kraus / Frank Rogier (Tarquinius), Peter Pears / Aksel Schiøtz (male choir), Joan Cross / Flora Nielson (female choir), Norman Walker / Owen Brannigan (Collatinus), Edmund Donlevy / Frederick Sharp (Junius) | Ernest Ansermet / Reginald Goodall / Hans Oppenheim / Benjamin Britten | Eric Crozier | John Piper |
| 1947 | Orfeo ed Euridice | Luck | Kathleen Ferrier (Orfeo), Ann Ayars (Euridice), Zoë Vlachopoulos | Fritz Stiedry | Carl Ebert | Joseph Carl |
| 1947 | Albert Herring | Britten | Peter Pears (Albert), Joan Cross (Lady Billows), Frederick Sharp / Denis Dowling (Sid), Nancy Evans / Catherine Lawson (Nancy), Betsy de la Porte (Mrs Herring) | Benjamin Britten / Ivan Clayton | Frederick Ashton | John Piper |
| 1947 | Macbeth | Verdi | Francesco Valentino (Macbeth), Margherita Grandi (Lady Macbeth), Walter Midgley (Macduff) | Berthold Goldschmidt | Revival of the 1938 performance | |
| 1947 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Italo Tajo (Figaro), Tatiana Menotti / Ayhan Alnar (Susanna), John Brownlee (Count), Eleanor Steber (Countess), Giulietta Simionato (Cherubino) | Walter Susskind / Renato Cellini | Revival of the 1934 performance | |
| 1948 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | Paolo Silveri (Don Giovanni), Ljuba Welitsch (Donna Anna), Christina Carroll (Donna Elvira), Vito de Taranto (Leporello), Richard Lewis (Don Ottavio) | Rafael Kubelík | Revival of the 1936 performance | |
| 1948 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Suzanne Danco (Fiordiligi), Eugenia Zareska (Dorabella), Petre Munteanu (Ferrando), Erich Kunz (Guglielmo), Hilde Güden (Despina), Mariano Stabile (Don Alfonso) | Vittorio Gui | Carl Ebert | Rolf Gérard |
| 1949 | Un ballo in maschera | Verdi | Mirto Picchi (Riccardo), Ljuba Welitsch / Margherita Grandi (Amelia), Paolo Silveri (Renato), Alda Noni (Oscar), Jean Watson / Amalia Pini (Ulrica) | Vittorio Gui / Hans Oppenheim | Carl Ebert | Caspar Neher |
| 1949 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Suzanne Danco (Fiordiligi), Sena Jurinac (Dorabella), Petre Munteanu (Ferrando), Marko Rothmüller (Guglielmo), Irene Eisinger (Despina), John Brownlee (Don Alfonso) | Vittorio Gui / Hans Oppenheim | Revival of the 1948 performance | |
| 1950 | The abduction from the Seraglio | Mozart | Ilse Hollweg (Konstanze), Richard Holm (Belmonte), Endre Koréh (Osmin), Alda Noni (Blonde), Murray Dickie (Pedrillo) | Fritz Busch | Carl Ebert | Rolf Gérard |
| 1950 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Sena Jurinac (Fiordiligi), Blanche Thebom (Dorabella), Richard Lewis (Ferrando), Erich Kunz / Geraint Evans (Guglielmo), Alda Noni (Despina), Mario Borriello (Don Alfonso) | Fritz Busch | Revival of the 1948 performance | |
| 1950 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | George London (Figaro), Elfride Troetschel (Susanna), Marko Rothmüller (Count), Clara Ebers (Countess), Sena Jurinac (Cherubino) | Ferenc Fricsay | Carl Ebert | Rolf Gérard |
| 1950 | Ariadne on Naxos | Ostrich | Hilde Zadek (Ariadne), Ilse Hollweg (Zerbinetta), Peter Anders (Bacchus), Douglas Craig (Harlequin) | Thomas Beecham | Carl Ebert | Oliver Messel |
| 1951 | Idomeneo | Mozart | Richard Lewis (Idomeneo), Léopold Simoneau (Idamante), Sena Jurinac (Ilia), Birgit Nilsson (Elettra) | Fritz Busch / John Pritchard | Carl Ebert | Oliver Messel |
| 1951 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Alois Pernerstorfer (Figaro), Genevieve Warner (Susanna), Alfred Poell (Count), Lisa della Casa (Countess), Dorothy MacNeil (Cherubino) | Fritz Busch / John Pritchard | Revival of the 1950 performance | |
