Frankfurt-Heddernheim
  24th district of Frankfurt am Main |
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| Coordinates | 50 ° 9 '34 " N , 8 ° 38' 48" E |
| surface | 2.514 km² |
| Residents | 17,303 (Dec. 31, 2019) |
| Population density | 6883 inhabitants / km² |
| Post Code | 60439 |
| prefix | 069 |
| Website | www.frankfurt.de |
| structure | |
| District | 8 - north-west |
| Townships |
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| Transport links | |
| Subway | U1 U2 U3 U8 U9 |
| bus | 29 60 71 72 73 251 n2 n3 |
| Source: Statistics currently 03/2020. Residents with main residence in Frankfurt am Main. Retrieved April 8, 2020 . | |
Heddernheim has been a district of Frankfurt am Main in the north-west of the city since April 1, 1910 . Heddernheim became known through the Roman municipal city of Nida , capital of the Civitas Taunensium and as a carnival stronghold (in Frankfurt: Klaa Paris ). The procession on Shrove Tuesday attracts more than 100,000 visitors every year.
Heddernheim belonged to the Mainz cathedral chapter from the 12th century until the secularization in 1803 . From 1806 to 1866 it was an exclave of the Duchy of Nassau that was completely surrounded by Frankfurt or Kurhessian territory . After the annexation by Prussia , it belonged to the district of Frankfurt until it was incorporated by Frankfurt in 1910 .
The complicated denominational history of Heddernheim can also be attributed to the special situation as an exclave . Since it was completely surrounded by Lutheran or Reformed territories, the community remained predominantly Lutheran even during the Counter-Reformation, despite its Catholic rule . There was also a large Jewish community, which made up about a quarter of the population in the 18th and 19th centuries and was at times the largest Jewish community in the Duchy of Nassau.
Heddernheim has been an important location for the metalworking industry since the mid-19th century. The United German Metalworks at times employed over 20,000 people and was the largest manufacturer of controllable pitch propellers for the German Air Force during the Second World War . Due to a structural change since the 1970s, industry no longer plays a role in Heddernheim. Large residential areas such as Nordweststadt and the Mertonviertel were created for this purpose .
Location, area and population
Heddernheim is in the district 8 ( Frankfurt-Nord-West ) on the right bank of a Niddabogen . The development extends into the neighboring districts of Niederursel and Praunheim to the north and west . The district of Eschersheim borders on the opposite, left side of the Nidda . Further south is the Volkspark Niddatal on the left side of the Nidda , which belongs partly to the Ginnheim district , partly to Praunheim and Hausen .
The relatively small district of just under 250 hectares (approx. 1.1 percent of the total area of Frankfurt) has an above-average population density, which is divided roughly equally between the two districts . The old town center with the former main street Alt-Heddernheim and Heddernheimer Landstraße is located in the eastern, smaller urban district in terms of area , while the May settlement Römerstadt and the northwest center are in the western district .
On December 31, 2006, 16,094 people were registered as residents in Heddernheim, of which 8,445 were female and 7,649 were male. Around 3,000 residents were younger than 18 and older than 65 years.
The population is 17,303.
Name and coat of arms
First mention
The place was first mentioned in documents in 801: as Phetterenheim , ... in pago Nitachgowe in villa Phetterenheim X iurnales de terra aratoria ... (in Niddagau, in Phetterenheim, 10 days of farmland). However, Petterweil in the Wetterau also claims this source as the first mention of it.
The ending -heim indicates Franconian origins; the Franks had conquered the Rhine-Main area in the 6th century. The villages founded by the Franks often given the name of the Frankish king mortgaged landlord, who was often a deserving military leader. Such was Roedelheim the home of Radilo and Bommersheim the home of Botmar . Heddernheim could be derived from the name Heim des Hetter (or Heiter ), which was used at the time, but there is no documentary evidence for this.
