Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives

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View over part of the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives
Plan of the parcels

The Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives (Hebrew: בית הקברות היהודי בהר הזיתים; transliterated: bet hakvarot hajehudi behar haseitim ) in Jerusalem with the necropolis of Silwan is the oldest and, due to Jewish rituals and traditions, the most important Jewish cemetery in the world. The first burial on the 809 meter high Mount of Olives , which rises around 50 meters above the Old City of Jerusalem , took place around 3000 years ago at the beginning of the First Temple period. Some of the tombs are now architectural monuments .

The cemetery is east of the old town in the Kidron Valley (Joschafat Valley) in front of the Temple Mount . The oldest part extends in the upper slope areas of the Mount of Olives on the east side of the Kidron Valley. Further below, the Jews from the Second Temple Period were buried. Although there is now a lack of space in the cemetery, the tradition of an indefinite rest period has not been abolished. According to the Midrash , this is where the resurrection of the dead begins when the Messiah appears on the Mount of Olives and then goes with them to the Old City of Jerusalem.

Jews from all over the world are still buried in this cemetery today . It is estimated that it contains between 200,000 and 300,000 gravestones from various periods, including famous personalities in Jewish history such as Abraham Isaak Kook (1865–1935) or Eliezer Ben-Jehuda (1858–1922).

history

10th to 6th century BC

During the period of the First and Second Temple (Iron Age to early Roman Empire), the Jews of Jerusalem were buried in rock grave caves on the slopes of the Mount of Olives.

Silwan Necropolis

Silwan monolith as a ruin of the necropolis

The Silwan Necropolis is the most significant part of the cemetery, believed to have been used by Jerusalem's highest officials. It is located on the rocky eastern slope of the Kidron Valley with a view of the oldest part of Jerusalem. Later the Palestinian village of Silwan was built on the necropolis .

The graves were built between the 9th and 7th centuries BC. u. Z. created. They have been rebuilt over the centuries and redesigned for use as living space. In the Byzantine period they served monks as monk cells , but also as churches and chapels. Later, Muslim villagers used parts of other burial sites to build additional houses, cisterns and sewage sumps .

The existence of these graves only became known to the general public in the 19th century. At that time there were still 40 rock tombs of extraordinary size. Most of these survived until 1868, when more detailed archaeological research was undertaken by Charles Warren (1840-1927), British general of the Royal Engineers and archaeologist . During his investigations, he was attacked by the villagers on several occasions. He attributed this to "the hostile nature of the villagers", which he described as a "lawless group". The graves were already open and looted at that time.

Both the architecture of the tombs and the type of burial differ from anything known from present-day Palestine . Only here do elements such as high entrances, gable and cornice ceilings , trough-shaped resting places and above-ground graves with inscriptions in Hebrew appear . Niche bank graves in which the corpses were deposited and the small square entrances can be found in what is now Judea . The Israeli archaeologist David Ussishkin (born 1935) developed the thesis that the similarity with architectural styles of Phoenician cities confirms the biblical description of the Phoenician influence on the Israelite kingdoms .

The most famous ruins of the necropolis that have survived to this day are the Monolith of Silwan from the First Temple Period and the Tomb of the Royal Steward , whose inscriptions suggest that the royal steward, the Royal Steward , was buried here. At the time of its discovery, the tomb served as a basement for a village house, which was first used as a cistern and later as a storage room.

1st century nu Z .: Tomb of Absalom

Tomb of Absalom in the Kidron Valley

The grave of Absalom (Hebrew: יד אבשלום; transliterated: Yad Avshalom ; literally translated: Absalom's shrine ), also called Absalom's column , is one of the most important monuments in the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives. It is a rock grave about 20 meters high with a conical roof and stands in the Kidron Valley on the western edge of the burial ground on an imaginary line from the Mount of Olives to the Temple Mount. It is traditionally ascribed to Absalom , the rebellious son of King David of Israel , which is most recently dated to the 1st century AD. Z. could be refuted.