| 1951 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Sena Jurinac (Fiordiligi), Alice Howland (Dorabella), Richard Lewis (Ferrando), Marko Rothmüller (Guglielmo), Isa Quensel (Despina), Sesto Bruscantini (Don Alfonso) | Fritz Busch / John Pritchard | Revival of the 1948 performance | |
| 1951 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | Mario Petri (Don Giovanni), Hilde Zadek (Donna Anna), Suzanne Danco (Donna Elvira), Alois Pernerstorfer (Leporello), Léopold Simoneau (Don Ottavio) | Fritz Busch / John Pritchard | Carl Ebert | John Piper |
| 1951 | La forza del destino | Verdi | Walburga Wegner (Leonora), David Poleri (Don Alvaro), Marko Rothmüller (Don Carlo), Bruce Dargavel (Padre Guardiano), Mildred Miller (Preziosilla), Owen Brannigan (Fra Melitone) | Fritz Busch | Carl Ebert | Leslie Hurry |
| 1951 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | Mario Petri (Don Giovanni), Hilde Zadek (Donna Anna), Dorothy MacNeil (Donna Elvira), Alois Pernerstorfer / Owen Brannigan (Leporello), Léopold Simoneau (Don Ottavio) | Fritz Busch / John Pritchard | Revival of the 1951 Glyndebourne performance | |
Performances from 1952 to 1963 under the aegis of Vittorio Gui
| Year | Opera | Composer | occupation | conductor | Director | Set designer / costumes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1952 | Idomeneo | Mozart | Richard Lewis (Idomeneo), Léopold Simoneau (Idamante), Sena Jurinac (Ilia), Maria Kinasiewicz (Electra) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1951 production | |
| 1952 | La Cerentola | Rossini | Marina de Gabarain (Cenerentola), Juan Oncina (Ramiro), Sesto Bruscantini (Dandini), Ian Wallace (Don Magnifico) | Vittorio Gui | Carl Ebert | Oliver Messel |
| 1952 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Sena Jurinac (Fiordiligi), Anna Pollak (Dorabella), Richard Lewis (Ferrando), Sesto Bruscantini (Guglielmo), Alda Noni (Despina), Dezsö Ernster (Don Alfonso) | Vittorio Gui | Re-release of the 1948 production | |
| 1952 | Macbeth | Verdi | Marko Rothmüller (Macbeth), Dorothy Dow (Lady Macbeth), James Johnston (Macduff) | Vittorio Gui | Re-release of the 1938 production | |
| 1953 | Alceste | Luck | Magda László (Alceste), Richard Lewis (Admète), Thomas Hemsley (Hercules) | Vittorio Gui | Carl Ebert | Hugh Casson , Rosemary Vercoe |
| 1953 | La Cenerentola | Rossini | Marina de Gabarain (Cenerentola), Juan Oncina (Ramiro), Sesto Bruscantini (Dandini), Ian Wallace (Don Magnifico) | Vittorio Gui | Revival of the 1952 production | |
| 1953 | Ariadne on Naxos | Ostrich | Dorothy Dow (Ariadne), Mattiwilda Dobbs (Zerbinetta), Carlos Guichandut (Bacchus), Kurt Gester (Harlequin), Sena Jurinac (Composer) | John Pritchard | Carl Ebert | Oliver Messel |
| 1953 | The abduction from the Seraglio | Mozart | Sári Barabás (Constanze), Helmut Krebs (Belmonte), Fritz Ollendorf (Osmin), Emmy Loose / April Cantelo (Blonde), Murray Dickie (Pedrillo) | Alfred Wallenstein | Revival of the 1950 production | |
| 1953 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Sena Jurinac / Rita McKerrow (Fiordiligi), Anna Pollak (Dorabella), Juan Oncina / Alexander Young (Ferrando), Geraint Evans (Guglielmo), Alda Noni (Despina), Sesto Bruscantini (Don Alfonso) | John Pritchard | Re-release of the 1948 production | |
| 1953 | The Rake's Progress | Igor Stravinsky | Richard Lewis (Tom Rakewell), Elsie Morison (Anne), Jerome Hines (Nick Shadow), Nan Merriman (Baba the Turk) | Alfred Wallenstein | Carl Ebert | Osbert Lancaster |
| 1953 | Idomeneo | Mozart | Richard Lewis (Idomeneo), Helmut Krebs (Idamante), Sena Jurinac (Ilia), Jennifer Vyvyan (Electra) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1951 production | |
