Castle book

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Castle book
Alternative name Rainau-Buch Castle
limes ORL 67 ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Rhaetian Limes,
route 12
Dating (occupancy) around 130/140 AD to around 260 AD
Type Cohort fort
unit unknown Cohors quingenaria equitata
size 2.1 ha
Construction stone
State of preservation The south gate and south intermediate tower with defensive wall approaches preserved. Principia outlines traced in the ground, plantings.
place Rainau book
Geographical location 48 ° 54 '35 "  N , 10 ° 8' 42.6"  E
height 464  m above sea level NHN
Previous Aalen Fort (southwest)
Subsequently Limestor Dalkingen (northeast)
The fort with the entry of the vicus in its second expansion phase, which began in 193 AD.

The Castle book , even fort Rainau book called, is a former Roman garrison town , close to the Rhaetian Limes , a World Heritage Site , was built for border security. The remnants of the fortification lie on the boundary of the village of Buch, which belongs to the municipality of Rainau, in the Ostalb district in eastern Baden-Württemberg . The fort has been part of the Limes Park Rainau since 1972 together with its ancient civil settlement ( vicus ) , the section of the Limes that runs along it and the Limestor Dalkingen . Besides the Limestor, Buch became famous for its precious finds.

location

The garrison was topographically low on the Jagst - and the tapered Ahlbachtal dominant outcrop built. From here it was not only possible to monitor the nearby Limes section, but also to control the Limestor, which was built into the Rhaetian Wall around 2.25 kilometers northeast of the fort, along with border traffic. In addition, the crew had a good view from the hill over the Jagst Valley, which crosses the Roman border further north. In this area, the Limes runs from the south-west at a minimum distance of around 1.15 kilometers west of the fort to the north-east. Then he describes a slight arc of around two kilometers from north to south-east. The northernmost point of this arch, at the point where the Jagst left Roman territory, was around 2.2 kilometers away from the fortification and was easily visible to the soldiers stationed there. The ancient geometers had created the arch in order to be able to better monitor the Jagst valley and to include an important ford located there in the Roman area. It is assumed that there was a major north-south thoroughfare in the river valley in prehistoric times. The northeastern end of the Limes arc is around three kilometers away. In the area of ​​a watchtower suspected there, the Rhaetian Wall bends in an easterly direction, and after 1.5 kilometers it runs straight to the northeast for a longer stretch to the Halheim fort .

The spur of the terrain, on which the remains of the Buch fortification are located, is bounded on its northern flank by the valley of the Ahlbach. The stream flows northeast below the fortification of the Jagst, which flows in from the southeast and to the north; Today the Rainau-Buch reservoir is located here . In the valley floor, at the tributary of the Ahlbach into the Jagst, there is part of the vicus , the civil settlement of the fort, as well as the Balineum , the fort bath. The west side of the spur is flanked by the Langenbach valley incision. Remains of ancient buildings have also been discovered on the valley slope on the opposite side of the Jagst.

An important military and trade route led from Buch to the most important fort of the Rhaetian Limes in today's Aalen , the Aalen fort . The extension of the road stretched from Buch to the not visible Limestor and beyond into Germania magna (Greater Germany). There their traces are lost just across the border. Another road is said to have connected Buch with Halheim Fort. In addition, a road to the southeast along the Jagst, which was destroyed during the construction of the federal road in 1973, was viewed as a Roman relic. However, no further investigations were carried out at the time. What is known, however, is a route to the southern and older Oberdorf am Ipf (Opia) fort , which belonged to the former Alblimes . It is believed that the abandonment of the Opia fort was related to the advancement of the Limes. In this case, the fort crew there could have been relocated to Buch. The extraction and smelting of iron ore has been proven in the vicinity of Buch.

  • About the location of the fort

  • The fort in its ancient environment

  • The historical drawing shows the location of the fort at the time of the excavations in 1897.

  • View of the fort area (light green area) from the north. On the left the Buch reservoir , on the horizon Kapfenburg Castle

  • View of the south gate with the current display boards (2009)

Research history

The aerial photo shows the fort in the upper half of the picture on the far left and the Limestor in the top right of the picture.

The remains of the fort in the “Haldenäcker” area were discovered as early as the beginning of the 19th century. In particular, the Ellwang antiquity friends carried out initial investigations in the area of ​​the garrison. They reported that at that time the river was still fenced off by visible walls, of which stones were removed in 1818 for road construction. Fragments of columns, fired bricks, ceramics and coins were considered to be evidence of the Roman presence. The first scientific excavations took place in 1897 under the direction of Ernst von Herzog . At that time, defensive walls, gates, towers and the stone-built interior structures were explored. The fort bath in Jagsttal could also be examined. In 1969 the researchers dug in the "Mahdholz" on the Limes wall near Schwabsberg north of Buch and in 1970 conserved a stone tower foundation. In 1974 a wooden Limes tower was reconstructed there, which could be proven to be a wooden ancient building. This type of reconstruction was overtaken by the advancing knowledge. Therefore, the tower was replaced in 2008 with a scientifically proven reconstruction based on the work of Dietwulf Baatz . The wooden Limes palisade was cut on the southern edge of Schwabsberg in 1969 and 1974. The samples obtained in 1969 from a depth of two meters were examined in 1975 by the dendrochronologist Ernst Hollstein (1918–1988). The 1974 in 1976 by the dendrochronologist Bernd Becker (1940-1994) from the University of Hohenheim .

In the course of the land consolidation , Dieter Planck examined the south gate - in Buch the Porta principalis dextra - a small piece of the defensive wall adjoining it to the east and the intermediate tower located there on behalf of the Baden-Württemberg State Monuments Office . In addition, the archaeologists made a cut through the trench system, whereby the road leading past the fort to the south prevented all trenches from being recognized at the time. The walls examined in 1972 were visibly preserved after the excavation . In 1973 and 1974 work concentrated on the Limestor. Large areas of the Jagst and Ahlbach valleys in the vicinity of the fort sank into the Buch reservoir, which was dammed in 1982 . Between 1976 and 1979, extensive emergency excavations had to be carried out in the area of the east and south-east vicus in front of the Porta praetoria , as the re- routing of federal highway 290 destroyed this area archaeologically. In 1975 and 1976 the fort bath was examined again and south of it two more vicus buildings came to light in 1979 and 1980. Also in 1979 a large Roman brick kiln was discovered and excavated on the eastern bank slope of the Jagst north-east of the bath during leveling work. The archaeologists took it into the excavation reserve and filled it up again. In 1992 and 1999, Harald von der Osten-Woldenburg geomagnetically examined the fort and parts of the civil settlement. In addition, a geoelectrical survey was carried out in 1994 and, in the winter of 1996, an inspection with the ground-penetrating radar that looked at the fort trenches.

Further important results for the settlement history, which were published in 2002 by Bernhard Albert Greiner , were the renewed dendrochronological processing of the woods found in Buch during the excavations.

Current condition

The foundations of the thermal baths and two adjoining buildings of the camp village (vicus) were preserved after the excavation in 1979/80 and can be freely viewed on the banks of the reservoir. In the course of the renovation of the Vicus area in 2001/02, the outer outlines of the staff building were traced on the ground by a threshold made of gravel. In the middle is a model of the plant on a scale of 1: 200. In addition to the reconstructed sections in the south, the fort wall is indicated by an earth wall and a hedge. Trees indicate the position of the intermediate and gate towers. At all stations there are display boards that were added a few years ago due to the UNESCO World Heritage status in 2005. The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes , which was gradually built from 1972, was renamed Limes-Park Rainau with the installation of the new display boards .