The upper part of the independent grave structure serves as a nefesh , a memorial for the grave below and the surrounding or adjoining burial ground. The burial chamber with the three niche bank graves was carved into the massive lower part of the monument. It can only be reached via an entrance in the upper part of the monument and a staircase. This construction method can be compared with that in the Jordanian Petra , a ruin site with monumental grave temples, the facades of which were also carved out directly from the rock.

16th to 19th century

It was not until the 16th century that the cemetery gradually took on its present form. In the 19th century, special importance was attached to the Jewish cemeteries in Jerusalem, as they were the last meeting place not only for Jerusalemites but for all Jews in the world. In old age, more and more Jews came to Jerusalem to spend their old age there and to be buried in the holy earth. The desire to be buried on the Mount of Olives is based on a segula, a ritual of the Kabbalistic and Talmudic tradition.

20th century

1949–1967: Jordanian era

Seven Arches Hotel on the Mount of Olives

Under Jordanian rule, between the armistice agreement of 1949 and the Six Day War in 1967, the Jewish cemetery experienced a systematic dismantling of tombstones and graves and thus extensive destruction. Already at the end of 1949 eyewitnesses reported that they had observed the removal of tombstones by the Arabs from Mount Zion . The Israeli government filed a formal complaint with the United Nations General Assembly in 1954 about the destruction of the tombs and the breaking up of the ground, but this had little effect. In the late 1950s, the Jordanian army built military camps using tombstones from the Jewish cemetery, for example for a camp near Al-Eizariya , where they were used to build stone floors, huts and toilets.

Using gravel from crushed gravestones, the Seven Arches Hotel was built on the Mount of Olives , the access road of which was also paved with gravestones. During the extension of the road to Jericho , Jordanian construction workers tore down six rows of graves. They carelessly threw bones and earth into the lower Sephardic cemetery section, which then had to be cleaned. In addition, old tombstones were removed from the area around the tomb of Zacharias in order to widen the access road to the village of Silwan . In his book מול החומה הסגורה (in German about on the other side of the wall ) describes Meron Benvenisti (born 1934) that one grave stones in the David Citadel spent where they smashed and fragments thereof were used as field markers for the parade ground.

present

The number of graves and burial sites is estimated at up to 300,000 today. Since the cemetery was heavily damaged mainly during the Jordanian rule, it is no longer possible to estimate the number more precisely. Jews from all over the world are still buried in the cemetery today - but since space is already very limited, these burials are very expensive.

Since 1968 Jews have been harassed by local Arab residents on their way through the Arab settlement to the Jewish cemetery. During the preparations for the burial of the former Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin (1913–1992) on the Mount of Olives, it was decided in 1992 to establish a security company to protect the cemetery and its visitors. As the harassment of Jews increased in 2005, a guard was set up for personal or group accompaniment. The situation worsened again in 2009 when cars were damaged and visitors were attacked and injured on the way to the cemetery. The association “Jerusalem for Generations” then turned to public figures ; a debate in the Knesset ensued. After the chairman of the terrorist association “Almagor”, Meir Indor (born 1947), was attacked and injured in 2011 on the way to the grave of his parents, attempts were made to inform the public about such attacks and to mobilize the authorities to take countermeasures. The escort service has been free since 2010 and is financed by the Ministry of Housing.

Even today, graves in the Jewish cemetery are damaged, desecrated and destroyed. A number of government decisions on refurbishment, maintenance and renovation have so far hardly changed the situation.

gallery

  • Overview of the Jewish cemetery and the Mount of Olives

  • View from the southern city wall over the Jewish cemetery to the Mount of Olives

  • View from the Mount of Olives over the Jewish cemetery to the Temple Mount with the Dome of the Rock

  • Partial view of the Jewish cemetery with the grave of Zacharias (front left)

  • Tombs of Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, and his wife Aliza Begin (left)