| 1954 | The Barber of Seville | Rossini | Sesto Bruscantini (Figaro), Graziella Sciutti (Rosina), Juan Oncina (Almaviva), Ian Wallace (Bartolo), Antonio Cassinelli (Basilio) | Vittorio Gui | Carl Ebert | Oliver Messel |
| 1954 | Alceste | Luck | Magda László (Alceste), Richard Lewis (Admète), Thomas Hemsley (Hercules) | Vittorio Gui / Bryan Balkwill | Revival of the 1953 production | |
| 1954 | Arlecchino or The Windows | Busoni | Kurt Gester (Arlecchino), Ian Wallace (Ser Matteo), Geraint Evans (Abbate), Fritz Ollendorf (Dottore), Murray Dickie (Leandro), Elaine Malbin (Colombina) | John Pritchard | Peter Ebert | Peter Rice |
| 1954 | Ariadne on Naxos | Ostrich | Lucine Amara (Ariadne), Mattiwilda Dobbs / Ilse Hollweg (Zerbinetta), Richard Lewis (Bacchus), Kurt Gester (Harlequin), Sena Jurinac (composer) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1953 production | |
| 1954 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | James Pease (Don Giovanni), Margaret Harshaw (Donna Anna), Sena Jurinac (Donna Elvira), Benno Kusche (Leporello), Léopold Simoneau (Don Ottavio) | Georg Solti | Revival of the 1951 production | |
| 1954 | The Rake's Progress | Igor Stravinsky | Richard Lewis (Tom Rakewell), Elsie Morison (Anne), Marko Rothmüller (Nick Shadow), Marina de Gabarain (Baba the Turk) | Paul Sacher / Bryan Balkwill | Revival of the 1953 production | |
| 1954 | Le comte Ory | Rossini | Juan Oncina (Ory), Sári Barabás (Adèle), Sesto Bruscantini (Raimbaud), Fernanda Cadoni (Isolier) | Vittorio Gui | Carl Ebert | Olivier Messel |
| 1954 | Ariadne on Naxos | Ostrich | Lucine Amara (Ariadne), Mattiwilda Dobbs (Zerbinetta), Richard Lewis (Bacchus), Kurt Gester (Harlequin), Sena Jurinac (Composer) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1953 Glyndebourne production | |
| 1954 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Sena Jurinac (Fiordiligi), Magda László (Dorabella), Juan Oncina / Richard Lewis (Ferrando), Geraint Evans (Guglielmo), Alda Noni (Despina), Sesto Bruscantini (Don Alfonso) | Vittorio Gui / John Pritchard | Carl Ebert | Rolf Gérard, Rosemary Vercoe |
| 1954 | The story of the soldier | Igor Stravinsky | Anthony Nicholls (Narrator), Terence Longdon (Soldier), Robert Helpmann (Devil), Moira Shearer (Princess) | Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt | Günther Rennert | Alfred Mahlau |
| 1955 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Sesto Bruscantini (Figaro), Elena Rizzieri (Susanna), Franco Calabrese (Count), Sena Jurinac (Countess), Frances Bible / Risë Stevens (Cherubino) | Vittorio Gui | Carl Ebert | Oliver Messel |
| 1955 | Le comte Ory | Rossini | Juan Oncina (Ory), Sári Barabás (Adèle), Giuseppe Valdengo (Raimbaud), Fernanda Cadoni (Isolier) | Vittorio Gui | Revival of the 1954 production | |
| 1955 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | Giuseppe Valdengo (Don Giovanni), Sena Jurinac (Donna Anna), Lucina Amara (Donna Elvira), Geraint Evans (Leporello), Richard Lewis (Don Ottavio) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1951 production | |
| 1955 | The Barber of Seville | Rossini | Sesto Bruscantini (Figaro), Gianna D'Angelo (Rosina), Juan Oncina (Almaviva), Ian Wallace (Bartolo), Cristiano Dalamangas (Basilio) | Vittorio Gui / Bryan Balkwill | Revival of the 1954 production | |
| 1955 | The Rake's Progress | Igor Stravinsky | Richard Lewis (Tom Rakewell), Elsie Morison (Anne), Marko Rothmüller (Nick Shadow), Marina de Gabarain (Baba the Turk) | Paul Sacher | Revival of the 1953 production | |
