List of places of Hebrew printing in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries

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The list of Hebrew letterpress printing locations in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries contains a chronological listing of locations in Europe where Hebrew offices (book printers) can be found in the 15th and 16th centuries. More than 1000 prints in Hebrew language and script are known from this period. Hebrew-Jewish, Hebrew-Christian and Yiddish prints are included. This takes account of the fact that some Christian printers were converted Jews, Jewish editors were employed by Christian printers, Jewish texts were published on commission by Christian printers, national-language prose literature for a Jewish clientele with Hebrew letters and, for example, in Hijar, Jewish texts with Latin letters were printed.

Period place Domination printer Publications description
1475 Reggio di Calabria Kingdom of Naples Abraham ben Yitzhak ben Garton 1 The Pentateuch (title: Pirusch al ha-Thora, dated February 1475) is the first dated Hebrew cradle print . A single copy has been preserved in the Parma library. No other prints by Abraham ben Yitzhak ben Garton are known.
1475 Piove di Sacco Republic of Venice Meshullam Cusi Rafa ben Moses Jacob, his two sons and his widow Devorah 1 Meshullam Cusi Rafa ben Moses Jacob printed the second dated Hebrew cradle print in July 1475 in Piove di Sacco, Venice, the first volume of Jacob ben Asher's Arba'ah Turim. The sons and the widow printed the following two volumes. After her sons were arrested, the widow Devorah became the first Jewish printer to print the fourth volume, to which she added a complaint about the fate of her family.
1476-1590 Mantua Duchy of Mantua Abraham Conat (also: Konath) and his wife Estellina 6th Six prints by Abraham Conat and his wife Estellina are known up to 1480. The beginnings of the Conats' dispensing possibly go back to 1474. In the 16th century, until 1590, Jewish print shops repeatedly established themselves in Mantua.
1470s Toledo Kingdom of Castile Juan de Lucena of Marrano and his four daughters unknown According to the files of the Inquisition, Juan de Lucena of Marrano and his four daughters were charged with printing Hebrew books in Toledo and the nearby village of Montalban before 1480. None of these books have survived. According to the court records, Juan de Lucena of Marrano is considered to be the first Hebrew printer on the Iberian Peninsula. This contrasts with two anonymous undated texts that are very early in terms of typography.
1476-1482 Guadalajara Kingdom of Castile Solomon ben Moses ha-Levi ibn Alkabetz 20th Solomon ben Moses ha-Levi ibn Alkabetz printed the Torah commentary by Rashi in 1476 , the oldest surviving Hebrew letterpress on the Iberian Peninsula. Up to 1482, 20 prints are ascribed to the Guadalajara store . In 1492, when the Jews were expelled from Spain, the Hebrew cradle pressure there ended.
1477-1561 Ferrara Duchy of Ferrara Abraham Ben-Hajjim dei Tintori da Pesaro more than 50 Abraham Ben-Hajjim dei Tintori da Pesaro printed two Hebrew titles in Ferrara in May and July 1477. After Ginsburg he was already active as a Hebrew printer in 1473 and 1474. More than 50 other Hebrew titles followed in the 16th century up to Abraham Usque in 1561.
1477-1540 Bologna Papal States Hayyim Mordecai, Hezekiah de Ventura, Abraham Ben-Hajjim dei Tintori da Pesaro 2 Hayyim Mordecai, Hezekiah de Ventura obtained a copy of the Psalms in 1477. In 1482 Abraham Ben-Hajjim dei Tintori da Pesaro printed a Pentateuch.
before 1480-1581 Rome Papal States Obadja, Manasseh and Benjamin of Rome approx. 20 Six to possibly twelve anonymously published Hebrew prints without a date can be assigned to Roman officers on the basis of comparisons of the types and investigations of the watermarks of the paper. There was general consensus that six of these prints were made before 1480. The earliest printing date given was 1465. In more recent research the period is narrowed down to 1469 to 1472. A document for a non-preserved print dates from 1485. Obadja, Manasseh and Benjamin of Rome can be identified as printers in a single colophon . In the 16th century, no Jewish-owned printing works were permitted in Rome. From around 1508 to 1581, a few Hebrew-Jewish prints were published by Christian printers such as Jacobus Mazochi and Francesco Zanetti.