Building history

Partially reconstructed southern gate (Porta principalis dextra) , exterior view.
The view along the partially reconstructed southern section of the wall with the rectangular watchtower foundation
In the center of the fort is a model on a scale of 1: 200
The position of the Principia is marked with a gravel threshold on the ground. In the middle is the model of the fort

Dietwulf Baatz and Dieter Planck suspected, like some researchers before, that Buch was the successor to the older, abandoned Fort Opia am Alblimes. The camp was under the command of the Ala II Flavia milliaria pf in the Aalen fort. At least the vicus and the wooden palisade of the Limes were built almost at the same time. This is confirmed by dendrochronological evaluations of the oldest pieces of wood (fountain 2 and latrine 8) from the camp village (absolute dating at the latest May / June 161 AD) and the oak trunks of the palisade recovered in Schwabsberg, which date from the "late year 165, possibly spring 166 AD . Chr. ”Came from. This period coincides with the examined Limes from the Rotenbachtal near Schwäbisch Gmünd . There the beginning of the palisade was examined near the small fort Kleindeinbach and the felling date of the trees used at this point was set to the winter of 163/164 AD. The Aalen Castle, founded around 150/155 AD, is also known to have exactly this date from the construction of the large wooden vestibule of the Principia , the staff building.

Enclosure

Buch was built as an approximately rectangular, 2.1 hectare facility in a precise north-south / east-west orientation, sloping slightly to the north. With its praetorial front, the side facing the enemy, the fort was oriented to the east, towards the Jagst valley. The 1.2 meter wide stone base enclosure from a locally occurring Jurassic - sandstone had rounded corners, in each of which a built against the wall corner tower was level access. In addition, a two-lane gate with a spina (dividing pillar) flanked by two gate towers was set into the wall in each of the four cardinal directions . The two passages of the south gate, excavated in 1972, are 4.00 and 4.30 meters wide. There were eight intermediate towers between the four corner towers and gateways. On the inside of the camp, a three-meter-wide earth ramp leaned against the wall, which was interrupted at the towers and gates and on which the soldiers could patrol behind a stone parapet. This ramp was limited to the Via sagularis (Lagerringstrasse) by wooden posts that were supposed to prevent slipping.

There was a quadruple trench with rounded corners in front of the Bucher fortification as an obstacle to the approach, which was at least partially exposed at the four approaches. The innermost trench was 5.65 meters wide, the adjoining only two meters. All four trenches were about ten meters from their center line. The outermost trench was the widest, sometimes over ten meters. According to the geophysical investigations , the trenches on the south side appear to have been deeper than those on the north. Due to possible erosion, there are only a few incomplete or no traces of the approach obstacle in the north-northwest. At the entrance to the Porta praetoria , the two middle trenches could only be crossed over a wooden bridge. At the Porta principalis sinistra , too, there could have been a transition between the innermost and the following moat. The partly unclear geophysical findings can only be secured by future excavations. It is also questionable whether all four trenches existed simultaneously in the previously known form. At the northern intermediate tower in the Retentura (rear storage area) there is evidence of a conspicuous extension with approximately the same dimensions as those of the actual tower. At the northern intermediate tower of the Praetentura (front warehouse) in the area of ​​the Lagerringstraße there was a wall about 15 meters long that ran parallel to the fence. Herzog found a spathe here . This type of sword had been used by the Roman cavalry since the early imperial era. In addition, there were around 1,600 other weapon parts at this point, at least 800 of which were iron projectile points, the rest consisted of arrow and lance points. The excavator therefore assumed that the move to the wall was the remains of an armamentary (armory). Dietwulf Baatz wondered whether the weapons could not also represent a depot find that had no connection with the move to the wall. The find from the 2nd or 3rd century was distributed to the Limes Museum and the museums in Nuremberg, Wiesbaden, Mainz, Homburg and Stuttgart. A well 0.60 meters deep was uncovered near the north-western corner of the fort between Via sagularis and the earth ramp.

Interior development

The floor plan established in 1897 with interior development
Finds from the excavations in 1897

At the intersection of the two main streets of the camp, Via Praetoria (east-west axis) and Via principalis (north-south axis), there was the 46.6-meter-long rectangular porch of the Principia built above the Via principalis . It was a typical administrative and multi-purpose building for the troops for castles of that time. The Bucher vestibule had one entrance on each end and three entrances on the longitudinal front. Behind the hall there was an almost square block of administration rooms and armories for the fort. Divided into individual rooms, these were grouped around an open, rectangular inner courtyard in which there was a fountain, shifted slightly to the southeast from the center. In the center of the rear part of the administration building was the flag sanctuary (Aedes principiorum) , in which the standards of the unit were kept. In Buch, this sanctuary with its rectangular floor plan protrudes slightly from the east facade of the staff building. The design of these sanctuaries with semicircular apses had only appeared since the middle of the 2nd century. This could support the considerations of the excavator Dieter Planck, who put the actual fortification in the years around 130, but at the latest 140 AD. In room 5 at the north-west corner of the staff building there was a helmeted Minerva head with an owl image. It is located in the Württemberg State Museum . The north wall of the administration building shows fluctuating strengths. Herzog found that the wall, around 1.70 to 1.75 meters thick, thickened in the middle to 1.80 meters. In the elongated room behind it, which Herzog believed by findings to be once divided by a wooden partition, there was fire rubble, in which many smaller finds lay.

To the north of the staff building, almost adjacent to it, the remains of a large rectangular stone horreum (granary) were uncovered, the wooden floor of which rested on piles, of which six rows of post holes have survived. The praetorium , which was not recorded by Herzog , the commandant's house, could have stood on the foundation that the aerial photo archaeologist Otto Braasch discovered south of the headquarters building in August 1991. No excavations have taken place there yet. The magnetogram evaluations from 1992 made it possible to get a very precise picture of the wooden barracks (Centuriae) and other details without digging . It became clear that the elongated barracks in the Praetentura were oriented from north to south and were completely renovated at least once. The centurion and possibly other officers, NCOs and men lived in the head quarters of these accommodations . On the Praetorial Front there were two simple barracks to the left and right of Via praetoria , while the accommodations on Via principalis were double barracks . Two large double barracks were identified in the Retentura , the front sides of which bordered the Via decumana . These two wooden structures were around 49 and 53 meters long and were probably used to house the horses. Traces in the magnetogram indicate cesspools. Here, too, only an excavation could provide clarity.

During the excavations and field inspections inside the fort, the archaeologists found a large number of militaria, including fragments of iron and bronze masked helmets , which were used in the standardized equestrian tournaments. A bronze sheet found in the area of ​​the Principia shows a human head flanked by two snakes. It is interpreted as a fragment of a shield hump. Many findings point to an end of the occupation around the middle of the 3rd century. A final coin from the reign of Emperor Gordian III. was created in the years 241/243. However, since dendrochronological material came to light in several wells in the camp village, which may point to the year 254 or later, the end of the Roman troop presence can only be expected in AD 260 at the latest.

Fort bath

The development of the fort bath
View of the reconstructed foundations
View from the north. In the middle on the right with brick columns indicated hypocaust heating

The thermal bath belonging to the camp was located around 100 meters northeast of the northeast corner of the fort near the mouth of the Ahlbach into the Jagst. This facility was also used by the civilian population. With four construction phases, the researchers were able to trace a complex building history. The bathroom, built almost exactly in a north-south orientation and with a roughly mirror-identical room arrangement, belonged to the row type. In terms of its spatial orientation, it did not follow the building scheme usually found on the Rhaetian Limes, as the entrance in Buch was in the west or south. Usually the baths were entered from the north. The original width of the front side of the central building unit, which was largely maintained over the years, was around ten meters. During the excavations, only small remains of the actual floor could be uncovered.

Phase I.

Since the fort was built around 130/140 AD, the construction of the thermal baths should not have taken place much later. The excavator Planck could imagine the construction in the late Hadrian period based on the finds . It was probably the first structure outside the fence, as the vicus was not built until the sixties of the 2nd century together with the construction of the Limes wooden palisade.

One entered the rectangular, unheated dressing room ( apodyterium ) of the bath from the west. Afterwards, the visitors went to the also rectangular assembly hall ( basilica ) to the east , the largest room in the facility, which was also not heated. In the east wall of the hall there was a cold bath ( frigidarium ) on the right , which had the approximate dimensions of the apodyterium . In the north of the access to the small and larger Laubad was ( tepidarium ) , in the same space flight as the subsequent hot bath ( caldarium ) were. From there, a small rectangular bathing pool attached to the western wall could be entered. The thermal baths were heated from the north.