| 1955 | Falstaff | Verdi | Fernando Corena (Falstaff), Anna Maria Rovere (Alice), Walter Monachesi (Ford), Oralia Dominguez (Mistress Quickly), Eugenia Ratti (Nannetta), Juan Oncina / Kevin Miller (Fenton) | Carlo Maria Giulini | Carl Ebert | Osbert Lancaster |
| 1955 | La forza del destino | Verdi | Sena Jurinac (Leonora), David Poleri (Don Alvaro), Marko Rothmüller (Don Carlo), Hervey Alan (Padre Guardiano), Marina de Gabarain (Preziosilla), Ian Wallace (Fra Melitone) | John Pritchard | Peter Ebert | Leslie Hurry |
| 1956 | Idomeneo | Mozart | Richard Lewis (Idomeneo), William McAlpine (Idamante), Elisabeth Grümmer (Ilia), Lucille Udovick (Electra) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1951 production | |
| 1956 | The abduction from the Seraglio | Mozart | Mattiwilda Dobbs (Constanze), Ernst Haefliger (Belmonte), Arnold van Mill (Osmin), Lisa Otto (Blonde), Kevin Miller (Pedrillo) | Paul Sacher / Peter Gellhorn | Carl Ebert | Oliver Messel |
| 1956 | The Magic Flute | Mozart | Ernst Haefliger (Tamino), Pilar Lorengar (Pamina), Geraint Evans (Papageno), Frederick Guthrie / Drago Bernardic (Sarastro), Mattiwilda Dobbs (Queen of the Night) | Vittorio Gui | Carl Ebert | Oliver Messel |
| 1956 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Sena Jurinac (Fiordiligi), Nan Merriman (Dorabella), Richard Lewis / Juan Oncina (Ferrando), Sesto Bruscantini (Guglielmo), Elena Rizzieri (Despina), Ivan Sardi (Don Alfonso) | Vittorio Gui / John Pritchard | Revival of the 1954 production | |
| 1956 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | Kim Borg (Don Giovanni), Sena Jurinac (Donna Anna), Elisabeth Lindermeier / Doreen Watts (Donna Elvira), Geraint Evans (Leporello), Richard Lewis (Don Ottavio) | John Pritchard / Bryan Balkwill | Revival of the 1951 production | |
| 1956 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Sesto Bruscantini (Figaro), Elena Rizzieri (Susanna), Michel Roux (Graf), Elisabeth Grümmer / Joan Sutherland (Countess), Cora Canne-Meijer (Cherubino) | Vittorio Gui / Maurits Sillem | Revival of the 1955 production | |
| 1957 | The Italian in Algiers | Rossini | Oralia Dominguez (Isabella), Juan Oncina (Lindoro), Paolo Montarsolo (Mustafa), Marcello Cortis (Taddeo) | Vittorio Gui | Peter Ebert | Osbert Lancaster |
| 1957 | Le comte Ory | Rossini | Juan Oncina (Ory), Sári Barabás (Adèle), Heinz Blankenburg (Raimbaud), Fernanda Cadoni (Isolier) | Vittorio Gui | Revival of the 1954 production | |
| 1957 | The director of the theater | Mozart | Joan Sutherland (Mme Herz), Naida Labay (Mme Silberklang), Alexander Young (Mr Herz), Gwyn Griffiths (Mr Buff) | Bryan Balkwill | Anthony Besch | Peter Rice |
| 1957 | Ariadne on Naxos | Ostrich | Lucine Amara (Ariadne), Mimi Coertse / Sári Barabás (Zerbinetta), David Lloyd (Bacchus), Heinz Blankenburg (Harlequin), Elisabeth Söderström (composer) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1954 production | |
| 1957 | Falstaff | Verdi | Geraint Evans (Falstaff), Orietta Moscucci (Alice), Antonio Boyer (Ford), Oralia Dominguez (Mistress Quickly), Antonietta Pastori (Nannetta), Juan Oncina (Fenton) | Vittorio Gui | Revival of the 1955 production | |
| 1957 | The abduction from the Seraglio | Mozart | Wilma Lipp (Constanze), Ernst Haefliger (Belmonte), Mihály Székely (Osmin), Rosl Schwaiger (Blonde), Kevin Miller (Pedrillo) | Paul Sacher | Revival of the 1956 production | |
| 1957 | The Magic Flute | Mozart | David Lloyd (Tamino), Pilar Lorengar (Pamina), Geraint Evans / Heinz Blankenburg (Papageno), Mihály Székely (Sarastro), Margareta Hallin (Queen of the Night) | Paul Sacher / Peter Gellhorn | Revival of the 1956 production | |