The spread of Christianity from Mainz to the Wetterau had already taken place in the 7th and the beginning of the 8th century; the missionary work of Boniface brought this process to a preliminary conclusion in what is now Hesse. “Deeply impressed by the new doctrine, the Franks made great donations to the monasteries founded at that time from the rich land they had acquired. E.g. to Lorsch and Fulda . ” The first documentary mention of Heddernheim and many other communities is due to this fact.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms shows a bust of the Roman emperor Hadrian ; his silver head is - on a red background - wreathed with green laurel .
This design refers to two earlier place seals . From the 12th century onwards, Heddernheim belonged to the Mainz Cathedral Foundation , whose court seal already showed a bust of Hadrian. In 1806, when Heddernheim belonged to the Duchy of Nassau , the ducal Nassau court sigil z (u) Heddernheim was introduced, which has a bust of the emperor to the right of a crowned Nassau lion and the inscription HADR (IANUS) .
Heddernheim today
economy
There is an important retail location on the western outskirts of Heddernheim: the Nordwestzentrum , which opened in 1968 and is one of the largest shopping centers in Germany. The district is also the location of the Nordweststadt waste incineration plant , one of the most modern in Europe. Its 110 meter high chimney, which is painted with a huge dragon motif, is visible from afar .
For a long time there was a VDO plant south of the Sandelmühle subway station , which was broken down into smaller units in the course of the 1990s as a result of multiple restructuring of its owners. On the former VDO site, u. a. the Diehl Foundation is a work of Diehl Aerospace . This factory site and the neighboring high landfill for smelting residues are the last visible memories of a once flourishing industrial landscape in Heddernheim. The majority of the VDO site, however, is deserted and the former halls are empty. The most important branch of industry for around 150 years - until 1982 - in the northeast of the district was metalworking on the site around today's Hundertwasser day care center ; it was last owned by the United German Metalworks (VDM). The street names An der Sandelmühle , Kaltmühle , Kaltmühlstraße , Kupferhammer and Hessestraße are still reminiscent of this industrial history .
After the VDM was closed and all VDM plants were demolished, the entire site turned out to be highly contaminated with toxic substances, especially metal residues, dioxins and hydrocarbons . Therefore, since the end of the 1990s, the entire soil has been locally removed up to ten meters deep and replaced by unpolluted soil. The contaminated soil was disposed of on an elevated landfill that had been used by the copper works since the 19th century and was sealed with layers of clay to prevent rainwater from seeping in. Since then, all of the groundwater in this area has been pumped out and cleaned with the help of activated carbon filters .
City Camp Frankfurt
Immediately on the Nidda, near the mouth of the Urselbach, is the only campsite in Frankfurt , called City Camp Frankfurt . On 24,000 square meters there are 140 passageways as well as additional parking spaces for permanent campers . The site has power connections for caravans and mobile homes, a disposal station for chemical toilets, Hot Spot DSL connection and the usual sanitary facilities. It is open to caravans all year round, but the campsite (without electricity) is only open from mid-April to the end of September. In the immediate vicinity is the hotel and restaurant Sandelmühle with a large outdoor terrace facing the Nidda.
Public facilities
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The public facilities in the district include the citizens' office and the district library as well as the Titus Thermen, a swimming pool with a large sauna area in the north-west center.
Day care centers
The two oldest day care centers are the adjoining facilities of the Catholic parish of St. Peter and Paul in Heddernheimer Landstrasse 47 and the Protestant Thomas parish in Heddernheimer Kirchstrasse 5b. The Hundertwasser day care center Kupferhammer 93 not far from the Urselbach, which is in the immediate vicinity of the ecumenical day care center Kaleidoskop in a sober functional building at 50 Mühlwege , has become known nationwide because of its idiosyncratic architectural style . In the historic center, a kindergarten are located in the Oranienstraße Caritas and the urban KiTa 129 Orange thugs and accessible from the street Alt Heddernheim, urban KiTa 33 Hort .