Famous burial sites

Many famous people were buried in the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives, including Rabbi Chajim b. Mose Attar (1696–1743) and Judah Alkalai (1798–1878), one of the forerunners of Zionism , Hasid Rebbe of various dynasties and rabbis of the Yishuv as well as the first Ashkenazi Grand Rabbi Abraham Isaak Kook (1865–1935). Furthermore have here Henrietta Szold (1860-1945), founder of the American Zionist women's organization " Hadassah ," the poet Else Lasker-Schüler (1869-1945), Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1858-1922), father of modern Hebrew , the Nobel Prize for Literature Samuel Agnon (1888–1970), Boris Schatz (1866–1932), founder of the Bezal'el School of Applied Arts , and the sixth Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin (1913–1992) found their final resting place. The victims of the Arab riots of 1929, the Arab uprising from 1936 to 1939 and the War of Independence of 1948 were also buried in the cemetery.

List of tombs of famous people:

Grand Rabbi
Surname Life dates function
Solomon Eliezer Alfandari 1826-1930 Rabbi, Kabbalist and Rosh- Yeshiva in Constantinople , later Grand Rabbi of Damascus and Safed
Meir Auerbach 1815-1878 Jewish scholar, rabbis of Kovel , Kolo and Kalisch and Ashkenazi Grand Rabbi of Jerusalem
Chaim Berlin 1832-1912 Orthodox Grand Rabbi of Moscow
She'ar Yashuv Cohen 1927-2016 Ashkenazi Grand Rabbi of Haifa
Haim Moussa Douek 1905-1974 last Grand Rabbi of Egypt
Yaakov Shaul Elyashar 1817-1906 Sephardic Rabbi in Ottoman Syria, later Sephardic Grand Rabbi of Ottoman Palestine
Schlomo Goren 1917-1994 Orthodox, religious-Zionist rabbi in Israel, founder of the military rabbinate of the Israeli armed forces , later the third Ashkenazi Grand Rabbi of Israel
Immanuel Jakobovits 1921-1999 Chief Rabbi of Ireland and Rabbi of the Fifth Avenue Synagogue in New York City , then Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations ,
by the British crown in 1981 knighthood raised
Abraham Isaac Kook 1865-1935 Orthodox Jewish scholar, first Ashkenazi Grand Rabbi of the League of Nations mandate area for Palestine
and one of the spiritual fathers of modern religious Zionism
Yaakov Meir 1856-1939 Orthodox rabbi and Talmudist, first Sephardic Grand Rabbi of the League of Nations mandate area for Palestine
Meyer Rosenbaum 1910–? self-proclaimed Grand Rabbi of Cuba
Shmuel Salant 1816-1909 Ashkenazi chief rabbi of Jerusalem as well as Talmudist and scholar of the Torah
Isser Jehuda Unterman 1886-1976 Ashkenazi Grand Rabbi of Israel
rabbi
Surname Life dates function
Elazar Abuhatzeira 1948-2011 Orthodox Sephardic rabbi, Kabbalist and spiritual leader
Chaim b. Moses Attar 1696-1743 Jewish scholar and Kabbalist in Morocco
Levi Yitzchok Bender 1897-1989 Rabbi and leader of the Breslov in Uman and Jerusalem
Obadja Bertinoro around 1465-1515 Italian Talmudist
Avrohom Blumenkrantz 1944-2007 American Orthodox Rabbi
Yosef Chaim 1832-1909 Sephardic rabbi and Kabbalist
David Cohen 1887-1972 Lithuanian-Israeli Nazi rabbi, Talmudist, philosopher, and Kabbalist
Yehoshua Leib Diskin 1818-1898 Rabbi, Talmudist and Tanakh commentator in Brest and Jerusalem
Shlomo Elyashiv 1841-1926 Lithuanian Kabbalist and Talmudist
Moshe Mordechai Epstein 1866-1933 Lithuanian Rosh yeshiva of the yeshiva Slabodka , Kaunas , leading Talmudist of the 20th century and co-founder of Hadera
Nosson Tzvi Finkel 1849-1927 Lithuanian influential leader of Eastern European Orthodox Judaism and founder of the Yeshiva Slabodka
Yitzchok Dovid Groner 1925-2008 Chabad rabbi in Melbourne and director of the Yeshiva Center there , the umbrella organization of Orthodox Judaism in Melbourne