Phase II

With the establishment of the camp village in the second half of the second century, the bath was expanded and enlarged in a representative way. The apodyterium , basilica and frigidarium were broken off. In their place a 22-meter-long assembly room was built across the actual building complex in an east-west orientation, resting on a stone foundation, which was probably also used for the clothes rack. At the southern end of the building there was a portico stretching the entire length of the basilica . From there you entered the bathroom. To the north of the basilica , a large frigidarium about ten meters wide was built in the north-south line of the older, unchanged rooms. To the east of the cold bath there was a new building as a small sweat bath ( sudatorium ) and to the west an almost mirror-like frigidarium. In phases II and III, which are summarized in some descriptions, the thermal baths reached their greatest length with an extension of around 44 meters.

Phase III

The hypocaust heating in the sudatorium was shut down and the room was used as a frigidarium . The western wall in the previous large frigidarium was moved to the east and the bathroom was thus made smaller. The small frigidarium , which was enlarged at the same time, was set up as a new sudatorium after its hypocaust .

Phase IV

Since there is no evidence for an Alemanni attack between 233 and 234, the northern and southern parts of the Balineum were probably not destroyed until the Germanic attack suspected in early summer 254 AD. At that time the camp village went down in a fire disaster. Only the walls in the central area seem to have been repairable or were enough for a possibly decimated population for the reconstruction. There were also considerations that the downsizing of the bathroom might be necessary for economic reasons. The previous heating system, the caldarium , and the small bathing pool no longer existed; likewise the basilica and the portico . The rest of the building was used as before. A 10 × 10 meter wooden extension was created as a new dressing room, leaning against the south facade. As the last of this phase, the sudatorium was given up a little later . In the greatly reduced, provisional form, the thermal baths existed at least until the end of Roman rule in 260 ( Limesfall ). The finds in the camp village indicate that the fort bath may even have been used until the early 4th century.

Finds

The bath contained a multitude of interesting finds: finger rings, coins, gems , hairpins, pottery shards and glass vessels. The latter are a common find in Roman baths, as perfumes and especially oils for use with a strigilis were usually kept in smaller ointment vessels .

Vicus and fire burial ground

The extensive vicus , the camp village, extended south and southeast of the fort. The buildings in the second and third centuries consisted almost entirely of the half-timbered long houses with a length of up to 40 meters, typical of Upper German-Rhaetian Limes forts. A large number of wood-paneled cellars were uncovered in the preserved structures of these buildings. The 13 wells uncovered were also important for research, almost all of which also had wooden formwork. After finding a large brick kiln with associated finds, Planck assumed that the roof tiles for these buildings were made on site. The geological conditions made it possible that the parts of the wooden cladding preserved in the deepest of these wells could be dendrochronologically examined by Bernd Becker. The data obtained at that time have now been corrected using refined methods. Some of the wells contained extremely valuable and rare civil and military items.

The objects found, including high-quality jewelry made of silver and bronze, show that Buch must have been a wealthy village, whose inhabitants probably got rich through trade with the Teutons. The very different development of the various fort villages on the Limes testifies to their uniqueness. In contrast to the military buildings, the civil settlements were largely appropriate to the needs and economic possibilities of the people living there. The villages developed a momentum of their own, which led to the residents of Buch sticking to their wooden houses, while the people at a fortress site comparable to Jagsthausen created almost town-like structures in a similar period of time. It is usually no longer possible to clarify why the development was different.

Phase I.

It could be established that the founding time of the vicus, dendrochronologically documented for the year 161 AD, originated in its first construction phase along a camp ring road leading around the fort and was planned from the beginning. On the outer arch of this street, the plots of future development were marked out in a fan shape. The line of sight of these houses was directed towards the military camp. A circumferential portico was built in front of the buildings, which widened into a double portico shortly before the ring road and the eastern arterial road from the fort came together.

Phase II (a, b and c)

In 193 AD, according to the evidence from well 10, a major renovation project took place in the village. While the streets remained untouched, several buildings were demolished, plots were redesigned and their space for new buildings was leveled with a mix of gravel and clay up to 30 centimeters high. In the course of this restructuring, the construction method has obviously also been standardized, at least in part, which is particularly evident in the arrangement of cellars and wells. If these were initially arranged inconsistently, the cellars were now at a distance of around 12 meters from the portico front, while the fountains were around 22 meters from the portico. Some residents now indulged in the luxury of hypocritical dreams . The two-aisled portico in the east was abandoned. It now showed in its entirety a uniform picture. According to identification of timber freshly cut in winter 253/254, which were found in the fire rubble of two wells, the demise of the village can be very precisely dated together with the wells found under this layer of fire. In the early summer of 254 AD, a Germanic attack on the settlement took place. Before that, residents had deposited valuables, household effects and militaria in their well. The attackers withdrew after the destruction or could be driven out.

Phase III

As shown by large-scale leveling from the middle of the 3rd century above the fire horizon, the Bucher fort vicus was not abandoned by the residents. Bernhard A. Greiner was able to prove in his investigations that the upper two meters of the wooden cladding had been removed in several wells. Within a hypocaust room there were post positions of later installations, on the eastern Lagerringstrasse a post structure with stone wedged posts covered parts of the portico and the street. In the vicinity of this building and in the adjacent pits, eight kilograms of slag were found, which consisted of crude steel blanks and soft iron and testify to ferrous metal processing. Of particular importance for this late phase is a single olive-green shard of glass from a thick-walled vessel, which was identified by the provincial archaeologist Brigitta Hoffmann as evidence of the 4th century, and late Roman coins, findings from the fort and vicus area should also be pointed out at this point.

The fire burial site in Buch has not yet been discovered.

Chronology of the Vicus von Rainau-Buch

The previously known development of the fort village as it appears after the dendrochronological investigations.

Construction phase Dating event
Phase I. 161 ad Foundation of the fort vicus
Phase IIa 193 AD partial demolition and re-parceling
Phase IIb 229 AD Installation of new wells
Phase IIc 254 AD Remodeling
254 AD Destruction by fire, finds in depot; probably from a Germanic attack
Phase III after AD 254 Leveling and backfilling work

Mansio

Reconstructed foundation walls of a possible hostel (mansio)
Reconstructed foundation walls of the small thermal bath. Duct heating in the front room
Detailed view of the duct heating

In 1979/80 two foundations were uncovered in the immediate southern vicinity of the fort bath, which are most likely to be regarded as a structural unit. Planck also found the proximity to the fort thermal baths to be striking. The House I is considered a residential building with representative facade that falls in carrying out of the frame of the usual civil architecture. In addition to the found property and structural details such as hypocaust dreams, the buildings are viewed as a mansio , an inn with accommodation for travelers. An earlier view that the commandant's house stood there, which was not found in the fort area in 1897, has been obsolete since the aerial photograph was discovered by Braasch in 1991. However, there have been no further excavations in the fort to this day. In the southwest of house I , house II , a small thermal bath, is connected. This consisted of a large caldarium , a frigidarium and a room with canal heating. The building was not erected until Phase II of the camp village development. This is shown by the remains of extensive wooden buildings that were under the bathroom. In contrast to the more elaborate hypocaust, knowledge of the functionality of sewer heating survived antiquity. Remains of such a heating technology were found in the great hall of the Kaiserpfalz Goslar . Duct heating became common in late antiquity , which gives clues to the time of the small bath in Buch. The two buildings are marked in situ by natural stones on the floor due to today's presentation .

In the finds of the assumed mansio area, many inscriptions as well as animal paw prints and trade stamps on the bricks of the hypocaust rooms came to light. There were also numerous pottery of Germanic origin such as tripod bowls, pots and plates.

Brick factory

On the other side of the Jagst, opposite the fort baths and the mansio , a 4 x 3.5 meter brick kiln was uncovered. Numerous false fires of building and roof tiles were found in the area. Research suggests that this is where brick material was made for the village.

Well finds

In the area between Porta praetoria and fort bath, which was examined from 1976 to 1979 and which was later sacrificed for the construction of the new federal road, the archaeologists found 14 wells and cisterns from which they were able to recover some unique objects. In addition, the material found during the excavation, such as bones, leather and plants, also provided research bases for various other scientific disciplines for decades. As the analyzes showed, during antiquity there were fir forests with interspersed oaks and berry bushes in the vicinity of the settlement and fort.