On the corner of Alt Heddernheim and Heddernheimer Landstrasse, the Heddernheimer Haifischladen has been located in the premises of a former fish shop since 1991 , and its sponsor, the Social Pedagogical Association for Supplementary Family Education. V., also maintains the Hoppetosse children's shop at Severusstraße 77, the Kichererbsen crèche at Nassauer Straße 20, the school shop Das Fliegende Klassenzimmer at Heddernheimer Landstraße 41 and the school shop Dinos Freunde in Heddernheimer Kirchstraße 23. The municipal daycare center 37 Wilde Römer is located in Römerstadt 117 .
schools
- The Robert Schumann School at Heddernheimer Kirchstraße 13 is a primary school with a preliminary class , before that it was a primary and secondary school . It was initially called Heddernheimer Volksschule , and since August 15, 1961, it has been named after the musician Robert Schumann . The school building was built in 1880 with initially four classrooms and two teacher's apartments. The extension from 1898/99 was increased in 1904/05. In 1913/14 the first entrance class of the drawing school was also housed in the building. In 1945 the school was hit by two bombs, which damaged classrooms and burned the roof structure of the extension building. Teaching was resumed at the end of 1945.
- The Römerstadtschule , a primary school with a preliminary class , has had its premises in Römerstadt 120 E since 1969 . It emerged from the entrance classes of the elementary school inaugurated in 1929 on the lower Hadrianstrasse (today: Geschwister-Scholl-Schule). Between 1939 and 1960 the Römerstadtschule did not have its own building and was attached to the Heddernheim elementary school. Then until 1969 it was again housed on the ground floor of the school building of the Geschwister-Scholl-Schule.
- The building of the Geschwister-Scholl-Schule , a secondary school at Hadrianstraße 18, was inaugurated on August 16, 1929 with the designation Volksschule in der Römerstadt or, for short, Römerstadtschule . From 1945, when large parts of the Römerstadt settlement were confiscated by the US Army after the Second World War , the building was initially used as a workers' dormitory (until 1951), and a US Army cinema was located in the schoolyard between the air raid shelter and the school. On April 19, 1955, the building was renamed the Römerstadt-Mittelschule , but it was still not released for the pupils whose lessons were held temporarily in the Fürstenberg School. It was not until September 1955 that teaching was resumed in Hadrianstrasse and on January 1, 1964, the name was again changed to the Scholl siblings . In 1992 and 1993, an extension was built between the old building and the Nidda-Aue, which was opened in 1994.
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Museums
- Ernst May House
In a two-story row house in the street in Burgfeld 136 currently (2012) produced the documentary and event center Ernst May -House of Ernst May Society. After the restoration in accordance with the listed buildings, furnishing with original furniture from the 1920s and the reconstruction of the garden, architecture enthusiasts should be able to find out more about Ernst May's work here. What is unique is that a Frankfurt kitchen has been preserved in its original arrangement in the original room . The building has been open to visitors at irregular intervals since February 2008.
- Local museum
In the New Heddernheim Castle (Alt Heddernheim 30), a local history museum is currently being built in two former apartments in 2012, in which finds from the Roman era are also to be exhibited.
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traffic
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The former main streets of the district, Alt-Heddernheim and Heddernheimer Landstraße, lost their importance after the Second World War and were replaced by bypasses. The largest project is the construction of the motorway-like Rosa-Luxemburg-Strasse in the west of the district. Another four-lane street was built as a thoroughfare after the construction of the Maybach Bridge (1972) as a supplement to the old Heddernheimer Niddabrücke, the simultaneous widening of Dillenburger Strasse and its extension to Rosa-Luxemburg-Strasse. A crossbar below the Riedberg connected Rosa-Luxemburg-Strasse to the 661 federal motorway via the Frankfurt-Heddernheim junction.
Apart from the few streets that connect the districts (Dillenburger Strasse and Hessestrasse in the northeast, Titusstrasse in the north, Konstantinstrasse in the west), almost all streets are one-way streets. That is why it is difficult for drivers to navigate to destinations in the town center without a navigation aid. With traffic lights in the Römerstadt / Ernst-Kahn-Straße area as well as 30 km / h zones in Heddernheimer Kirchstraße, Hessestraße and Antoninusstraße, attempts are being made to move through traffic from the west and east to the four-lane high-speed roads. As a result of these measures, the residential areas of the district are largely traffic-calmed, apart from the destination and source traffic.