Shimon Hakham 1843-1910 Bucharian writer and translator of Jewish holy texts and stories in the Jewish-Tajik language
Moshe Halberstam 1932-2006 Polish Rosh Yeshiva of the Yeshiva Szczakowa and member of the Orthodox Council of Jerusalem
Judah HeHasid around 1660-1700 Jewish itinerant preacher and leader of Jewish immigrants to the Land of Israel
Yitzchok Hutner 1906-1980 American Orthodox Rabbi and Rosh Yeshiva the Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin in Brooklyn
Aryeh chaplain 1934-1983 American Orthodox rabbi, writer, and translator of the Torah
Zwi Jehuda Kook 1891-1982 Lithuanian Orthodox Rabbi and Rosh Yeshiva of the Rabbi Kook Center
Yaakov Mutzafi 1899-1983 Mizrachian rabbi and Kabbalist, last leader of the Jewish community in Iraq and senior representative of the Sephardi in the Orthodox Council of Jerusalem
Eliyahu David Rabinowitz-Teomim 1843-1905 Lithuanian rabbi and leader of the Ponewiesch Jewish community and the Ashkenazi Jews in Jerusalem
Yechezkel Sarna 1890-1969 Rosh Yeshiva of the Yeshiva Slabodka
Chaim Pinchas Scheinberg 1910-2012 Charedic Rabbi and Founder and Rosh Yeshiva of the Torah Ore in Brooklyn
Gedalia Schorr 1910-1979 American rabbi and rosh yeshiva and first American gadol
Dov Schwartzman 1921-2011 Russian-American ultra-orthodox rabbi and founder and Rosh-Yeshiva of the Bais Hatalmud in Sanhedria Murhevet near Jerusalem
Avraham Shapira 1914-2007 Rabbi of Religious Zionism and Rosh Yeshiva of the Rabbi Kook Center
Shalom Sharabi 1720-1777 Yemeni rabbi, halachist , chasan and kabbalist
Jakow Chaim Sofer 1870-1939 Charedic rabbi, Talmudist, Posek and Kabbalist
Ahron Soloveichik 1917-2001 Orthodox Rosh-Yeshiva of the Yeshivas Brisk , Chicago as well as Talmudist and Halachist
Pesach stone 1918-2002 Rosh yeshiva of the Telsche yeshiva in Wickliffe near Cleveland
Yitzchok Yaakov White 1902-1989 Grand Rabbi of the Orthodox Council of Jerusalem and Posek, Talmudist and expert on Halacha
Hasidic Rebbe
Surname Life dates function
Yisrael age 1895-1977 fifth Rebbe of the Gerrer dynasty
Simcha Bunim age 1898-1992 sixth Rebbe of the Gerrer Dynasty
Moshe Biderman 1776-1851 Grand Rabbi and second Rebbe of the Lelov Dynasty
Mordechai Schlomo Friedman 1891-1971 American rabbi and rebbe of the Boyan Dynasty of New York
Levi Yitzchak Horowitz 1921-2009 second Rebbe of the Boston Dynasty
Isamar Rosenbaum 1886-1973 Rebbe of the Nadworna and Kretshnif dynasties
Shaul Yedidya Elazar Taub 1886-1947 second Rebbe of the Modzitz dynasty and composer of over 1000 Hasidic songs
Hannah Advertiser 19th century Eastern European Hasidic Wunderrabbinerin , also known as the Virgin of Ludomir known
Politician
Surname Life dates function
Judah Alkalai 1798-1878 Sephardic rabbi in Semlin and early forerunner of modern, political Zionism
Moshe Barazani 1926-1947 Kurdish Jew and member of the Lechi , a radical Zionist, paramilitary underground organization in Palestine, one of the Olei haGardom
Menachem Begin 1913-1992 Israeli Prime Minister and Foreign Minister, founder of the Likud Party and 6th Prime Minister of Israel
Eliahu Ben-Elissar 1932-2000 Israeli politician (Likud) and diplomat, member of the Knesset
Israel Eldad 1910-1996 Israeli revisionist-Zionist philosopher and at the time of the British Palestine mandate underground fighter, founding member and chief ideologist of the Lechi
Meir Feinstein 1927-1947 Member of the Zionist paramilitary underground organization Irgun in the British Mandate of Palestine, one of the Olei haGardom
Jacob Israël de Haan 1881-1924 Dutch lawyer, lawyer, journalist and poet; murdered by the Hagana for his political stance