Many of the found wells were dug at different times and used differently depending on their task. Secondary use as a waste pit is typical. Numerous remains of Roman leather shoes were found in Buch, which is reminiscent of the findings from fountain 2 in the east fort Welzheim . But the water reservoirs were also used as treasure troves, which were brought there in times of need. Valuable objects keep reappearing at the fort sites in the Limes region. The dendrochronological investigations showed that the oldest cladding timbers were cut from well 2 in the winter of 161 AD. The latest dendrochronological data could be obtained in wells 10 and 13. The expansion of the cladding can be classified here in AD 254 or later. The wells were once roofed over and covered with straw, clapboard or bricks. The excavators lifted brick and stone rubble from wells 7, 9 and 13, mixed with partly heavily burned wood and wooden objects, which points to the major fire in the camp village, which took place here in the early summer of AD 254. Here one can think of fires that need not always have been started by enemy action, but in this case a devastating Germanic attack can be expected due to the combination of finds. Overall, however, the backfilling of the wells was very different. Some did not reveal any additional finds, while others contained large quantities of used, broken wooden objects. The many pine shavings found in fountains were apparently once made to illuminate the houses.

The following facts make it very likely that the civil Roman settlement of Buch was destroyed by a warlike event in AD 254:

  • In all three wells, in which rubble was also found, the excavators made hoard finds , which lay under the rubble on the bottom of the well. Such hoards have often been found in connection with attacks and wars. All three wells were accordingly in use until early summer 254.
  • There are many indications that the fire rubble backfilling of wells 9 and 13 also took place in 254.

After the camp village was destroyed, the rubble ended up in the wells during the subsequent clean-up work.

Fountain 7

One of the most extensive treasures found on the Rhaetian Limes came to light in 1979 on the bottom of Well 7 , which was built in AD 229. These include 15 bronze vessels, a bronze statuette of the god of war Mars , a small bronze cupid and 20 iron implements. From this find, some of the bronzes from the 1st century are of particular importance and apparently belong together. They presumably come from Campania in southern Italy and indicate a very long use due to clear signs of use. The 9.9 centimeter high Mars from provincial manufacture in the uniform of an officer stands on a rectangular, 2.6 centimeter high pedestal and is fully armed. In addition to a round shield and spear, greaves, a breastplate with a field bandage and fringed leather strips (pteryges) can be seen. The helmet, pushed slightly into the back of the head, points to Greek models. The figurine of a naked winged cupid stands in the classic contraposto posture on a gold-plated round plinth in the form of a column base. With both hands above his head he carries a flat, vaulted gilded bowl that could have served various purposes. In addition to a decorative use, it can also be used as a lamp or cult object. The comparatively baroque classicism of this piece points to a development in the 2nd century. The small work of art is 10.5 centimeters high. Noteworthy is a bronze offering bowl, the handle of which ends in a dog's head, and a bronze ladle, which includes a strainer of the same design . The colander bears the manufacturer's mark Saturnius f [ecit] (Saturninus made this). The salvaged iron tools include scissors, keys, spades, scythes and a fragment of a window grille.

Fountain 9

Semi-finished product of a Niederbieber helmet from Brunnen 9

In well 9 , the wooden casing of which may date from AD 229, a twelve-centimeter-high, high-quality wooden sculpture depicting a humped, bearded man with an oversized erect phallus was recovered on the 10.5-meter-deep floor next to Militaria . The figure standing on a simple round base lifts an obviously heavy, often tied wool ball over its head and is clad in a fur- or wool-like, hip-length coat. As underwear, a tunic protrudes below the belt , which has a very uniform throw that is almost reminiscent of a pleated skirt. The phallus with clear scorch marks was not carved out of one piece with the male, but made individually and connected to the figure. The exposed eye sockets were once covered with unknown material.

In addition to the large armory in the fort area, there were scattered individual finds of metal rings that had belonged to chain mail. Well 9 hid on the 10.5 meter deep bottom together with a small wooden sculpture an almost complete chain mail from the 3rd century and next to it an excellently preserved bronze helmet of the Niederbieber type , which apparently came into the ground as a semi-finished product . This helmet, a late form of the Weisenau type , is missing various individual parts that would have had to be attached in further work steps. The corresponding holes in the dome were also not yet available. The half-finished helmet makes it clear how the manufacturing process of such a headgear took place in the Roman forges. The heavily armored helmets of the Niederbieber type emerged at the end of the 2nd century and were worn around 260 AD until the introduction of new, late Roman helmet shapes. It is believed that the Niederbieber helmet was used by both infantry and cavalry.

Fountain 13

Animal skeleton in well 13

In well 13 , which was built in 203 and was still in use by 254, a completely preserved, 40 centimeter high bronze kettle (70 centimeter diameter), two bronze buckets with iron handles, jugs, and others were found on the bottom at a depth of seven meters Pans, one of which (25 centimeters in diameter) was equipped with a star-shaped attachment and a ring. Of the iron finds, a complete set of scales with a 91 centimeter long balance beam and three different measuring scales (35, 68, 138 Roman pounds) is particularly valuable.

A much discussed object from well 13 is a drum-shaped, 14 centimeter high iron canteen (ampoule) . Bronze was used for the stand ring, a metal band wrapped around the hollow body, the suspension for the straps and the round drinking nozzle. The bottle held around 1.3 liters. Planck saw an object for fragrant essences in the sheet iron container and stated that it was "very rare in Roman times." The historian and experimental archaeologist Marcus Junkelmann , like Peter Connolly , assigned the iron bottle to military use and stated that it was similar Objects also emerged from the ground at other Roman storage sites. Since this part is unknown to the equipment of Roman soldiers could also hoses, gourds or wood storage bottles of Posca , the standard in the field Roman military beverage served.

Troop

On the basis of the geomagnetic prospection, the crew accommodations could be determined quite precisely. A centurion with around 80 men lived in each barracks . Six of these accommodations were available in Buch for a cohort of 480 to 500 men. This corresponds to the team strength of a Cohors quingenaria peditata . More recently, however, it has been assumed that a Cohors quingenaria equitata , a unit with around 756 men, of which 128 riders were stationed in Buch. It is assumed that the large barracks in the Retentura were partially occupied by teams and horses. Through the repeated discovery of cavalry objects and other indications it becomes clear that the crew must have been a partially mounted unit, as has been proven many times at the Rhaetian Limes. It is not known what name this troop was called.

The name of a mounted officer is known; a certain Paterclus was Decurio (Rittmeister) of a Turma (squadron).

In 1976 a fragment of a military diploma emerged from the ground in the vicus . Details have been preserved from the curriculum vitae of the auxiliary soldier, who was honorably discharged from military service after 25 years. A Roman citizen with the surname Provincialis from the Licatier tribe from Bavarian Swabia was a member of the Rhaetian Army (Exercitus Raeticus) from 137 to 141 AD and was retired between 162 and 166 AD. On the fragment there is no mention of the Buchen unit and how Provincialis got its early citizenship.

inscription

Base of the statue of Mercury in the Limes Museum in Aalen

A statue with a stone inscription for the god Mercury in the Limes Museum in Aalen comes from Buch . Only a ruinous base area has been preserved. Only the two feet of the former statue remained. A billy goat lying down can be seen on the left foot.

Text of the inscription:

[Mer] curio de [o]
signum Iul (ius) [Pe-]
rvincus ex [vo-]
to suscepto v (otum) s (olvit) [l (ibens) l (aetus) m (erito)]

Translation:

To the god Mercury. Julius Pervincus redeemed the image with pleasure, joyfully and for a fee based on a vow.

Pet husbandry and nutrition

Animals

The veterinarian Veronika Gulde determined a profile of the keeping of pets and carnal nutrition in Buch on the basis of 24,501 animal bones found between 1975 and 1980. From the entire bone stock, she counted and determined what proportions of the bone number, the bone weight and certain certain individual animals fall on certain common domestic animals. The following table lists the bones most frequently represented from the total stock.