Heddernheim is well connected to the urban underground and bus network. Despite its small area, the district has six underground stations (Heddernheim, Zeilweg, Sandelmühle, Heddernheimer Landstrasse, Nordwestzentrum and Römerstadt). This has its origins in the earlier importance of the district as a junction of two small railroad lines to Bad Homburg and Oberursel -Hohemark, which were built by the Frankfurter Lokalbahn and served by overland trams and freight trains from May 1910. When the city trams took over these routes, they were called the Taunusbahnen of the city of Frankfurt from 1955 . Freight traffic ended in 1982 with the closure of the Heddernheim copper works. The construction of the subway in the 1960s resulted in a third branch, which was completely expanded with tunnel and elevated railway sections according to subway criteria in order to connect the neighboring north-west city .
The three branches of the U1, U2 and U3 have been linked since December 2010 by a new line parallel to the Niederurseler Hang, on which the U9 connects Ginnheim, the north-west center and Niederursel directly with the Riedberg and Bonames settlement . Since then, the U8 has been running from Riedberg via Niederursel and Heddernheim to Südbahnhof. The north-eastern terminus of the regional bypass west at the north-west center is planned for the long term .
Furthermore, there are five city bus lines (29 to low-Erlenbach , 60 and 72 after Roedelheim , 73 to the West station and 71 within the Nordweststadt) and a regional bus line (251 to Kronberg im Taunus ), the stations underground from the NordWestZentrum and Heddernheim operate . The Heddernheim-Praunheim bus line, designated as number 60 since March 11, 1940, was idle during the war winter 1942/43, was used again from February 15, 1943 and operated with trolleybuses from January 6, 1944 to January 8, 1945 . After the war it began as a bus route on September 1, 1948; Trolleybuses were in use from November 1, 1948 to October 4, 1959.
For visitors to Frankfurt's nightlife, a night bus (line N3 from Konstablerwache ) runs via Heddernheim to the new district of Riedberg and back.
history
prehistory
The founder of local research in Heddernheim, Georg Wolff , after whom a small street in Heddernheim is named, researched prehistoric times in addition to his studies of Roman history . Numerous tool finds from the Younger Stone Age (Neolithic) show that the settlement history of Heddernheim goes back at least to the time between 4000 and 6000 years ago. On the fertile loess soil of the Niddahanges, which had been blown from the north over the Taunus ridge during the Ice Ages , a uniform population cultivated the fields. Findings from this band ceramic culture are still discovered after the fields have been plowed. Before the Second World War, a large Neolithic village that was at least 500 meters long and 200 meters wide was excavated in the Praunheim district, near today's Northwest Hospital . In 1993, during construction work on Wenzelweg 8, settlement during the Latène period was detected for the first time ; in 1995, some fragments from the Hallstatt period were recovered in Wingerten 4 .
Roman times
Even in Roman times , the Heddernheim area was populated because of its proximity to the Nidda and the convenient location between Mainz and the Wetterau. Archaeologically proven, among other things, at least ten mostly only briefly used military camps from around the year 75. Shortly afterwards, also during the reign of Emperor Vespasian (69–79), a cavalry unit built a fort , and soon a fort in front of it extensive camp village emerged.
Based on the river name, the new location was given the name Nida by auxiliary troops. The place grew into a civilian settlement (municipal town) and became the capital of the Civitas Taunensium around 110 AD after the troops withdrew to the Limes . The street in the Römerstadt / Heerstraße still essentially follows the course of a paved, dead straight military street from Roman times, which led from Mainz to the western gate of the fort. At the height of the houses in the Roman city 145 to 165, only a few meters from the sidewalk, paving stones and cellars from this era have been preserved.
