Charles III Wilhelm (Baden-Durlach)

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Margrave Charles III. Wilhelm von Baden-Durlach, painting by Johann Rudolf Huber , 1710

Margrave Charles III. Wilhelm von Baden-Durlach (born January 17, jul. / 27. January  1679 greg. In Durlach , later birthday celebrated on January 28 ; † 12. May 1738 in Karlsruhe ) ruled the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach 1709-1738 as absolute Rulers . In 1715 he founded the city of Karlsruhe and moved the residence of the margraviate there. With the restructuring of the state finances and the creation of a reliable administration, he laid the foundations for the reform policy of his grandson Karl Friedrich .

Life until assuming power (1679–1709)

Origin and War of the Palatinate Succession

Map: Territories of the  margraviate of Baden-Durlach  under Margrave Karl III. Wilhelm

Karl Wilhelm was born on January 27, 1679 in the royal seat of Durlach. He was the sixth child of Margrave Friedrich VII. Magnus von Baden-Durlach and Margravine Augusta Maria von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf . Since his older brother Friedrich Magnus had died in 1672 at the age of 42 days, Karl Wilhelm was destined from birth as Hereditary Prince to succeed his father in the margraviate of Baden-Durlach . Of the eight sisters, only three grew up. Three had died before he was born. The only younger brother, Christoph von Baden-Durlach , died in 1723.

The margraviate was a typical small state of the Holy Roman Empire , in which around 40,000 subjects lived. In the only two cities worth mentioning, Pforzheim and Durlach, no self-confident bourgeoisie had developed. As a representative body of the Baden nobility and clergy, the estates were disempowered by the margraves as early as 1668. This created favorable conditions for the establishment of absolutism , which was to characterize Karl Wilhelm's ruling practice. Karl Wilhelm's childhood was overshadowed by the so-called War of the Palatinate Succession (1688–1697). Even before that, in the seventies and eighties of the 17th century, in the midst of peace, the French King Louis XIV had incorporated territories belonging to the Holy Roman Empire in Alsace and north of Lorraine to the Eifel into the French kingdom. In the Regensburg armistice of 1684, Emperor Leopold I recognized the French conquests for 20 years. With the renewed armed conflict, the Palatinate War of Succession, Louis XIV wanted to force the emperor to recognize his conquests on a permanent basis. Citing alleged inheritance claims of his sister-in-law  Liselotte von der Pfalz  , Louis XIV undertook a campaign against the Holy Roman Empire . In November 1688, Karl Wilhelm and his family fled the French troops into exile in Basel .

Upbringing (1688–1690)

The residence before it was destroyed: View of Karlsburg Castle in Durlach

The Margrave's family stayed in Basel for ten years. Karl Wilhelm was given his own court and tutor on his father's orders. They should prepare Karl Wilhelm for the business of government. Three qualities in particular were expected of a future imperial prince of the late 17th century; 1. Knowledge in the social sciences / languages, 2. Piety and 3. The mastery of courtly manners. The private tutor Johann Wilhelm Marcktrenker was responsible for the first-mentioned area, which included history, law, Latin and French. He was able to enjoy free board and lodging at the margravial court for his teaching activities. The Lutheran theologian Karl Lemke was responsible for the second area mentioned. The court master and councilor Johann Bernhard von Gemmingen taught Karl Wilhelm, among other things, horse riding, fencing and dancing. These skills were indispensable for a representative appearance in the Baroque era, as they also reflected the rank of prince.

Grand Tour (1690–1695)

Battle areas in the Palatinate War of Succession: visualized on today's German borders

Initially, Karl Wilhelm received private lessons at the University of Geneva , where he could not stay long. Since the dynasty had only two male descendants, Karl Wilhelm and Christoph , its continued existence was threatened if Karl Wilhelm fell as a general in the Palatinate War of Succession . To keep Karl Wilhelm away from the war, which was getting closer and closer to Geneva, the margrave sent his son on study and educational trips abroad. The first destination was the Republic of the United Netherlands , which at the end of the 17th century exercised economic supremacy in Europe because of its trading companies. Karl Wilhelm stayed in Holland for two years, especially in the university city of Utrecht , where professors gave him private lessons in law and history. Karl Wilhelm was not yet able to return to his residence in Durlach : on August 16, 1689, French troops burned the town and castle down. From the Netherlands, Karl Wilhelm first traveled to England and then to his relatives in Sweden and Italy (1695). These compulsory trips by young Hereditary Princes to the most important royal courts in Europe are known as Grand Tours and served to demonstrate that they belong to the high nobility . Karl Wilhelm was to meet this goal of expressing his own rank to the outside world with his visits to the English and Swedish royal courts. With his distinguished demeanor, he helped to consolidate the dynastic ties to London and Stockholm. A return to the destroyed royal seat of Durlach was only possible with the Peace of Rijswijk of 1697, which ended the War of the Palatinate Succession between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire .

Marriage (1697)

The wife : Magdalena Wilhelmine

In 1696, at the age of 17, Karl Wilhelm reached a marriageable age. On June 27, 1697, his parents contractually arranged a wedding with Magdalena Wilhelmine von Württemberg (* November 7, 1677; † October 30, 1742). Magdalena Wilhelmina was the daughter of the Württemberg Duke Wilhelm Ludwig . The marriage was therefore of great political importance: geographically, the Duchy of Württemberg bordered the margraviate of Baden-Durlach , so that the territorial position of the margraves in the south of the Holy Roman Empire was strengthened. In addition, both Karl Wilhelm and Magdalena Wilhelmine belonged to the Protestant denomination. Both dynasties were also closely linked by a marriage policy that went back several centuries. The marriage was therefore also intended to maintain the traditional alliance between Baden-Durlach and Württemberg, but above all to enable another heir to the throne, who guaranteed the continued existence of Baden-Durlach. The wedding took place on July 8, 1697 in the old castle in Stuttgart, which had been spared from the destruction in the Palatinate War of Succession. The following children were born from the marriage:

  • Karl Magnus (born January 21, 1701; † January 12, 1712), Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach
  • Friedrich (7 October 1703 - 26 March 1732), Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach
  • Auguste Magdalene (born November 13, 1706 - † August 25, 1709)

The relationship between Karl Wilhelm and Magdalena Wilhelmine remained aloof, as he preferred to turn to his mistresses. At the time of Karl Wilhelm this was accepted at the court, since the official marriage served political purposes and was therefore not a love affair. Mistresses were present at almost all European courts in the 17th and 18th centuries. However, Magdalena Wilhelmine felt so hurt by this practice that she stayed in Durlach for the rest of her life and never moved to the later royal seat of Karlsruhe .

Military career in the War of the Spanish Succession

With the end of Karl Wilhelm's Grand Tour and after his marriage, his father no longer had an excuse to keep him out of the war. Under imperial law, the margraves of Baden-Durlach's room for maneuver in foreign policy was already restricted. The so-called Perpetual Reichstag , the meeting of the imperial estates in Regensburg , decided in 1681 to set up an army to defend the Holy Roman Empire against the Kingdom of France in the west and the Ottoman Empire in the east. The margraviate of Baden-Durlach was obliged to set up a 400-strong contingent. Service as general meant for princes of the late 17th century the chance to gain prestige for their respective dynasties. Although Karl Wilhelm never developed a great interest in the military, social expectations and dynastic requirements ultimately forced him into the position of general. In 1694 Karl Wilhelm visited the Imperial Army camp for the siege of Casale Monferrato in Piedmont . Shortly afterwards he was made an honorary colonel of the imperial army. In contrast to Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden-Baden , the so-called Türkenlouis, Karl Wilhelm was never supposed to take on a really important leadership role in the military . Karl Wilhelm stayed in the army only as long as his father lived.

The conflicting parties in the War of the Spanish Succession

In his military career, Karl Wilhelm was drawn into a conflict between the major European powers at the turn of the century, the so-called War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714). On November 1, 1700, King Charles II of Spain, who came from the Habsburg dynasty, died . In his will, Philip V of Anjou , the grandson of his brother-in-law Louis XIV of France , was his successor. Dynastically, however, the Austrian Habsburgs under Emperor Leopold I saw themselves as the only legitimate successors to the Spanish throne. After Louis XIV had installed Philip V as Spanish king and took possession of the Spanish possession of Milan , Leopold I sent an army to northern Italy with which he began the War of the Spanish Succession. In the Hague Grand Alliance of September 7, 1701, Austria secured military support from the Netherlands and England. At the outbreak of the War of Succession Karl Wilhelm became the General sergeant Swabian Circle troops appointed to the army Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden-Baden belonged. In June 1702, Karl Wilhelm took part in the siege of the French fortress of Landau . With an infantry regiment subordinate to him, Karl Wilhelm managed to repel a failure of the French garrison at risk of death. However, he suffered a gunshot wound to the head that was slow to heal. Despite the daring effort, his share in the successful capture of Landau Fortress was rather small.