1482-1490 Híjar Crown of Aragon Abraham Maimon Zanete, Eliezer ben Abraham Alantansi 6th In the Jewish community of Híjar, which consists of just 150 people, eight Hebrew and Yiddish scripts were printed between 1482 and 1492, the last two with Latin letters. Production in Hijar ended with the expulsion of the Jews from Spain.
1483-1497 Soncino Duchy of Milan Gershon Soncino and family 26th The German-born Gershon Soncino, who named himself after the location of his print shop, was the most important printer of his extensive family.
1486 Casalmaggiore Republic of Venice Joshua Solomon Soncino 1 From 1486 Joshua Solomon Soncino printed a title in Castelmaggiore. The place had a special meaning for the Soncino family , as they included a picture of the city tower of Castelmaggiore in their printer's stamp.
1487-1492 Faro Kingdom of Portugal Samuel Gacon 20th Samuel Gacon first printed a Pentateuch in Faro in 1487, a year before Eliezer Toledo. A maximum of 22 prints are ascribed to his shop. The expulsion of the Jews from Portugal, and thus the end of the Hebrew cradle pressure there, took place in 1497.
1487 Zamora Kingdom of Portugal Samuel ben Samuel ibn Musa 1 Samuel ben Samuel ibn Musa also printed a Pentateuch in Zamora in 1487.
1491-1494 Brescia Republic of Venice Gershon Soncino 4th Gershon Soncino printed four titles in Brescia between 1491 and 1494. A fifth title possibly followed in 1495.
1488-1491 Naples Kingdom of Naples Joseph Günzenhäuser, Yom-Tob ben Perez, Solomon ben Perez, Isaac ben Judah ibn Katorzi, Joshua Solomon Soncino, Azriel Günzenhäuser 11 Between 1488 and 1491, a briefly flourishing Hebrew-Jewish book system developed in Naples.
1489-1492 Lisbon Kingdom of Portugal Eliezer Toledano 12 Eliezer Toledano printed Moses ben Nahman's Perush ha-Torah in Lisbon in 1489. He is considered to be the first book printer in Portugal. The Jews were expelled from Portugal in 1497.
1492-1495 Leiria Kingdom of Portugal Abrahan d'Ortas 3 Abraham d'Ortas printed three Hebrew titles in Leiria in the years before the Jews were expelled from Portugal.
1493-1599 Constantinople Ottoman Empire David and Shmuel ibn Nachmias, successors indefinite The ibn Nachmias brothers are said to have come from Spain via Naples to Constantinople, which is deduced from the simultaneous use of Hispanic and Neapolitan letters. With the date of December 13, 1493 in the colophon , they published Jacob ben Asher's Arba'ah Turim in a two-column print over 800 pages. 809 Hebrew prints are documented for Istanbul up to 1860, whereby the actual production is to be set much higher. Up until 1600, Istanbul was the second most important printing location for Hebrew scripts, in competition with Venice.
1496-1497 Barco (Firenzuola) Republic of Florence Gershon Soncino 2 In 1496 and 1497 Gershon Soncino printed two Hebrew-Jewish titles in Barco.
1503-1506 Fano Papal States Soncino family more than 10 The Soncino family printed in Fano from 1503–1506.
1506-1514 Pforzheim Margraviate of Baden Thomas Anshelm 1 At the suggestion of Johannes Reuchlin , the Christian Thomas Anshelm began to print De rudimentis hebraicis libri III in 1506 with Hebrew letters obtained from Italy.
1507-1520 Pesaro Duchy of Milan, Duchy of Urbino Soncino family Publications The Soncino family printed 1507–1520 with interruptions and activities elsewhere in Pesaro.