| 1958 | Falstaff | Verdi | Geraint Evans (Falstaff), Ilva Ligabue (Alice), Mario Borriello (Ford), Oralia Dominguez (Mistress Quickly), Graziella Sciutti (Nannetta), Juan Oncina (Fenton) | Vittorio Gui | Revival of the 1955 production | |
| 1958 | Alceste | Luck | Consuelo Rubio (Alceste), Richard Lewis (Admète), Robert Massard (Hercules) | Vittorio Gui | Revival of the 1953 production | |
| 1958 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Geraint Evans (Figaro), Graziella Sciutti (Susanna), Michel Roux (Count), Pilar Lorengar (Countess), Teresa Berganza (Cherubino) | Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt | Revival of the 1955 production | |
| 1958 | The Rake's Progress | Igor Stravinsky | Richard Lewis (Tom Rakewell), Elsie Morison (Anne), Otakar Kraus (Nick Shadow), Gloria Lane (Baba the Turk) | Paul Sacher | Revival of the 1953 production | |
| 1958 | Le comte Ory | Rossini | Juan Oncina (Ory), Sári Barabás (Adèle), Heinz Blankenburg (Raimbaud), Fernanda Cadoni (Isolier) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1954 production | |
| 1958 | Il segreto di Susanna | Wolf Ferrari | Mary Costa (Countess), Michel Roux (Gil) | John Pritchard | Peter Ebert | Carl Toms |
| 1958 | Ariadne on Naxos | Ostrich | Lucine Amara (Ariadne), Rita Streich (Zerbinetta), Richard Lewis (Bacchus), Heinz Blankenburg (Harlequin), Helga Pilarczyk (composer) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1954 production | |
| 1959 | The Rosenkavalier | Ostrich | Régine Crespin (Field Marshal), Elisabeth Söderström (Octavian), Anneliese Rothenberger (Sophie), Oscar Czerwenka (Ochs) | Leopold Ludwig | Carl Ebert | Oliver Messel |
| 1959 | Idomeneo | Mozart | Richard Lewis (Idomeneo), William McAlpine (Idamante), Sylvia Stahlman (Ilia), Angela Vercelli (Electra) | John Pritchard / Peter Gellhorn | Revival of the 1951 production | |
| 1959 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Ilva Ligabue (Fiordiligi), Gloria Lane (Dorabella), Juan Oncina (Ferrando), Geraint Evans (Guglielmo), Graziella Sciutti (Despina), Carlos Feller (Don Alfonso) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1954 production | |
| 1959 | Fidelio | Beethoven | Gré Brouwenstijn (Leonore), Richard Lewis (Florestan), Kim Borg (Pizarro), Mihály Székely (Rocco) | Vittorio Gui | Günther Rennert | Ita Maximowna |
| 1959 | La Cenerentola | Rossini | Teresa Berganza / Anna Maria Rota (Cenerentola), Juan Oncina (Ramiro), Sesto Bruscantini (Dandini), Ian Wallace (Don Magnifico) | Vittorio Gui / Peter Gellhorn | Re-release of the production in 1952 | |
| 1959 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Carlos Feller / Geraint Evans (Figaro), Elisabeth Söderström (Susanna), Michel Roux (Count), Pilar Lorengar (Countess), Josephine Veasey (Cherubino) | Peter Maag | Revival of the 1955 production | |
| 1960 | I Puritani | Bellini | Joan Sutherland (Elvira), Nicola Filacuridi (Arturo), Ernest Blanc (Riccardo), Giuseppe Modesti (Giorgio) | Vittorio Gui / Bryan Balkwill | Franco Enriquez | Desmond Heeley |
| 1960 | Falstaff | Verdi | Geraint Evans (Falstaff), Ilva Ligabue (Alice), Sesto Bruscantini (Ford), Oralia Dominguez (Mistress Quickly), Mariella Adani (Nannetta), Juan Oncina (Fenton) | Vittorio Gui | Revival of the 1955 production | |
| 1960 | The Rosenkavalier | Ostrich | Régine Crespin (Field Marshal), Regina Sarfaty (Octavian), Anneliese Rothenberger (Sophie), Oscar Czerwenka (Ochs) | Leopold Ludwig | Revival of the 1959 production | |