Zebulun hammer 1936-1998 Israeli politician, minister and deputy prime minister of Israel
Moshe Hirsch 1923-2010 Leader of the anti-Zionist Neturei Karta in Jerusalem
Ida Silverman 1882-1973 Jewish philanthropist and co-founder of almost 100 synagogues (mostly in Israel)
Henrietta Szold 1860-1945 Early Zionist activist, educator, writer, and social worker; Founder of the American Zionist women's organization "Hadassah"
Dawid Wdowiński 1895-1970 Polish neurologist and psychiatrist, member of the Jewish right-wing organization Hatzohar ,
co-founder and chairman of the Jewish Military Association and one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising
Cultural personalities
Surname Life dates function
Samuel Agnon 1888-1970 Hebrew writer and Nobel Prize winner; is considered the most important representative of modern Hebrew literature
Nissim Behar 1848-1931 Sephardic teacher and propagandist of early Zionism; is considered the founder of modern Hebrew language teaching
Shmuel Ben David 1884-1927 Illustrator, painter, typographer and designer of the Bezalel School , an art movement that developed in Jerusalem in the early 20th century
Eliezer Ben-Jude 1858-1922 Journalist and author of the first modern Hebrew dictionary; Father of modern Hebrew
Marcel Dadi 1951-1996 French guitarist, born in Tunisia, died on July 17, 1996 in the crash of the TWA-800 flight off New York
Israel Dow Frumkin 1850-1914 Pioneer of Hebrew journalism, author of several books and translations; made significant contributions to the building of Jerusalem
Uri Zvi Greenberg 1896-1981 Israeli Hebrew and Yiddish poets and politicians
Else Lasker-Schüler 1869-1945 German-Jewish poet and illustrator; is considered an outstanding representative of avant-garde modernism and expressionism in literature
Jossele Rosenblatt 1882-1933 Chasan and composer; is considered the largest of the cantors and was king of the Chasanim called
Boris treasure 1866-1932 Jewish sculptor, painter and teacher; Founder of the Bezal'el School of Applied Arts
Ephraim Urbach 1912-1991 Jewish scholar and professor of the Talmud at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and President of the Israel Academy of Sciences
business people
Surname Life dates function
Harry Fischel 1865-1948 American businessman and philanthropist; leading pioneer in the development of American Orthodox Judaism
Robert Maxwell 1923-1991 British publisher, entrepreneur and Labor Party politician
George Weidenfeld 1919-2016 British journalist, publisher and diplomat of Austro-Jewish origin;
political advisor to the Israeli government and head of cabinet to President Chaim Weizmann
Victims of terrorism
Surname Life dates function
Eliyahu Asheri 1988-2006 Israeli student from Itamar at the religious mechina "Elisha" in Chalamish ; Murder victims after kidnapping by the Popular Resistance Committee
Gavriel Holtzberg 1979-2008 Israeli Chabad rabbi and wife; Head of the Nariman House Jewish Center in Mumbai; Victims of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
Rivka Holtzberg 1980-2008
Ephraim Weiss d. 1988 Elementary school teacher and wife of Rabbi Eliezer Mordechai Weiss with her children; Victims of an arson attack on a bus near Jericho
Netanel Weiss
Rachel Weiss
Rephael Weiss
Abraham Zelmanowitz 1945-2001 Programmer for Empire BlueCross BlueShield in the World Trade Center , New York City; Victims of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001

Web links

Commons : Jewish Cemetery on the Mount of Olives  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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Coordinates: 31 ° 46 ′ 29.2 "  N , 35 ° 14 ′ 30.1"  E