1508-1599 Paris Kingdom of France Gilles de Gourmont and Robert de Gourmont about 200 The prints of an alphabet and a grammar published by Gilles and Robert de Gourmont, Christian letterpress printers at the University of Paris, are the first known Hebrew letterpress prints from Paris.
1512 Tübingen Duchy of Württemberg Thomas Anshelm 1 The edition of the seven penitential psalms with Hebrew letters based on Italian models, produced by the Christian printer Anshelm in Tübingen, is considered to be the first longer, continuous Hebrew text printed in Germany. There is no known participation of Jews.
1512-1599 Prague Holy Roman Empire Gerson ben Solomon Kohen and family , Chajim Schwarz, Moses ben Katriel Weißwasser Publications With a prayer book by the printer Gerson (actually Gerschuni) ben Salomo Kohen, Prague established itself as the first place for Hebrew letterpress printing north of the Alps. The sale was continued by the sons Solomon and Mardochai and their descendants, the Gersonids. Chajim Schwarz and Moses ben Katriel Weißwasser are known as the only other independent book printers.
1512-1599 Saloniki Ottoman Empire Don Judah Gedaliah and his son Moses, Moses Soncino, Gershom, Eliezer, Solomon and Joseph Jabez Publications In 1512 Don Judah Gedaliah, expelled from Portugal, came to Salonika with his son Moses and a daughter. Previously worked as a typesetter in the Eliezer Toledano's office in Lisbon, he brought typographic material with him. In 1525 Moses Soncino moved from Rimini , followed in 1527 by members of Gershon Soncino and in 1543 by Solomon and Joseph Jabez, who were expelled from Spain. Saloniki has established itself as an important Hebrew publishing center up to the present day.
1512-1599 Venice Republic of Venice Daniel Bomberg, Marc Antonio Giustinian, Alvise and Giovanni Bragadin, Guillaume Le Bé, Mateo and Daniel Zanetti, Giovanni di Gara, Giovanni Griffo more than 400 Daniel Bomberg, a Christian from Antwerp, was given the privilege of printing Hebrew books for ten years in Venice in 1515. Up to 1546, more than 230 titles were known from his shop alone. From 1519 to 1523 Bomberg printed the first complete Talmud.
1512-1544 Frankfurt am Main Free imperial city Anthonius Margaritha 3 As early as 1512 two Hebrew titles appeared in block printing in Frankfurt. The convert Anthonius Margaritha got the first print in Frankfurt in 1544 with movable Hebrew letters.
1514-1541 augsburg Free imperial city Johannes Boeschenstein, Chajjim Schwarz 22nd The Christian printer Johannes Boeschenstein printed 12 Hebrew titles in Augsburg between 1514 and 1524. Chajjim Schwarz, who moved in from Oels, printed ten Hebrew titles in Augsburg by 1541. In 1542 he moved to Ferrara, but was unable to establish himself there.
1516-1522 Haguenau Free Reichstatt Thomas Anshelm 4th Due to the impending turmoil of the war, Thomas Anshelm relocated his printing works to Hagenau in Alsace until 1522. In 1518 he printed the first Hebrew text with musical notations there.
1516-1599 Basel Old Confederation Shem Tov Ibn Shaprutt, Eliezer Ben Naphtali Herz Treves and successors more than 100 Although Jews had been banned from settling here since 1398, between 1557 and 1612, in cooperation with local publishers, Basel developed into an important printing site for Hebrew writings. Before that, Konrad Pelikan , Adam Petri , Johann Froben , Hyeronimus Froben published 109 Hebrew texts as early as 1516 .
1518-1599 Cologne Free imperial city Jakob Soter, Walther Fabritius, Johann von Aich, Maternus Cholinus, Arnold Birckmann 33 Hebrew printing began in Cologne with a psalter in four languages, printed by Jakob Soter. The Wetzla rabbi Isaak Levita, who converted to Christianity and who took the Christian first name Johannes, published and edited Hebrew texts from 1553 as a professor of Hebrew in Cologne.