| 1960 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | Ernest Blanc (Don Giovanni), Joan Sutherland (Donna Anna), Ilva Ligabue (Donna Elvira), Geraint Evans / Sesto Bruscantini (Leporello), Richard Lewis (Don Ottavio) | John Pritchard / Peter Gellhorn | Günther Rennert | Ita Maximowna |
| 1960 | The Magic Flute | Mozart | Richard Lewis (Tamino), Pilar Lorengar (Pamina), Geraint Evans (Papageno), Mihály Székely (Sarastro), Margareta Hallin (Queen of the Night) | Colin Davis | Revival of the 1956 production | |
| 1960 | La Cenerentola | Rossini | Anna Maria Rota (Cenerentola), Juan Oncina (Ramiro), Sesto Bruscantini (Dandini), Ian Wallace (Don Magnifico) | John Pritchard / Peter Gellhorn | Revival of the 1952 production | |
| 1960 | Il segreto di Susanna | Wolf Ferrari | Mariella Adani (Countess), Sesto Bruscantini (Gil) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1958 production | |
| 1960 | La voix humaine | Poulenc | Denise Duval (Elle) | John Pritchard | Jean Cocteau | Jean Cocteau |
| 1960 | Arlecchino | Busoni | Heinz Blankenburg (Arlecchino), Ian Wallace (Ser Matteo), Gwyn Griffiths (Abbate), Carlos Feller (Dottore), Dermot Troy (Leandro), Helga Pilarczyk (Colombina) | John Pritchard | Revival of the 1954 production | |
| 1961 | L'elisir d'amore | Gaetano Donizetti | Luigi Alva (Nemorino), Eugenia Ratti (Adina), Carlo Badioli (Dulcamara), Enzo Sordello (Belcore) | Carlo Felice Cillario | Franco Zeffirelli | Franco Zeffirelli |
| 1961 | The abduction from the Seraglio | Mozart | Mattiwilda Dobbs (Constanze), Heinz Hoppe (Belmonte), Mihály Székely / Michael Langdon (Osmin), Dorit Hanak (Blonde), Duncan Robertson (Pedrillo), Peter Gellhorn | Peter Ebert | Oliver Messel | |
| 1961 | Fidelio | Beethoven | Gré Brouwenstijn (Leonore), Richard Lewis (Florestan), Herbert Fliether (Pizarro), Mihály Székely (Rocco) | Vittorio Gui | Revival of the 1959 production | |
| 1961 | Elegy for young lovers | Henze | Carlos Alexander (Mittenhofer), André Turp (Toni), Elisabeth Söderström (Elizabeth) | John Pritchard / Hans Werner Henze | Günther Rennert | Lila De Nobili |
| 1961 | Don Giovanni | Mozart | György Melis (Don Giovanni), Gerda Scheyrer (Donna Anna), Ilva Ligabue (Donna Elvira), Geraint Evans (Leporello), Richard Lewis (Don Ottavio) | John Pritchard / Peter Gellhorn | Revival of the 1960 production | |
| 1961 | The Barber of Seville | Rossini | Sesto Bruscantini (Figaro), Alberta Valentini (Rosina), Juan Oncina (Almaviva), Ian Wallace (Bartolo), Carlo Cava (Basilio) | Vittorio Gui | Revival of the 1954 production | |
| 1962 | Pelléas and Mélisande | Debussy | Henri Gui (Pelléas), Denise Duval (Mélisande), Michel Roux (Golaud) | Vittorio Gui | Carl Ebert | Beni Montresor |
| 1962 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Heinz Blankenburg (Figaro), Mirella Freni (Susanna), Gabriel Bacquier (Count), Leyla Gencer (Countess), Edith Mathis / Maureen Keetch (Cherubino) | Silvio Varviso / John Pritchard | Revival of the 1955 production | |
| 1962 | So fan tutte | Mozart | Antigone Sgourda (Fiordiligi), Stafania Malagù (Dorabella), Loren Driscoll (Ferrando), Ingvar Wixell (Guglielmo), Reri Grist (Despina), Michel Roux (Don Alfonso) | John Pritchard | Carl Ebert | Rolf Gérard / Bernard Nevill |
| 1962 | L'incoronazione di Poppea | Monteverdi | Magda Laszlo (Poppea), Richard Lewis (Nerone), Frances Bible (Ottavia), Walter Alberti (Ottone), Lydia Marimpietri (Drusilla), Carlo Cava (Seneca) | John Pritchard | Günther Rennert | Hugh Casson / Conwy Evans |
| 1962 | Ariadne on Naxos | Ostrich | Enriqueta Tarrés (Ariadne), Gianna d'Angelo / Reri Grist (Zerbinetta), Richard Lewis / William McAlpine (Bacchus), Heinz Blankenburg (Harlequin) | Silvio Varviso | Revival of the 1950 production | |