Margrave Charles III. Wilhelm von Baden-Durlach, after a painting by Johann Rudolf Huber
The commander in chief on the Upper Rhine : Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden-Baden

A few days after the conquest of Landau, the war situation changed again: Since the Bavarian Elector Maximilian II Emanuel entered into an alliance with Louis XIV on September 10, 1702, the two margraviates of Baden (Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach) came between Bavaria and France in a strategically difficult position. Should the French troops reach Bavaria, they could have used it as a deployment area in the direction of Vienna.

The French Marshal Claude-Louis-Hector de Villars crossed the Rhine at the Hüningen Fortress on October 14, 1702 . Karl Wilhelm fought with the Reich troops that were supposed to prevent him from crossing the Black Forest and from uniting with the Bavarian troops in the battle of Friedlingen . Both parties claimed victory, but the unification of the French and Bavarians was prevented. On September 20, 1703, Karl Wilhelm fought in the first battle near Höchstädt , where he and Leopold von Anhalt-Dessau covered the retreat of the defeated troops of Field Marshal Styrum . For his services he was promoted to the rank of Imperial Lieutenant General Field Marshal, a rank which the Swabian Circle had already awarded him after the Battle of Friedlingen. In the further course of the war he fought under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the second battle near Höchstädt in 1704 , where he barely escaped death. Karl Wilhelm also excelled in the further siege of Landau and the defense of the Stollhofen line , and in 1705 was promoted to General Feldzeugmeister. Now he operated with Field Marshal von Thüngen on the Rhine and in Alsace. In 1707 he was again active in the defense of the Stollhofen line. Karl Wilhelm achieved his military merits in this war in which he was actively involved as a high-ranking officer from 1702–1709.

In 1707, Karl Wilhelm suffered a second injury in that war. He fell from his horse on the parade ground and suffered a broken leg , which initially made him incapacitated. When Karl Wilhelm received news of his father's death on June 25, 1709 at the front, he immediately resigned from military service. As regent, which was very unusual for his time, he was no longer to personally command any troops. The archaeologist and museum director of the Badisches Landesmuseum, Eckart Köhne , assumes that the margrave conceived the later royal seat of Karlsruhe as the place where he wanted to "rest" from the years of the Spanish War of Succession. Hence the name "Carols Ruh" and later Karlsruhe should be derived. Also the appointment as imperial field marshal in 1715 by Emperor Karl VI . did not change the margrave's attitude towards the military.

Karl Wilhelm as Margrave (1709–1738)

Government style

Front view of Karlsruhe Palace spring 2016

Since neither the aristocracy nor the bourgeoisie had a strong political position in the margraviate of Baden-Durlach , Karl Wilhelm was able to enforce a claim to domination within the meaning of princely absolutism . He united the highest state offices in his person. Charles III Wilhelm was the highest judge, minister and legislator at the same time. Because of his qualified upbringing and his attendance at the University of Utrecht , Karl Wilhelm had a good knowledge of law. This is one of the reasons why his numerous memos show the thoroughness with which the margrave exercised his legal powers. The devastation of the country, which continued until 1714, favored a bureaucratic centralism of the state. In the understanding of the time, the state was only able to restore the economic, political and legal order destroyed by the war through the strong hand of the sovereign . Without the Margrave's signature, neither the Secret Council, as the highest legislative body, nor the Court of Justice, as the highest judicial body, could implement its decisions. The introduction of a general audience, which took place every week and was open to all subjects, also served to control the official bodies.

Administration reform

Margrave Karl Wilhelm - copper engraving by Andreas Reinhard - around 1720

The communication of the regents - who were often in exile in Basel - with the state administration in Durlach and with the offices in the Oberland and Unterland, which were far apart from each other, led to the offices becoming independent and to open disregard of margraves' instructions, which was disturbed in times of war . The civil service sought its own advantage, corruption and embezzlement were widespread, the office was often only perceived as a sideline. In 1709 and 1710 the margrave issued ordinances that required absolute obedience to him: every time he took office or after promotion, special oaths of service were to be sworn, which contained the duties to be fulfilled. Reports had to be sent to the superiors on an ongoing basis and the situation on site was checked with country visits . Delay and negligence were punished with pay cuts. Charles III fought corruption and embezzlement. Wilhelm with severe punishments, sometimes even with the death penalty. During his reign, he issued five so-called " bribery patents", with which the bribe money could be prevented as far as possible. Although the pay of civil servants was significantly worse than in the larger territories (e.g. in Bavaria) and their income was curtailed by secondary activities, Karl Wilhelm managed to develop a devoted civil service during his active reign (1709–1734), which the government did clearly relieved his successor.