According to Stephen G. Burnett, 33 Hebrew prints were published in Cologne by 1599.

1519 Ortona Kingdom of Naples Gershom Soncino 3 The Soncino family printed in Ortona in 1519.
1521-1526 Rimini Papal States Gershom Soncino 6th Gershom Soncino was the last place in Italy to print in Italy between 1521 and 1526 in Rimini.
1524 Cambridge England Robert Wakefield (1) Robert Wakefield from Cambridge, who taught Hebrew from 1522 in the succession of Reuchlin in Tübingen, gave the earliest known Hebrew passage in England up to the end of the 16th century in his "Oratio de utilitate trium linguarum". However, the printing was not carried out with movable type, but with wooden blocks.
1525 Trino Margraviate of Montferrat A son of Avigdor of Padua 1 A son of Avigdor of Padua printed a Hebrew title in Trino in 1525.
1526-1599 Lyon Kingdom of France Sante Pagnini, Antoine du Ry and successors about 100 The Dominican, humanist and printer Sante Pagnini, who immigrated from Italy, first printed a Hebrew grammar in Lyon in 1526. Around 100 Hebrew titles had been published in Lyon by the end of the century.
1530 Oils Duchy of Oels Chajjim Schwarz and David ben Jonathan, Samuel and Ascher and Eljakim Helicz 2 Chajjim Schwarz and David ben Jonathan obtained the first Hebrew printing by Jews in Germany in Oels. Schwarz moved to Augsburg as early as 1533. In Oels he was followed in 1534 by the Helicz brothers, who printed a Hebrew prayer book there.
1533 Leipzig Saxony Melchior Lotther 1 The Jew Anthonius Margarita, who converted to Christianity, edited a "Psalterium hebraicum" for his godfather Melchior Lotther in 1533.
1534-1539 Krakow Kingdom of Poland Samuel-Ascher and Eljakim Helicz and family Publications The Helicz brothers, who converted to Christianity, founded the first printing press for Yiddish texts in Kraków in 1534.
1535-1558 Zurich Old Confederation Christoph Froschauer 4th Christoph Froschauer printed and published a multilingual publication with Hebrew letters in Zurich in 1535, as well as a Hebrew and two Yiddish publications in 1546. Elieser Ben Naphtali Herz Treves participated in the printing of a German-Hebrew psalter in 1558. The city council of Zurich repeatedly prevented Hebrew publications in the 16th century.
1537 Orleans Kingdom of France Thibaud Payen 1 Thibaud Payen added a Hebrew alphabet and a few Hebrew words to a print from 1537.
1538 Solingen Duchy of Berg Johannes Soter 1 In 1538 Johannes Soter, with the German surname Heyl in Solingen, printed a text in four languages ​​by Johannes Eck with Hebrew passages.
1541-1542 Isny Free imperial city Elijah Levita on commission 7th Elijah Levita taught the Hebrew language to the reformer Paul Fagius . Together they set up a printing house in Isny ​​that published several titles, including a Hebrew-Latin-German dictionary (1542).
1544 Ichenhausen Reign of Roth Chajjim Black 2 After his economic failure in Ferrara, Chajjim Schwarz settled in Ichenhausen, where he obtained two Hebrew prints.
1544 Constancy Free imperial city Elijah Levita on commission 6th Paul Fagius moved to Constance in 1543 and continued his collaboration with Elijah Levita there .
1546 Heddernheim Mainz Cathedral Chapter Chajjim Black 1 After his economic failure in Ferrara, Chajjim Schwarz settled in Ichenhausen and subsequently in Herddernheim in 1546, where he obtained a Hebrew print.
1547-1599 Lublin Kingdom of Poland Chajjim Schwarz, Izaaks Chaim's son and Jozéf Jakar Publications The Jewish printer Chajjim Schwarz died in Lublin in 1548. He made the first Hebrew printing in Lublin in 1547. From 1574, Izaaks Chaim's son and Jozéf Jakar printed and published in Lublin.