Animal species proportion of Minimum number of individuals Weight in grams
Beef (bos) 64.3% 38.8% 84.0%
Pig (sus od. Porcus) 20.3% 33.6% 6.8%
Sheep / goat (ovis / capra) 9.6% 15.1% 2.9%
Horse (equus) 3.2% 1.8% 6.1%
Poultry (gallina) 1.8% 7.5% <1%

The table makes it clear that beef was of paramount importance in the diet of soldiers and civilians, although the meat of this multi-purpose animal was not very valued. But since it was needed in large quantities as a workhorse and raw material supplier for leather, glue and horn and its manure was used for fertilization, large amounts of meat were produced during slaughter that could not go unused. Cow's milk did not have the status it has in the diet today, although the Romans, for example, made popular cheese specialties that were widely sold. In addition, cheese was often to be found in the field pack but also in the general diet of the military. But ancient Rome preferred the milk of sheep and goats for cheese making. The proportion of cows that produced a significantly lower milk yield than today is significantly lower in the finds than that of male animals. Overall, the slaughtered cattle were mostly older than three years.

The following table lists the wild animal bones numerically represented most frequently from the total population:

Animal species proportion of Minimum number of individuals Weight in grams
Red deer (cervus) 30.1% 14.1% 52.4%
Wild boar (aper) 14.8% 14.1% 18.2%
Roe deer (caprea) 16.7% 15.4% 9.7%
Brown hare (lepus) 19.9% 17.9% 3.2%
Moose (alces) 2.1% 3.8% 14.7%
Brown bear (ursus) 0.7% 2.6% 0.3%
Wild birds (avis) 6.6% 21.8% <1%

In addition to a few bones from goose, duck and pigeon, a number of wild bird species and at least 40 dogs with a wide variety of shapes could be detected. All major forest mammals, including - to a very small extent - those that have now disappeared, such as elk and brown bear, were hunted; some species such as beavers were mainly due to their fur. Large and small dogs were valued as guard and herding dogs as well as for hunting. A not inconsiderable number of strays was to be expected in the fort villages. There are no written records about the consumption of dog meat in Roman culture. The accumulation of dog bones in the poorer urban areas of Augusta Raurica ( Augst / Kaiseraugst ) suggests that, while dogs were carefully buried in the bourgeois quarters.

In the bones of Buch there were also remains of a smaller wolf, which may have been killed while roaming around. Overall, however, the wild animals only made up 2.3% of the total amount of bones, with the red deer accounting for the largest share with 30%, followed by the brown hare (19.9%) and roe deer (16.7%). The red deer (Cervus) was the only really important meat supplier of all wild animals.

One of the most remarkable bone finds from Buch was the upper arm bone of a Barbary macaque . There were considerations to regard the animal as a mascot or a remnant of a juggler visit to the vicus .

plants

The soil samples taken at various locations during the excavations provide a good insight into the vegetable diet. Of at least 152 plant species, 23 cultivated and possible useful plants could be identified, including the three grain types spelled (Triticum) , also called Spelt (Spelta) , Emmer (Far) and barley (Hordeum) . Various samples also contained weed seeds. Spelled was obviously the main type of grain in southern and western Germany as well as in Imperial Britain. Its cultivation there was already an old tradition. Many researchers believe that the Romans only got to know spelled when they advanced north. As Cato the Elder and Pliny the Elder reported, emmer was the Classical Roman grain. An emmer porridge (pulse) was made from Far , which was originally used by the Romans as a daily diet. It was not until the imperial era that the porridge from bread was ousted from its top position as a staple food, but it still played a not unimportant role. Emmer was also used to make sacrificial bread and cakes and to sprinkle the sacrificial animals with salted farin . Barley was also one of the most important types of grain at the time, especially in the horse's diet. Large quantities of them were therefore hoarded in the Horrea at the fort sites occupied by mounted troops . For the preparation of human food, the hulls of the barley mostly had to be softened by boiling, so that the laborious peeling or drying was not necessary. The cooked hordeum was mostly eaten as barley porridge (polenta) , which was originally a Greek national dish. It was also used in some provinces such as Raetia for brewing beer (Cervisia) .

The use of wild plants is only suspected. The Buch population also fed on cultivated and collected fruits such as plums (prunum) and vegetables. Imported figs (ficus) were popular . In addition, people planted and collected lamb's lettuce, dill (anethum) , coriander (Coriander or Coriandrum) and probably winter savory (Satureja) . The seeds of the caraway (Careum) were used as seasoning and the roots for dishes.

Course of the Limes from Fort Buch

To the north of Buch Fort, the Limes runs between the watchtowers Wp 12/77 and 12/79 in a north-northeastern direction, passes the Jagst immediately behind Wp 12/80 and bends there to the east. It maintains this direction up to Wp 12/84, where it changes its course again in order to move in a north-easterly direction to Halheim Fort or the watchtower Wp 12/103. From Wp 12/77 (at 487  m above sea level ) to Wp 12/103 (at 531  m above sea level ), it rises a total of around 44 meters, whereby it rises in the Jagstsenke at 438  m above sea level. NN its deepest and on the Halheimer Heide at Wp 12/101 with 531.2  m above sea level. NN reached its highest point. With a few exceptions where it crosses populated areas (Dalkingen, Röhlingen, Pfahlheim and Halheim), in this section it mainly runs on agricultural land.

Limes structures between Fort Buch and Fort Halheim
ORL Name / place Description / condition
Wp 12/77 Mowing wood
The wooden watchtower reconstructed in 2008 based on the work of Dietwulf Baatz
In 1969 the foundations of the stone tower were uncovered by the Baden-Württemberg State Monuments Office and restored after the investigation by the Ostalb district. The archaeologists determined three expansion phases for Wp 12/77. A little to the south of the later Limes wall, a wooden watchtower was found, in the vicinity of which remains of the wooden Limes palisade had been preserved. Their age is known very precisely from the woods excavated in nearby Schwabsberg. They can all be dated to the year 165 AD. The oak trunks of the Limes palisade were halved by the Romans and set up with the straight side in the direction of Barbaricum. In order to improve the hold, the trunks were connected with crossbars. With the end of the first tower, which may have become old and damaged, a stone tower measuring 6.5 × 5.5 meters northwest of the wooden previous building, which has only survived in small remains, was built. The trench-like depression running around it made it clear that this fortification once stood free in the field. Although the oak trunk palisade could not be detected there, the tower certainly still belongs to this period. The expansion of the Limes wall in stone was tackled during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus (193 to 211 AD), among other things, dendrochronologically examined timbers from the substructure of the Rhaetian wall near Fort Dambach , which were recovered in 2008, indicate . The older stone watchtower was now replaced by a square, 5 × 5 meter tower, which was probably occupied for a long time due to numerous small finds. As in other parts of the Limes, it could be proven that the tower was plastered white. On this substrate, a regular block masonry was simulated with red paint as a joint line. Nearby, the full height of the Limes wall, 1.1 meters wide, was reconstructed in this area. As found during the 1969 excavations, in addition to ceramics, an iron knife, a disc brooch with an enamel insert and a sesterce of Julia Mamaea († 235) were found. In 2008, in the presence of Dieter Planck, then President of the State Office for the Preservation of Monuments, a wooden tower reconstruction with drywall was inaugurated, which replaced a controversial previous building from 1966. In his reconstructions Dietwulf Baatz gave the long-known findings, which are particularly impressive in the Odenwald and are also known from the excavations of the RLK, a convincing form. The results, which were published in the early 1980s, have not yet caught on with the public, as the rustic attempts at reconstructing a wooden Limes watchtower based on the Trajan's Column still dominate the public's imagination.

  • Findings recorded in 1885

  • In 1992, the Limes Tower offered even more open land, as it corresponded more to the ancient state.