| 1962 | L'elisir d'amore | Donizetti | Luigi Alva (Nemorino), Mirella Freni (Adina), Sesto Bruscantini (Dulcamara), Enzo Sordello (Belcore) | Carlo Felice Cillario | Re-release of the 1961 production | |
| 1963 | Capriccio | Ostrich | Elisabeth Söderström (Countess), Horst Wilhelm (Flamand), Raymond Wolansky (Olivier), Benno Kusche (La Roche), Tom Krause (Graf), Soňa Červená (Clairon) | John Pritchard / Bryan Balkwill | Günther Rennert | Dennis Lennon / Anthony Powell |
| 1963 | Fidelio | Beethoven | Gré Brouwenstijn (Leonore), Richard Lewis (Florestan), Herbert Fliether (Pizarro), Victor de Narké (Rocco) | Bryan Balkwill | Revival of the 1959 production | |
| 1963 | Pelléas and Mélisande | Claude Debussy | Hans Wilbrink (Pelléas), Denise Duval (Mélisande), Michel Roux (Golaud) | Vittorio Gui | Re-release of the 1962 production | |
| 1963 | the wedding of Figaro | Mozart | Heinz Blankenburg (Figaro), Liliane Berton (Susanna), Michel Roux (Count), Leyla Gencer (Countess), Edith Mathis (Cherubino) | Silvio Varviso / Myer Fredman | Revival of the 1955 production | |
| 1963 | The Rake's Progress | Stravinsky | Richard Lewis (Tom Rakewell), Heather Harper (Anne), Delme Bryn Jones / Hermann Uhde (Nick Shadow), Gloria Lane (Baba the Turk) | Paul Sacher | Revival of the 1953 production | |
| 1963 | L'incoronazione di Poppea | Monteverdi | Magda Laszlo (Poppea), Richard Lewis (Nerone), Frances Bible (Ottavia), Walter Alberti (Ottone), Lydia Marimpietri (Drusilla), Carlo Cava (Seneca) | John Pritchard | Re-release of the 1962 production | |
| 1963 | The Magic Flute | Mozart | Ragnar Ulfung (Tamino), Judith Raskin (Pamina), Heinz Blankenberg (Papageno), Carlo Cava (Sarastro), Claudine Arnaud (Queen of the Night) | Vittorio Gui | Franco Enriquez | Emanuele Luzzati |
Glyndebourne after reopening in 1994
Exactly 60 years after its first opening, the festival reopened in 1994 with Mozart's Marriage of Figaro .
In 2003 a Wagner opera was performed for the first time as part of the festival, namely Tristan and Isolde in a production by Nikolaus Lehnhoff and conducted by Jiří Bělohlávek . This production was repeated in 2007 and 2009. In 2011 Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg were performed.
The Glyndebourne CD label
In 2008 Glyndebourne founded his own CD label with the intention of releasing the valuable recordings from the archive. The archive recordings were financed and carried out from 1960 to 2008 by John Barnes. All performances will continue to be carefully recorded today.
Every year four operas appear on CD in luxurious presentation. These are always live recordings from today and yesterday, which are highly praised by the international press.
Music directors
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Glyndebourne on tour
From 1968 productions were realized outside of Glyndebourne. This guest ensemble toured under the Glyndebourne Touring Opera label and was renamed Glyndebourne on Tour in 2003.
- New productions
- 1989: Death in Venice by Benjamin Britten , directed by Stephen Lawless
- 2000: La Bohème by Giacomo Puccini , directed by David McVicar
- 2006: The Turn of the Screw by Benjamin Britten, directed by Jonathan Kent
- 2011: Don Pasquale by Gaetano Donizetti , directed by Jonathan Miller
Award
- 2016: International Opera Award , Festival of the Year
literature
- Spike Hughes : Glyndebourne - A History. Methuen, London 1965; New edition David and Charles, 1981, ISBN 0-7153-7891-0 (standard work, Hughes also contributed a lot to the programs and is immortalized on a bench in Glyndebourne).