The renovator

In 1709 Karl Wilhelm found a country that was heavily indebted and whose economic activity was at a poor level. His endeavors to form a real sovereignty - a state - required securing income to finance a reliable state apparatus (civil service, military) and debt relief in order to avoid reducing his rule through pledging. He followed the mercantilist mainstream of that time. While the first two decades of his government were still characterized by the contradiction between general thrift (buildings; salaries of officials) and special luxuries (mistresses; zoological and botanical gardens), a rigorous financial restructuring was started in 1732. The drastic austerity measures now affected not only the officials but also the households of the princely house; Tax justice covered all subjects.

To reduce the enormous debt burden, sales monopolies for iron, salt and tobacco were introduced at the beginning of his reign . These monopolies were leased to merchants; Accompanying measures were carried out on the one hand to curb a lucrative smuggling business and on the other hand controls to avoid monopoly abuse.

Stamp duty , excise duties , taxes, sports , fron , Jewish protection money testify to the fact that fiscal ingenuity already has a long tradition. Since the wealth tax was set as a fixed monthly amount, the tax revenue was increased simply by dividing the year into 18 (and later even 20 fiscal months). Karl Wilhelm also introduced an early form of budgeting in order to adjust tax revenue to foreseeable expenses at an early stage. A budget of around 300,000 florins has been handed down for 1732  . In this context, a debt repayment of approx. 1 million florins in the first 15 years is a remarkable achievement. From 1732 until the accession of his grandson Karl Friedrich (1746) to government, not only 0.8 million florins were repaid, but Also accumulated a fortune of around 0.9 million florins - this laid the financial basis for Karl Friedrich's reforms.

The business promoter

Margrave Charles III. Wilhelm von Baden-Durlach, detail from a painting, 20th century? (State Media Center Baden-Württemberg).

Inspired by the example of England and France, Karl Wilhelm also wanted to develop the industrial sector in his country, although he did not consider that the entrepreneurship and trained industrial workers required for this were completely lacking. His attempts to create and maintain industrial companies through funding and protectionism had to fail sooner or later. After the sobering experience, Karl Wilhelm turned to popular education. A state orphanage was opened in Pforzheim as early as 1718 . Karl Wilhelm founded a kit-making factory in which the inmates were employed, educated and trained for work. The activity and the group of people looked after by the facility were further expanded so that around 250 people were employed in the heyday. Ultimately, this attempt failed due to mismanagement and products and prices that were not in line with the market. Nevertheless, the basic idea of ​​the institution is to be seen as a pioneer of the compulsory trade school.

After Karl Wilhelm pushed the transit trade between Frankfurt and Basel through excessive tariffs and administrative harassment on the left bank of the Rhine at the beginning of his reign , he later corrected this and also invested in improving the road network. Exports from Baden-Durlach were limited to wine and grain, imports were hindered by protectionist measures, and domestic trade was in the hands of the Jews, as other strata of the population viewed trade as something unreal.

The farming methods in agriculture were backward and production was severely hampered by the forced labor. Karl Wilhelm ordered the compulsory introduction of potato and tobacco cultivation. The recultivation of vineyards that had been destroyed in the war was promoted and a state stockpiling of grain prevented extreme price increases after poor harvests.

Overall, Karl Wilhelm's economic policy was shaped by actionism, but the various initiatives testify to creativity and the experiences made were useful for his grandson's reforms.

death

Pyramid at the market square

On May 12, 1738, the margrave died early in the morning in the castle, presumably of a heart attack. A miniature watercolor by the court painter Johann Ziegler shows Karl III. Wilhelm on the death bed. His body was buried in the crypt of the Konkordienkirche according to his last will . The pyramid on the market square still shows the place under which the crypt with the margrave's bones is located. His entrails and heart were removed and buried in the crypt of the Pforzheim Castle Church. The heart capsule that was deposited on his widow's coffin has now been lost.