  • The 5 × 5 meter stone tower foundation with the reconstructed Limes wall in 2009

  • Halved oak trunks of the Limes palisade from the southern edge of Schwabsberg

Wp 12/78 and Wp 12/79 Two suspected but archaeologically unproven tower sites are located here.
Wp 12/80 The tower site is known, but not visible.
Wp 12/81
View of the Limestor Dalkingen from the southwest
The original watchtower was later replaced by the Limestor Dalkingen . In total, the research at Wp 12/81 was able to document five construction phases. In its final stage of expansion, there was a unique triumphal arch-like gate. In addition, important knowledge about the Rhaetian Limes could be collected in general. The Limestor, a structure with guard rooms, controlled the border traffic between the Roman Empire and free Germania. From there to Dalkingen the course of the Limes is illustrated as a hedge.
Wp 12/82 to Wp 12/83 Three tower sites are suspected, but have not been archaeologically proven. In the area of ​​Dalkingen the course of the Limes has not been clarified with certainty.
Wp 12/84 Hard
Wp 12/84
No longer visible part of a stone tower at a distance of 10.80 meters from the Limes wall. The stone tower had a rectangular floor plan with sides 5.08 × 4.80 meters. The wall thickness was 94 centimeters.
Wp 12/85 red No longer visible tower part of a stone tower 3.60 meters behind the Limes wall. At the time of the investigations by the Limes researcher Heinrich Steimle (1846–1907) only the north corner of the tower was well preserved. The thickness of his wall, executed in Opus spicatum , was 68 centimeters on the front and 76 centimeters on the east.
Wp 12/86 Oberhartbühl Here is an invisible part of the tower.
Wp 12/87 to Wp 12/97 A total of eleven tower locations are suspected in this section. However, they have not yet been proven archaeologically.
Wp 12/98 Stake home A piece of the Limes wall was preserved in the area of ​​the suspected tower site.
Wp 12/99 and Wp 12/100 Two suspected, but not archaeologically proven, tower sites
Wp 12/101 No longer visible part of a wooden and a stone tower. The towers were in the area of ​​today's trigonometric point 531.2. Today there is a signpost here.
Wp 12/102 Here was a suspected but archaeologically unproven tower site.
Wp 12/103 Herb garden The stone tower located here was subsequently integrated into the Limes wall. There is nothing to be seen here today.
ORL 67a Bushel fields

Monument protection

The Buch fort and the aforementioned ground monuments have been part of the UNESCO World Heritage as a section of the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes since 2005 . In addition, the facilities are cultural monuments according to the Monument Protection Act of the State of Baden-Württemberg (DSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to approval, and accidental finds are reported to the monument authorities.

See also

literature

  • Dietwulf Baatz : The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. 4th edition. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-7861-2347-0 , pp. 262f.
  • Stephan Bender: The pedestal from Wp 12/81 near Rainau-Dalkingen. In: Peter Henrich (Ed.): The Limes from the Lower Rhine to the Danube. 6th colloquium of the German Limes Commission (= contributions to the Limes World Heritage, 6). Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2466-5 , pp. 109-121.
  • Ernst Fabricius , Felix Hettner , Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roemerreich. Section A VI: Lines 12 and 13. Petters, Berlin / Leipzig 1935, pp. 76–88 as well as panel 1, panel 2, fig. 2 c and d and map supplement 2.
  • Bernhard A. Greiner: Rainau book: urban Roman way of life on the borders of the empire. In: Vera Rupp , Heide Birley (Hrsg.): Country life in Roman Germany. Theiss, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-8062-2573-0 , pp. 86-88.
  • Bernhard A. Greiner: Rainau-Buch II. The Roman fort vicus of Rainau-Buch (Ostalbkreis). The archaeological excavations from 1976 to 1979. Theiss, Stuttgart 2008/2010, ISBN 978-3-8062-2244-9 . (Research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, Volume 106)
  • Bernhard A. Greiner: Cohort fort, bath and fort vicus near Buch. In: Dieter Planck (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , pp. 258-265.
  • Bernhard A. Greiner: The fort vicus of Rainau book. Settlement history and correction of dendrochronological data. In: New research on Roman settlement between the Upper Rhine and Enns. Lectures at the scientific colloquium from June 14th to 16th, 2000 in Rosenheim. Greiner, Remshalden 2003, ISBN 3-935383-09-6 , pp. 83-89.
  • Veronika Gulde: Osteological investigations on animal bones from the Roman vicus of Rainau-Buch (Ostalbkreis). Theiss, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8062-0744-5 .
  • Ernst von Herzog : The fort book. In: Ernst Fabricius, Felix Hettner, Oscar von Sarwey (ed.): The Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes of the Roman Empire . Dept. B VI No. 67 (1898).
  • Dieter Planck: The Limes between Hüttlingen and the "Mahdholz" forest. In the S. (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1555-3 , pp. 258f.
  • Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany. 2nd completely revised edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , pp. 133-140.
  • Dieter Planck: Rainau (AA) - open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district. In: Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , pp. 486-499.
  • Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 .
  • Dieter Planck: Archaeological excavations in Rainau. In: Ostalb-Einhorn 9, 1982, pp. 156-160.
  • Dieter Planck: Well finds from the Roman fort village near Buch, community Rainau, Ostalbkreis. In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg 8, 1979. pp. 115–120.
  • Dieter Planck: Investigations in the Roman fort bath in Buch, community Rainau, Ostalbkreis. In: Archäologische Ausgrabungen 1975. S. 56f.
  • Hans-Peter Stika: Roman times plant remains from Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8062-1285-6 .
  • Britta Rabold, Egon Schallmayer , Andreas Thiel: The Limes. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1461-1 .
  • Gabriele Seitz: Rainau Book I. Stone buildings in the Roman fort vicus of Rainau-Buch (Ostalbkreis). Theiss, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8062-1433-6 , (research and reports on prehistory and early history in Baden-Württemberg, 57)
  • Gabriele Seitz: Military diploma fragments from Rainau book and Aalen. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg. 7 (1982), p. 317 ff, doi: 10.11588 / fbbw.1982.0.26770 .
  • Harald von der Osten-Woldenburg: Geomagnetic prospection of the cohort fort Rainau-Buch. New knowledge through geophysics. In: Ellwanger Jahrbuch 34 (1991), pp. 147-170.
  • Harald von der Osten-Woldenburg: New geophysical prospections in the area of ​​the cohort fort Rainau-Buch, Ostalbkreis. In: Archaeological excavations in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2000, ISSN  0724-8954 , pp. 87-90.
  • Dieter Planck: New excavations on the Limes (= small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of southwest Germany. 12). Gentner, Stuttgart 1975, p. 19 ff.
  • Dieter Planck: The open-air museum Schwabsberg-Buch, Ostalbkreis. In: Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg. 2nd year 1973, issue 3, pp. 40-46. ( PDF; 10.3 MB )