1553-1599 Geneva Old Confederation Robert Estienne Publications Robert Estienne, who was already using Hebrew letters in Paris in 1532, printed a Latin-Hebrew Bible after he moved to Geneva in 1556. Despite comparably fewer titles, Geneva developed into a constant publishing location for Hebrew prints.
1554-1567 Sabbioneta Duchy of Sabbioneta Johanes Isaa, Israel Zifroni more than 10 With the permission of Duke Vespasiano Gonzaga , Hebrew texts were published in Sabbioneta between 1554 and 1555. In 1567 Israel Zifroni moved his printing works to Sabionetta.
1554-1555 Adrianople Ottoman Empire Solomon and Joseph Jabez 4th Due to a plague outbreak in Saloniki, the Jabez brothers moved to Adrianople in 1554. There they printed four titles until the following year.
1556-1576 Cremona Republic of Venice Vincenzo Conti, Salomon Bueno more than 40 Vincenzo Conti and his successors printed more than 40 Hebrew titles in Cremona between 1556 and 1576.
1559-1561 Tiengen Landgraviate of Klettgau Eliezer Ben Naphtali Heart Treves 6th Elieser Ben Naphtali Herz Treves, who was refused permission to print a Talmud in Zurich, printed six Hebrew publications with his letters from October 1559 to March 1561 in nearby Tiengen in Kleggau.
1562-1567 Padua Republic of Venice Samuel Boehm 2 Lorenzo Pasquato and his Jewish editor Samuel Boehm printed two Hebrew titles in Padua in 1562 and 1567.
1566-1583 Antwerp Spanish Netherlands Christoffel Plantijn 57 In 1566 Christoffel Plantijn printed three Hebrew Bibles in three formats using Bomberg types. From 1572 to 1573 Plantin printed the famous Biblia Polyglotta, which published the Bible text in parallel in the five languages ​​Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Old Syriac and Chaldean.
1568-1572 Riva di Trento Archdiocese of Trento Jacob Marcaria 44 Between 1558 and 1662 the doctor Jacob Macaria printed Hebrew titles with the privilege of Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo in Riva di Trento.
1578-1590 Wittenberg Duchy of Saxony Zacharias Kraft, J. Klug 85 From 1578 onwards, Zacharias Kraft printed and published 75 Hebrew scriptures with the help of a Jewish lecturer.
1583-1585 Freiburg in Breisgau Front Austria Ambrosius I. Froben and Israel Sifroni 6th From 1583 Ambosius I Froben printed and published three Hebrew and three Yiddish works in collaboration with Israel Sifroni. In 1585 Sifroni moved to Venice.
1585-1599 Suffer Republic of the Seven United Provinces Christoffel Plantijn and Frans van Ravelingen 18th In 1583 Christoffel Plantijn set up shop as a printer at the University of Leiden . In 1585 he printed the Hebrew grammar of Petrus Martinius published in Paris in 1580, his first and only Hebrew print in Leiden. His successor and son-in-law Frans von Ravelingen printed a further 32 Hebrew titles in Leiden until 1619.
1586-1599 Franeker Republic of the Seven United Provinces Aegidius Radaeus 10 Aegidius Radaeus, active as a printer at Franeker University from 1586 to 1615, printed 10 Hebrew titles by the end of the 16th century.
1587-1599 Hamburg Hanseatic City of Hamburg Johann Sachse, Jacob Wolff, Ernst Jandeck 17th In Hamburg, 17 Hebrew prints had been published by Christian book printers by 1599.
1590-1597 La Rochelle Kingdom of France Jérôme Haultin 4th A Christian officin in La Rochelle published four Hebrew prints between 1590 and 1597.
1592-1594 Thannhausen County of Thannhausen Isaac Masia and Simon Levi 2 Between 1592 and 1594 the Thannhausen printing works of Isaac Masia and Simon Levi published the "Machsor", a Jewish prayer book, a single copy of which is preserved in the Oxford library, and a small prayer book. The printing house, which with the support of the Munich printer Adam Berg d. Ä. arose, was closed after a denunciation in 1594.