After his son Friedrich died during the margrave's lifetime (1732), his grandson, Karl Friedrich , became his successor. However, this was only 10 years old at that time, so that a guardianship government under Prince Karl August von Baden-Durlach had to be set up.

Date of birth confusion

The date of birth on the pyramid is incorrectly stated as January 18, 1679. Karl was born on January 17th . / January 27, 1679 greg. born. His name was derived from Charlemagne and so he celebrated the anniversary of his death, January 28th ( Charles Festival ) as his name day. In 1700, the margraviate of Baden-Durlach also switched to the Gregorian calendar; February 18 was immediately followed by March 1, 1700. The margrave's next birthday was now January 27 and thus on the Charles Festival, which continued on March 28 January was celebrated. The margrave's birthday and name day fell on one day. When designing the lettering for the pyramid, only 10 days instead of 11 days were incorrectly deducted in order to calculate the Julian date of birth, as the 10-day difference was valid up to the year 1700. 1700 was a leap year according to the Julian calendar. However, according to the Gregorian calendar, 1700 was not a leap year, so the difference increased to 11 days.

Culture and science

Foundation of Karlsruhe

Karlsruhe with its gardens in 1739 - original drawing by Christian Thran

After the inheritance of the margraviate of Baden in 1535, Pforzheim first became the royal seat of the Ernestian line (later the House of Baden-Durlach). In 1565, Margrave Karl II of Baden-Durlach relocated the residence to Durlach for unknown reasons and expanded or rebuilt the already existing hunting lodge of his father Ernst. This castle, now called " Karlsburg ", was burned down by French troops in 1689 during the Palatinate War of Succession .

In 1698, after his return from exile in Basel , Margrave Friedrich Magnus began the reconstruction, although the further deterioration in the economic situation as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession that broke out in 1701 brought further construction to a standstill. In 1703 the work was stopped after only two castle wings had been completed.

Karl Wilhelm decided to build a new residence in the Hardtwald on the plain . There are legends about the motives and the choice of location. In addition to quarreling with the citizens of Durlach, his striving to free himself from the narrowness of the city and the proximity to his unloved wife helped his decision. The foundation stone for the new castle was laid on June 17, 1715 . The so-called lead tower became the central building of the castle and the entire residential town. Starting from this tower - in the middle of the castle - 32 avenues began which, like the markings of a compass rose, diverged evenly on all sides. This floor plan still characterizes the “ fan- shaped city ” of Karlsruhe today .

The construction of the palace and the city went ahead rapidly and the first audience in the new palace took place on July 5, 1717. In 1718 the court had moved and in 1719 all court officials had also moved to Karlsruhe at the request of Karl Wilhelm. The rapid implementation and the shortage of money meant that the buildings - except for the lead tower - were made of wood.

To promote the immigration, Karl Wilhelm promised the citizens of the city legal, religious and financial privileges in a letter of grace on September 24, 1715 . Karlsruhe already had 2,000 inhabitants in 1719.

The tulip friend

Tulip watercolor from the Karlsruhe tulip book around 1730

But Karl Wilhelm also showed a completely different side than flowers enthusiast . Already in the palace garden of Karlsburg in Durlach he set up a considerable collection of flowers - a catalog compiled in 1713 lists 2121 types of flowers, whereby the tulip types dominated with 1163 varieties. He obtained the flowers mainly from Holland, where he traveled in 1711, 1723 and 1729.

In addition to flowers, Karl Wilhelm also had many exotic trees planted. Almost 7000 orange trees were counted in the gardens of Durlach and Karlsruhe.

Almost 5,000 species of tulips were registered in the Karlsruhe Palace Gardens in 1733, with most species only having between 10 and 100 bulbs - some species, however, had multiplied explosively and between 10,000 and 84,000 were recorded for four species.

The gardens put a considerable strain on the finances of the small country - rare tulip bulbs easily cost half a servant's annual wage.

Karl Wilhelm was also active in the gardens himself and had his gardeners give him detailed reports on the growth and prosperity of the plants. In 1738 he died in the midst of his flower beds.

The margrave had the various plants in his “botanical garden” documented realistically by painters; he left behind at least 6,000 watercolors of plants. Most famous were the probably 5300 watercolors that were summarized in the so-called tulip books . Today there are only four volumes left, as most of the collection was destroyed in a fire in the Badische Landesbibliothek in 1942. The ownership of the two tulip books each in the state library and the Baden General State Archives was only clarified in 2009 as part of the agreement between the state of Baden-Württemberg and the House of Baden, when the state acquired the books.