Web links

Commons : Kastell Buch  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b 151 m length on the north side, 139.5 m each on the east and west side and 149 m on the south side.
  2. ↑ Limestor Dalkingen at 48 ° 55 '36.71 "  N , 10 ° 9' 20.22"  O .
  3. ^ Dieter Planck , Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany. 2nd completely revised edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 133.
  4. ^ Dieter Planck : Rainau-Dalkingen - Limestor. In: Walter Sölter (Ed.): The Roman Germania from the air. 2nd Edition. Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1983, ISBN 3-7857-0298-1 , p. 58.
  5. ^ Philipp Filtzinger , Dieter Planck, Bernhard Cämmerer: The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3rd edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 496.
  6. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 260.
  7. ↑ Dieter Planck: New research on the Upper Germanic and Raetian Limes. In: Hildegard Temporini (ed.): The rise and fall of the Roman world. de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-11-006690-4 , p. 445.
  8. ^ Jörg Heiligmann: The "Alb-Limes": a contribution to the history of Roman occupation. Theiss, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8062-0814-X , p. 198.
  9. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Römische Kastelle. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 13.
  10. ↑ Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 , p. 168.
  11. ↑ Egon Schallmayer: On the question of the palisade on the Upper German-Raetian Limes in the 3rd century AD. In: Limes, 19th Proceedings of the XIXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies held in Pécs, Hungary, September 2003. Pécs 2005, p 801-813; here: p. 801.
  12. ^ Ernst Hollstein: Central European Oak Chronology. von Zabern, Mainz 1980, ISBN 3-8053-0096-4 , p. 115; Dieter Planck: The Upper German and Rhaetian Limes. In: Rise and Fall of the Roman World . Volume II, 5, 1. de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-11-006690-4 , p. 435.
  13. ^ Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 488.
  14. ^ Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg (Ed.): Find reports from Baden-Württemberg. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1983, p. 327.
  15. ^ Harald von der Osten-Woldenburg: forts and Limes sections. An overview of geophysical surveys carried out in Baden-Württemberg so far. In: Jürgen Obmann: Limes Development Plan Baden-Württemberg. State Office for Monument Preservation in the Stuttgart Regional Council (Ed.), Esslingen 2007, p. 45.
  16. ^ Harald von der Osten-Woldenburg: Geomagnetic prospection of the cohort fort Rainau-Buch. In: Ellwanger yearbook 1991–1992. Volume XXXIV, pp. 147-170.
  17. ^ Bernhard Albert Greiner: The fort vicus of Rainau book: History of settlement and correction of the dendrochronological data. In: Ludwig Wamser, Bernd Steidl: New research on Roman settlement between the Upper Rhine and Enns. Greiner, Remshalden-Grunbach 2002, ISBN 3-935383-09-6 , pp. 83-89.
  18. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1974, p. 216.
  19. ↑ a b Dieter Planck: New research on the Upper German and Raetian Limes. In: Hildegard Temporini (ed.): The rise and fall of the Roman world. Volume II, 5, 1. de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-11-006690-4 , p. 445.
  20. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann : The riders of Rome. Part II, von Zabern, Mainz 1991, ISBN 3-8053-1139-7 , p. 84 f.
  21. ^ Bernhard Albert Greiner: The fort vicus of Rainau book: History of settlement and correction of the dendrochronological data. In: Ludwig Wamser, Bernd Steidl: New research on Roman settlement between the Upper Rhine and Enns. Greiner, Remshalden-Grunbach 2002, ISBN 3-935383-09-6 , p. 83.
  22. ^ Ernst Hollstein: Central European Oak Chronology. von Zabern, Mainz 1980, ISBN 3-8053-0096-4 , p. 115.
  23. ↑ Bernd Becker : Felling dates for Roman construction timbers based on a 2350 year old South German oak tree ring chronology. In find reports from Baden-Württemberg. Volume 6, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-8062-1252-X , pp. 369-386.
  24. ^ A b Dieter Planck: Rainau book - garrison. In: Walter Sölter (Ed.): The Roman Germania from the air. 2nd edition, Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1983, ISBN 3-7857-0298-1 , p. 59.
  25. ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany. 2nd completely revised edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 132 (illustration with dimensions).
  26. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann : The riders of Rome, Part III. von Zabern, Mainz 1992, ISBN 3-8053-1288-1 , p. 146.
  27. ^ Philipp Filtzinger : Limes Museum Aalen. 2nd Edition. Gentner, Stuttgart 1975, p. 46.
  28. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Römische Kastelle. von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 211.
  29. ^ Friedrich Hertlein , Oscar Paret , Peter Goessler (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1928, p. 98.
  30. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Römische Kastelle. von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 140.
  31. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz ): Römische Kastelle. von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 310.
  32. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Römische Kastelle. von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 152.
  33. ↑ Oliver Stoll: Sculpture equipment for Roman military installations on the Rhine and Danube - The Upper German-Rhaetian Limes. Scripta-Mercaturae, St. Katharinen 1992, ISBN 3-928134-49-3 , p. 274.
  34. ^ A b Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz): Römische Kastelle. von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 188 ff.
  35. ^ A b Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany. 2nd completely revised edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 133.
  36. ↑ Dieter Planck: New excavations on the Limes (= Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany. 12). Gentner, Stuttgart 1975, p. 21.
  37. ↑ a b c d e f Bernhard Albert Greiner: The fort vicus of Rainau book: settlement history and correction of the dendrochronological data. In: Ludwig Wamser, Bernd Steidl: New research on Roman settlement between the Upper Rhine and Enns. Greiner, Remshalden-Grunbach 2002, ISBN 3-935383-09-6 , p. 87.
  38. ↑ Dieter Planck: Rainau book - Garrison. In: Walter Sölter (Ed.): The Roman Germania from the air. 2nd edition, Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 1983, ISBN 3-7857-0298-1 , p. 60.
  39. ^ A b c Bernhard Albert Greiner: The fort vicus of Rainau book: History of settlements and correction of the dendrochronological data. In: Ludwig Wamser, Bernd Steidl: New research on Roman settlement between the Upper Rhine and Enns. Greiner, Remshalden-Grunbach 2002, ISBN 3-935383-09-6 , pp. 85 and 88.
  40. ↑ Dieter Planck: New research on the Upper Germanic and Raetian Limes. In: Hildegard Temporini (ed.): The rise and fall of the Roman world. Volume 2, 5, 1. de Gruyter, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-11-006690-4 , p. 426.
  41. ↑ Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 , p. 107f.
  42. ^ A b Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany. 2nd completely revised edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 140.
  43. ^ A b Bernhard Albert Greiner: The fort vicus of Rainau book: History of settlements and correction of the dendrochronological data. In: Ludwig Wamser, Bernd Steidl: New research on Roman settlement between the Upper Rhine and Enns. Greiner, Remshalden-Grunbach 2002, ISBN 3-935383-09-6 , p. 84.
  44. ^ Bernhard Albert Greiner: The fort vicus of Rainau book: History of settlement and correction of the dendrochronological data. In: Ludwig Wamser, Bernd Steidl: New research on Roman settlement between the Upper Rhine and Enns. Greiner, Remshalden-Grunbach 2002, ISBN 3-935383-09-6 , p. 85.
  45. ^ Bernhard A. Greiner: The fort vicus of Rainau book. Settlement history and correction of dendrochronological data. In: New research on Roman settlement between the Upper Rhine and Enns. Lectures at the scientific colloquium from June 14th to 16th, 2000 in Rosenheim. Greiner, Remshalden 2003, ISBN 3-935383-09-6 , p. 85.
  46. ↑ a b c d e Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany. 2nd completely revised edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 135.
  47. ^ Bertelsmann Lexikonredaktion and August Scherl: The great book of technology. 1962, p. 770.
  48. ↑ Heinz Heinen , Hans H. Anton, Winfried Weber : In the upheaval of cultures - late antiquity and early Middle Ages. Publications of the diocese archive Trier, ISBN 3-7902-0271-1 , p. 516.
  49. ↑ Veronika Gulde: Osteological investigations on animal bones from the Roman vicus of Rainau-Buch (Ostalbkreis). Theiss, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8062-0744-5 , p. 10.
  50. ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany. 2nd completely revised edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 94.