1594-1599 Frankfurt (Oder) Mark Brandenburg Andreas Eichorn, Friedrich Hartmann 6th Five Hebrew fonts are assigned to the university printer Andreas Eichorn. In 1594, the competitor Friedrich Hartmann also received the privilege to print Hebrew books.
1594-1595 Verona Republic of Venice Francesco dalle Donne 5 Francesco dalle Donne printed two Hebrew and three Yiddish books in Verona from 1594 to 1595.
1596 Oxford England Joseph Barnes 1 The first text passages printed in England with movable Hebrew letters can be found in an edition of Mourning Poems published in Oxford in 1596.
1597 London England Gabriell Simson 1 The first longer text passages with movable Hebrew letters printed in England can be found in Hugo Broughton's Daniel his Chaldie visions and his Ebrew .

literature

  • Herrmann MZ Meyer, Angel Sáenz-Badillos: Incunabula. In: Encyclopaedia Judaica . 2nd Edition. Volume 9. Detroit 2007, pp. 757-769. (on-line)
  • Gershon Zilberberg, Jennifer Breger: Printing, Hebrew . In: Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd Edition. Volume 16. Detroit 2007, pp. 529-540. (on-line)
  • Marvin J. Heller: The Seventeenth Century Hebrew Book. 2 volumes. Brill, 2011.
  • Stephen G. Burnett: Christian Hebrew Printing in the Sixteenth Century. Printers, Humanism and the Impact of the Reformation. Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Study Department, University of Nebraska, Paper 51, 2000. (online)

Remarks

  1. ↑ Hermann Süss: In search of dormant treasures. In: Akademie Aktuell. (2009) 28, pp. 9-11 ( PDF , 365 kB).
  2. ^ Marvin J. Heller: Further Studies in the Making of the Early Hebrew Book . Brill, Leiden 2013, p. 428f. ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. ^ Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg: Chwolson Memorial Volume. P. 62.
  4. ↑ Cf. Aron Freimann: The Hebrew Prints in Rome in the 16th Century. Special print. Berlin 1937.
  5. ^ Benito Rial Costas: Print Culture and Peripheries in Early Modern Europe: A Contribution to the History of Printing and the Book Trade in Small European and Spanish Cities. Brill, 2012, p. 311ff.
  6. ^ Marvin J. Heller: Further Studies in the Making of the Early Hebrew Book . Brill, Leiden 2013, p. 430 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  7. ^ Ittai Joseph Tamari: Jewish prints from Constantinople. A place of printing and its meaning. In: Ulrich Marzolph: The printed book in the Middle East. Verlag für Orientkunde, 2002, pp. 118–127 ( PDF , 840 kB).
  8. ↑ Cf. Edouard Rouveyre: Connaissances nécessaires à un bibliophile. Edouard Rouveyr, Paris, 1878, p. 62.
  9. ↑ Hans Widmann: Tübingen als Verlagsstadt, 1971, p. 27f.
  10. ↑ SH Lieben: Hebrew letterpress printing in Prague in the 16th century. In: Samuel Steinherz (Ed.): The Jews in Prague. Pictures from its thousand-year history . Prague 1927, pp. 88-106 (online)
  11. ↑ Jacov Ben-Mayor, Chaim Yahil, Yitzchak Kerem: Salonika. In: Encyclopaedia Judaica. 2nd Edition. Volume 17. Detroit 2007, pp. 699-707 (online)
  12. ^ A b The Seventeenth Century Hebrew Book , Brill, 2011, Volume 2, p. XL.
  13. ↑ a b c d Hans Jörg Künast: Chajjim Schwarz. In: Helmut Gier, Johannes Janota (Hrsg.): Augsburg book printing and publishing: from the beginnings to the present. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1997, p. 1222.
  14. ↑ Clemens P. Sidorko: Basel and the Yiddish Book pressure (1557 to 1612) . Schwabe, Basel 2014 ( publications from the University Library Basel 8), ISBN 978-3-7965-3346-4 .