Others

The bathing building he built between 1719 and 1728 below the Barbarakapelle in Langensteinbach was famous far beyond the borders in the 18th century as the princely bath and in 1971 the reason for the name of the municipality of Karlsbad . 1726 had Charles III. Wilhelm also build a bath for the poor and orphans on the site. The entire spa complex had 63 guest rooms, 14 heatable apartments, around 100 bathrooms, a drinking hall, two dining rooms and several rooms that were used for entertainment. Charles III From 1722 Wilhelm acted as guardian of the underage counts Friedrich Magnus von Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg (1703–1756) and Karl Ludwig von Leiningen-Dagsburg-Emichsburg (1704–1747), sons of his sister Katharina (1677–1746).

Karl Wilhelm was known for his dissolute lifestyle. "In terms of the number of mistresses - because there is no other way to name the chambermaids living in the lead tower of the castle - the Karlsruhe court was probably at the top." As early as 1696 during a visit to Stockholm, Karl Wilhelm, with his allegedly relaxed way of life, is said to have lost his chance on the Swedish throne, as later historians believed a marriage to Hedwig Sophie , the daughter of King Karl XI. , had been considered at the Swedish court. However, the lack of resources in the small Margraviate of Baden-Durlach, which was completely bled out by the wars, stood in the way of a marriage, which could not guarantee a royal princess an adequate lifestyle.

ancestors

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Friedrich V Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1594–1659)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Friedrich VI. Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1617–1677)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barbara of Württemberg (1593–1627)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Friedrich VII. Magnus Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1647–1709)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Johann Kasimir von Pfalz-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg (1589–1652)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Christine Magdalena of Pfalz-Zweibrücken-Kleeburg (1616–1662)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Katharina Wasa of Sweden (1584–1638)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Charles III Wilhelm Margrave of Baden-Durlach
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Johann Adolf of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf , (1575–1616)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Friedrich III. of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1597–1659)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Augusta of Denmark (1580-1639)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Augusta Maria of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf (1649–1728)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Johann Georg I Elector of Saxony (1585–1656)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maria Elisabeth of Saxony (1610–1684)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Magdalena Sibylle of Prussia (1586–1659)
 
 
 
 
 
 

See also

literature

  • Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe (ed.): Karl Wilhelm 1679–1738 . Hirmer Verlag, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-7774-2386-9 .
  • Arthur Kleinschmidt :  Karl III. Wilhelm . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 15, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1882, pp. 237-241.
  • Klaus Gerteis :  Karl III. Wilhelm. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 11, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1977, ISBN 3-428-00192-3 , p. 221 ( digitized version ).
  • Annette Borchardt-Wenzel: Karl Wilhelm and his dream of Karlsruhe - A Baden in the great world theater. Casimir Katz Verlag, Gernsbach 2013, ISBN 978-3-938047-66-8 .
  • Heinrich Dietrich: The administration and economy of Baden-Durlachs under Karl-Wilhelm 1709-1738. Inaugural dissertation, Heidelberg 1911.
  • Jacqueline Maltzahn-Redling: Karl Wilhelm - As he really was. In: Badische Heimat, 4/2015, pp. 498–509.
  • Hans Merkle: Carl Wilhelm - Margrave of Baden-Durlach and founder of the city of Karlsruhe (1679–1738). A biography. Regional culture publishing house, Ubstadt-Weiher 2012, ISBN 978-3-89735-722-8 .
  • Johann Christian Sachs : Introduction to the history of the Marggravschaft and the Marggravial old princely house of Baden . tape 5 . Lotter, Carlsruhe 1773, p. 67–159 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  • Hans Leopold Zollner: "... who built an Eden for himself in Carolsruh" - a picture of the life of Margrave Karl Wilhelm von Baden-Durlach. Badische newest news bath printing, Karlsruhe 1990, ISBN 3-927725-07-2 .