- John Allison (Ed.): Great Opera Houses of the World. Supplement to Opera Magazine , London 2003.
- Thierry Beauvert: Opera Houses of the World. The Vendome Press, New York 1995, ISBN 0-86565-978-8 .
- Marcus Binney, Rosy Runciman: Glyndebourne - Building a Vision. Thames and Hudson, London 1994, ISBN 0-500-27754-0 .
- Ian Nairn, Nikolaus Pevsner : Sussex (Buildings of England series). Penguin Books, London (to the original country house).
- John Julius Norwich : Fifty Years of Glyndebourne. Jonathan Cape, London 1985, ISBN 0-224-02310-1 .
- Carol Plantamura : The Opera Lover's Guide to Europe. Citadel Press, New York 1996, ISBN 0-8065-1842-1 .
- Helmut Reinold: Mozart's house: a story from Glyndebourne. Dohr, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-925366-82-2 .
- Karyl Lynn Zeitz: Opera: the Guide to Western Europe's Great Houses. John Muir Publications, Santa Fe / New Mexico 1991, ISBN 0-945465-81-5 .
Web links
- Official website (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ John Willett: The Arts in Emigration. In: Gerhard Hirschfeld (Ed.): Exile in Great Britain. On emigration from National Socialist Germany. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-608-91142-1 , p. 198.
- ^ History of the Opera House on Glyndebourne website , accessed January 24, 1994.
- ^ A b Max Uwe Stieren: Glyndebourne - An Opera House for England. In: Hartmut Krug; Michael Nungesser : Art in Exile in Great Britain 1933–45 . Exhibition catalog of the Neue Gesellschaft für Bildende Kunst, Berlin (West) 1986, ISBN 3-88725-218-7 , pp. 253-256.
- ↑ Glyndebourne Festival '' In: ZEIT Reisen , accessed on September 9, 2018.
- ↑ Imogen Tilden: Sebastian F Schwarz announced as Glyndebourne's new general director. In: The Guardian . November 17, 2015, accessed November 25, 2015 .
- ↑ The show, arranged after Pepusch and John Gay by Frederic Austin , was not presented in Glyndebourne but instead toured Brighton , Cardiff , Liverpool , Glasgow and Edinburgh before staging 126 shows at the Theater Royal in Haymarket from January 16 to 25 May.
- ↑ Performed in Glyndebourne and on tour by singers from the Sadler's Wells Oper Company, many of whom later formed the core of Britten's many English Opera Group. The performance on July 12 was the opera's world premiere.
- ↑ World premiere on June 20, 1947 by the English Opera Group.
- ↑ Performed by the Glyndebourne Festival Opera at the Edinburgh International Festival .
- ↑ Performed by the Glyndebourne Festival Opera at the Edinburgh International Festival.
- ↑ Version from 1912, before that a performance of Molière's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme .
- ↑ Also performed at the Edinburgh International Festival in 1953 with the same cast and in 1954 in Berlin and in 1956 at the Royal Court Theater in Liverpool.
- ↑ A prologue was added to the opera. It had previously been performed by the Glyndebourne Festival Opera at the 1950 Edinburgh International Festival.
- ↑ Performed by Glyndebourne Festival Opera at the Edinburgh International Festival.
- ↑ The play Curtain raiser was played in front of Ariadne on Naxos .
- ^ Also in 1955 at the Edinburgh International Festival with the same line-up and Alberto Erede as conductor.
- ↑ The same performance took place in 1956 at the Royal Court Theater, Liverpool, with the same cast except for Doreen Watts and with Juan Oncina, who replaced Richard Lewis as Don Ottavio. Pritchard and Bryan Balkwill were in charge.
- ↑ The same performance took place in 1956 at the Royal Court Theater, Liverpool, with the same cast except for Elisabeth Grümmer. Gui and Pritchard were in charge.
- ↑ Also performed in Paris in 1958 at the Théâtre Sarah-Bernhardt with the same cast and conductor.
- ↑ Also performed at the Edinburgh International Festival in 1960 with the same line-up and the same conductor.
- ↑ Version from 1912, before that a performance of Molière's Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme , with Miles Malleson as M. Jourdain.
- ↑ Tour productions by season , accessed on August 14, 2016.
Coordinates: 50 ° 52 ′ 41 ″ N , 0 ° 3 ′ 51 ″ E