  15. ^ A b Marvin J. Heller: The Seventeenth Century Hebrew Book. Brill, 2011, Volume 2, pp. XXXVII.
  16. ↑ a b Lyse Schwarzfuchs: L'hébreu dans le livre lyonnais au XVIe siècle: inventaire chronologique. ENS, 2008, p. 14.
  17. ↑ Erika Rummel: Biblical Humanism and Scholasticism in the Age of Erasmus. Brill, 2008, p. 240ff.
  18. ^ Markus Brann : History of the Jews in Silesia . Book V. In: Annual report of the Jewish theological seminar, Fraenckel'scher Foundation. Breslau 1910, here p. 167ff. (on-line)
  19. ^ Martin Rothkegel: A Jewish-German manuscript by the printer and convert Johannes Helicz, Breslau 1537. In: Communio Viatorum. 44 (2002) 1, pp. 44–50 ( PDF ( Memento of the original of February 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove them Note. , 678 kB). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.etf.cuni.cz
  20. ↑ See Zwingliana, XXXI, 2004, p. 64ff.
  21. ↑ lysis Black Fox: L'hébreu dans le livre lyonnais au XVIe siècle: inventaire chronologique. ENS, 2008, p. 15.
  22. ↑ See Hendrik DL Vervliet: The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-century Typefaces. Volume 1, Brill, 2008, pp. 136ff.
  23. ^ Marvin J. Heller: In a Time of Plague: The First Hebrew Press in Adrianople. In: Ders .: Further studies in the making of the early Hebrew book. Leiden 2013 ISBN 978-90-04-23461-1 ( Brill Reference Library of Judaism 37), pp. 79–90 here especially p. 82. First published in 2010 in the magazine Los Muestros : No. 80, pp. 19– 22 ( sefarad.org ) and No. 81, pp. 17-19 ( sefarad.org ).
  24. ↑ Clemens P. Sidorko: Eliezer Ben Naphtali Herz Treves as a pioneer of Jewish book printing in Zurich, Tiengen and Basel around 1560. In: Aschkenas. Volume 17, No. 2, 2010, pp. 457-472, ISSN  1865-9438 (online), ISSN  1016-4987 (print), doi : 10.1515 / ASCH.2010.457 .
  25. ^ Lajb Fuks, Renate G. Fuks-Mansfeld: Hebrew Typography in the Northern Netherlands. Brill, 1984, p. 12.
  26. ↑ See Joshua Bloch: Hebrew printing in Riva di Trento. Reprint from: Bulletin of the New York Public Library 37, 1933, No. 9 ( ub.uni-frankfurt.de ).
  27. ↑ a b Christoph Reske: The book printers of the 16th and 17th centuries in the German-speaking area: based on the work of the same name by Josef Benzing. Harrassowitz, 2008, p. 1004.
  28. ^ Rudolf Post, Jutta Schumacher: The Jewish printer Israel Sifroni in Freiburg iB, Schau-ins-Land. In: Schau-ins-Land. Annual issue of the Breisgau history association Schauinsland 125.2006, pp. 63–72.
  29. ^ Lajb Fuks, Renate G. Fuks-Mansfeld: Hebrew Typography in the Northern Netherlands. Brill, 1984, p. 16.
  30. ^ Marvin J. Heller: The Seventeenth Century Hebrew Book. Brill, 2011, Volume 2, pp. XXXVI.
  31. ↑ Michael Studemund-Halévy: Letterpress Hebrew . In: The Jewish Hamburg. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  32. ↑ Christoph Reske: The book printers of the 16th and 17th centuries in the German-speaking area: based on the work of the same name by Josef Benzing. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2007, p. 918.
  33. ↑ Diane Wolfsthal: Picturing Yiddish: Gender, Identity, and Memory in the Illustrated Yiddish Books of Renaissance Italy. Brill, 2004, p. 157.
  34. ^ Constance Harris: The Way Jews Lived: Five Hundred Years of Printed Words and Images. McFarland, 2008, p. 52.