Exhibitions

  • Large state exhibition Karl Wilhelm 1679-1738 in the Badisches Landesmuseum, May 9 to October 18, 2015, curator: Jacqueline Maltzahn-Redling

Web links

Commons : Charles III. Wilhelm  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual references / comments

  1. ↑ a b The three birthdays of the city founder . Johann Wilhelm Braun, historian and former employee of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies, in Der Sonntag , January 30, 2011, p. 4
  2. ^ A b Bernd Zemek: The history of the state of Baden-Württemberg . 2014, ISBN 978-3-7322-9491-6 , pp. 174 .
  3. ↑ Bernd Wunder: Karl Wilhelm Margrave of Baden-Durlach . 2015, ISBN 978-3-7774-2386-9 , pp. 24 .
  4. ^ Eva Bender: Die Prinzenreise: Educational stay and cavalier tour in a courtly context . 2011, ISBN 978-3-86732-101-3 , pp. 109 .
  5. ↑ a b Eva Bender: Die Prinzenreise: Educational stay and cavalier tour in a courtly context . 2011, ISBN 978-3-86732-101-3 , pp. 217 .
  6. ^ Jacqueline Maltzahn-Redling: Karl Wilhelm Margrave of Baden-Durlach . S. 72 .
  7. ↑ a b Bernd Wunder : In the turmoil of battle. Karl Wilhelm in the War of the Spanish Succession 1701 / 02–1709. In: Karl Wilhelm 1679–1738 . Hirmer Verlag, Munich 2015, p. 79.
  8. ^ Karl Wilhelm was a distant relative (nephew 7th degree) of Ludwig Wilhelm; The term uncle is used sporadically in historical literature. Mostly they speak of cousins, whereby, following the common usage, cousin or cousin is used for all widely related male persons. The common ancestor was Margrave Christoph I of Baden 1453–1527
  9. ^ Brigitte Esser: Dates of world history . 2004, ISBN 3-577-14627-3 , pp. 534 .
  10. ↑ Michael Kotulla: German constitutional history: From the Old Reich to Weimar (1495 to 1934) . 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-48705-0 , pp. 144 .
  11. ↑ the wound mentioned in the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie could not be verified in other sources - especially in the report of the Türkenlouis
  12. ↑ In the last four years up to 1738, for health reasons, he returned the management of the administration to the real privy councilors and court councilors; s. Dietrich p. 56
  13. ↑ s. Dietrich p. 69 ff.
  14. ↑ s. Dietrich p. 65.
  15. ↑ Jacqueline Maltzahn-Redling: As we see the leaves fall, so will it soon be for me too. The patient Karl Wilhelm. In: Karl Wilhelm , p. 264.
  16. ^ Margrave Karl Wilhelm on the death bed , accessed on July 21, 2016. In the holdings of the Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe. Another version is owned by the House of Baden; see. Exhibition catalog Karl Wilhelm 1679–1738 (2015), p. 322.
  17. ↑ The Durlach citizens were reluctant to follow their prince's plans for the expansion of the resurrected Karlsburg due to the threat of corporal labor and their own burned-down town
  18. ↑ so named because of the lead roof covering
  19. ↑ s. Dietrich p. 97; the privileges included, for example, its own citizens' council, 20 years of tax exemption, a free building site and freedom of religion
  20. ^ The destruction of the library in 1942. In: Website of the Badische Landesbibliothek. Badische Landesbibliothek, accessed on January 27, 2018 .
  21. ^ Volker Bauermeister: Generous Stuttgart. In: Badische Zeitung of March 20, 2009.
  22. ↑ Jacqueline Maltzahn-Redling: The prince goes swimming ... The prince bath in Langensteinbach . In: Karl Wilhelm 1679–1738 . Hirmer Verlag, Munich 2015, p. 214.
  23. ^ Johann Georg Lehmann : Documentary history of the castles and mountain palaces in the former districts, counties and lordships of the Bavarian Palatinate , Volume 3, pages 258 and 259, Kaiserslautern, 1863; (Digital scan)
  24. ↑ s. Dietrich p. 60.
  25. ^ Annette Borchardt-Wenzel: Karl Wilhelm and his dream of Karlsruhe - A Badener in the great world theater . Casimir Katz Verlag, Gernsbach 2013. p. 77.
predecessor Office successor
Frederick VII Margrave of Baden-Durlach
1709–1738 		Karl Friedrich
(Under the reign of Prince Karl August )
personal data
SURNAME Charles III Wilhelm
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Charles III Wilhelm of Baden-Durlach
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Margrave of Baden-Durlach, founder of Karlsruhe
DATE OF BIRTH January 28, 1679
PLACE OF BIRTH Durlach
DATE OF DEATH May 12, 1738
Place of death Karlsruhe