  51. ↑ Dendrodating also in: C. Sebastian Sommer : Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marc Aurel ...? - To date the systems of the Raetian Limes . In: Report of Bayerische Bodendenkmalpflege 56 (2015), pp. 321–327; here: p. 142.
  52. ^ Dieter Planck, Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany. 2nd completely revised edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 139, illus. P. 137/139.
  53. ^ Horst Vey: Yearbook of the State Art Collections in Baden-Württemberg. Volume 17, Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1980, ISBN 3-422-00720-2 , p. 139, ill. P. 319.
  54. ↑ Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 , p. 144.
  55. ↑ Danae Richter: The Roman Army on the Trajan's Column - Propaganda and Reality. Bibliopolis, Möhnesee 2004, ISBN 3-933925-66-5 , p. 193.
  56. ^ Germania - Gazette of the Roman-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute. 75, 1997, ISBN 3-8053-1806-5 , p. 615.
  57. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann : The riders of Rome, Part III. von Zabern, Mainz 1992, ISBN 3-8053-1288-1 , p. 190.
  58. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: The riders of Rome. Part III. von Zabern, Mainz 1992, ISBN 3-8053-1288-1 , p. 200f.
  59. ↑ Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 , p. 158.
  60. ↑ Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 , p. 160.
  61. ↑ Dieter Planck. In: Find reports from Baden-Württemberg. Volume 8. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung , Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-510-49108-4 , p. 330.
  62. ↑ Danae Richter: The Roman army on the Trajan column. Bibliopolis, Möhnesee 2004, ISBN 3-933925-66-5 , p. 110.
  63. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: The Legions of Augustus. 5th edition. von Zabern, Mainz 1991, ISBN 3-8053-0886-8 , p. 203.
  64. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: Panis militaris - The food of the Roman soldier or the raw material of power. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2332-8 , p. 177, panel XVIII
  65. ↑ Find reports from Baden-Württemberg No. 7. Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 328.
  66. ↑ Veronika Gulde: Osteological investigations on animal bones from the Roman vicus of Rainau-Buch (Ostalbkreis). Theiss, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8062-0744-5 , p. 12.
  67. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: Panis militaris - The food of the Roman soldier or the raw material of power. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2332-8 , p. 161.
  68. ↑ Veronika Gulde: Osteological investigations on animal bones from the Roman vicus of Rainau-Buch (Ostalbkreis). Theiss, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8062-0744-5 , p. 17.
  69. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: Panis militaris - The food of the Roman soldier or the raw material of power. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2332-8 , p. 156.
  70. ↑ Pliny Historia naturalis XI, 97; Martial XIII, 30
  71. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: Panis militaris - The food of the Roman soldier or the raw material of power. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2332-8 , p. 87.
  72. ↑ a b Marcus Junkelmann: Panis militaris - The food of the Roman soldier or the raw material of power. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2332-8 , p. 165.
  73. ↑ Veronika Gulde: Osteological investigations on animal bones from the Roman vicus of Rainau-Buch (Ostalbkreis). Theiss, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8062-0744-5 , p. 123.
  74. ↑ Alex R. Furger, Marco Windlin, Sabine Deschler-Erb, Jörg Schibler: The "Roman" pet park in Augusta Raurica / Le parc aux animaux domestiques "romains" d'Augusta Raurica. Römermuseum Augst, Augst 1992, ISBN 3-7151-2007-X .
  75. ↑ Veronika Gulde: Osteological investigations on animal bones from the Roman vicus of Rainau-Buch (Ostalbkreis). Theiss, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8062-0744-5 , p. 186.
  76. ↑ Veronika Gulde: Osteological studies on animal bones from the Roman vicus of Rainau-Buch (Ostalbkreis) , Theiss, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8062-0744-5 , p. 197.
  77. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: Panis militaris - The food of the Roman soldier or the raw material of power. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2332-8 , p. 106.
  78. ^ A b Hans-Peter Stika: Roman times plant remains from Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8062-1285-6 , p. 64.
  79. ↑ a b Dieter Planck: The open-air museum on the Rhaetian Limes in the Ostalb district. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0223-0 , p. 139.
  80. ↑ Marcus Junkelmann: Panis militaris - The food of the Roman soldier or the raw material of power. von Zabern, Mainz 1997, ISBN 3-8053-2332-8 , p. 104 ff.
  81. ↑ Hans-Peter Stika: Roman times plant remains from Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8062-1285-6 , p. 59.
  82. ↑ a b W p = W oh p east, watch tower. The number before the slash denotes the Limes section, the number after the slash denotes the respective watchtower.
  83. ↑ ORL = numbering of the Limes structures according to the publication of the Reich Limes Commission on the O bergermanisch- R ätischen- L imes
  84. ↑ At 48 ° 54 '57.97 "  N , 10 ° 7' 51.61"  O .
  85. ^ Ernst Hollstein: Central European Oak Chronology. von Zabern, Mainz 1980, ISBN 3-8053-0096-4 , p. 115; Philipp Filtzinger (Ed.): The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. 3. Edition. Theiss, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8062-0287-7 , p. 488.
  86. ↑ Dieter Planck: New excavations on the Limes (= Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany. 12). Gentner, Stuttgart 1975, p. 18.
  87. ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: Ostalbkreis press release accessed on July 20, 2009.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.ostalbkreis.de
  88. ↑ Holzturm reconstruction at 48 ° 54 '56.86 "  N , 10 ° 7' 50.78"  O .
  89. ↑ Egon Schallmayer: The Odenwald Limes. Theiss, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-8062-0328-8 , p. 33ff., Ill. P. 31.
  90. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The watchtowers on the Limes. Aalener Schriften 15, Stuttgart 1976; Günter Ulbert , Thomas Fischer: The Limes in Bavaria. Theiss, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0351-2 , p. 38.
  91. ↑ Wp 12/78 at about 48 ° 55 '19.99 "  N , 10 ° 8' 23.5"  O and Wp 12/79 at about 48 ° 55 '34.34 "  N , 10 ° 8' 29.43 "  O .
  92. ↑ Wp 12/80 at 48 ° 55 '38.46 "  N , 10 ° 8' 41.07"  O .
  93. ↑ Wp 12/79 at 48 ° 55 '36.93 "  N , 10 ° 9' 20.58"  O .
  94. ↑ Wp 12/82 at about 48 ° 55 '26.57 "  N , 10 ° 9' 56.45"  O , Wp 12 / 82a at approximately 48 ° 55 '25.97 "  N , 10 ° 10' 14.37 "  O and Wp 12/83 at about 48 ° 55 '29.2"  N , 10 ° 10' 33.65 "  O .
  95. ↑ At 48 ° 55 '29.07 "  N , 10 ° 10' 56.64"  O .
  96. ↑ Wp 12/85 at 48 ° 55 '42.88 "  N , 10 ° 11' 22.61"  O .
  97. ↑ Wp 12/86 at 48 ° 55 '56.31 "  N , 10 ° 11' 47.99"  O .
  98. ↑ Wp 12/87 at around 48 ° 56 '4.88 "  N , 10 ° 12' 4.21"  E , Wp 12/88 at around 48 ° 56 '17.23 "  N , 10 ° 12' 27.51 "  O , Wp 12/89 at about 48 ° 56 '24.96"  N , 10 ° 12' 42.79 "  O , Wp 12/90 at about 48 ° 56 '34.88"  N , 10 ° 13' 1 , 11 "  O , Wp 12/91 at about 48 ° 56 '48.33"  N , 10 ° 13' 27.46 "  O , Wp 12/92 at about 48 ° 56 '59.56"  N , 10 ° 13 '48.2 "  O , Wp 12/93 at about 48 ° 57' 9.28"  N , 10 ° 14 '6.28 "  O , Wp 12/94 at about 48 ° 57' 22.29"  N , 10 ° 14 '30.3 "  O , Wp 12/95 at about 48 ° 57' 29.12"  N , 10 ° 14 '43 "  O , Wp 12/96 at about 48 ° 57' 35.69"  N , 10 ° 14 '55.21 "  O and Wp 12/97 at about 48 ° 57' 43.56"  N , 10 ° 15 '9.47 "  O .
  99. ↑ Wp 12/98 at 48 ° 57 '54.03 "  N , 10 ° 15' 28.81"  O .
  100. ^ Dieter Planck: The Romans in Baden-Württemberg. Roman sites and museums from Aalen to Zwiefalten. Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 978-3-8062-1555-7 , p. 200.
  101. ↑ Wp 12/99 at around 48 ° 58 '4.49 "  N , 10 ° 15' 49.23"  E , Wp 12/100 at around 48 ° 58 '12.54 "  N , 10 ° 16' 4.73 "  O .
  102. ↑ Wp 12/101 (wood tower) at 48 ° 58 '20.42 "  N , 10 ° 16' 18.94"  O .
  103. ↑ Wp 12/101 (Steinturm) at 48 ° 58 '20.67 "  N , 10 ° 16' 19.64"  O .
  104. ^ Dieter Planck , Willi Beck: The Limes in Southwest Germany. 2nd completely revised edition, Theiss, Stuttgart 1987, ISBN 3-8062-0496-9 , p. 140.
  105. ↑ Dietwulf Baatz: The Roman Limes. Archaeological excursions between the Rhine and the Danube. 4th edition. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-7861-1701-2 , p. 266.
  106. ↑ Wp 12/102 at about 48 ° 58 '35.47 "  N , 10 ° 16' 36.39"  O .
  107. ^ Wilhelm Schleiermacher : The Roman Limes in Germany. An archaeological guide for road trips and hikes. Mann, Berlin 1967, p. 170.
  108. ↑ Wp 12/103 at 48 ° 58 '47.05 "  N , 10 ° 16' 49.03"  O .
  109. ↑ Kastell Halheim at 48 ° 58 '59.5 "  N , 10 ° 17' 8.5"  O .
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