The Roman era lasted until around 260, when the Romans were ousted by the Teutons ( Alamanni ). The walls of the ruins from Roman times were still visible from afar in the 15th century, after which they were reused as building material in Heddernheim and Praunheim. With the exception of Nesselbuschstrasse, the site of the former Roman settlement remained largely uninhabited until the Roman city was built . The name of the street Im Heidenfeld used to apply to the entire agricultural area.
middle Ages
The first documentary mention of the place in the Middle Ages as Phetterenheim in the early 9th century was followed by another in the 12th century: In 1132 Archbishop Adalbert von Mainz bought the investiture of the church in Praunheim with the associated tithe from the Free Gottfried vom Bruch and his son-in-law "Hetdernheim, Urselo, Husun" (Heddernheim, Niederursel and Hausen); In terms of church and tax law, Heddernheim then belonged to Praunheim. The archbishop gave rights and property to the Mainz cathedral chapter , which at the same time acquired jurisdiction over Heddernheim. Later, the place name also appeared in the spellings Heidernheim, Hödernheim, Hedernem, Hettersheim, Hetternheim .
With the rights acquired in 1132, the Mainz Cathedral Chapter enfeoffed the Lords of Praunheim , a family of knights who were influential in the 12th and 13th centuries, who as Reich Ministers were at the head of the Frankfurt Royal Palatinate and were among the first documented Frankfurt imperial schools . One of them, Knight Wolfram , was first mentioned in 1189; he was chairman of the court. The headquarters of the Lords of Praunheim was the Klettenburg in Praunheim. Many members of this family belonged to the Mainz cathedral chapter or were clergy at the other Mainz churches. The heirs of the Lords of Praunheim remained in the possession of the Heddernheim fief until the ecclesiastical property was abolished in the early 19th century.
Early modern age
A document from 1278 shows that Heddernheim belonged to the County of Eppstein : the owner of the village was the provost of Mainz, who had given the village as a fief; The sovereigns were the Counts of Eppstein, who also provided several Archbishops of Mainz in the 13th century. This dual rule led, as a document from 1508 shows, that in Heddernheim there was the bailiff of the Eppsteiner bailiffs in addition to the village court of the Lords of Praunheim . One consequence of belonging to the Counts of Eppstein was that in Heddernheim and the neighboring towns of Weißkirchen and Oberursel, which also belong to Eppstein, the Reformation in the spirit of Martin Luther was introduced in the first half of the 16th century . Praunheim, with which Heddernheim was closely connected due to the fief of the Lords of Praunheim, owned two sovereigns at this time: the Counts of Solms and the Counts of Hanau : Count Friedrich Magnus von Solms introduced the Reformation in Praunheim in 1544.
The Eppstein family died out in the middle of the 16th century, as a result of which the county fell to the Catholic Archdiocese of Mainz in 1581. In the years that followed, the Archbishop of Mainz tried to reintroduce the Catholic rite in his newly acquired property , which he succeeded in doing in Weißkirchen and Oberursel in the first decade of the 17th century. All other places in the County of Eppstein were also forced to confess to the Catholic Church again in the course of the Counter Reformation , with one exception: Heddernheim. This is surprising, because not only the ruler of Mainz was Catholic, but also the lords of Riedt, to whom the feudal rights had been granted in 1618. "The reason is not known, but it is related to the old dependency on the Praunheim mother church." Apparently the local Catholic authorities accepted that Heddernheim, which had had a small chapel since 1512 but had no independent parish and its children in Lutheran Praunheim were instructed religiously, ecclesiastically to Praunheim and thus belonged to the Lutheran creed.
The stone chapel was dedicated to St. Michael and was located in the area of today's public park between Alt Heddernheim and the Nidda. Around the Michaeliskapelle was the churchyard for the Catholics Heddernheims; the Lords of Praunheim were buried in the chapel, the Lutherans in Praunheim. A testimony from 1721 still tells us that the churchyard was actually a dead field: a junker from Merlau had the churchyard door to the Niedwiesen walled up because pigs had entered the churchyard through this door and dug up the bones of the dead.
The tolerance of the feudal takers towards the Lutherans may at the same time have been an expression of the resistance to the sovereign who tried in many areas to gain the traditional rights of the feudal takers. After the introduction of the Reformation, the Lords of Praunheim had already taken in religious refugees from France in direct confrontation with the sovereign (since 1581 the Catholic Archbishop of Mainz) , settled them in Heddernheim and made the Michaeliskapelle available to them. Even Jews were granted in Heddernheim protection: "From high archbishopric of Vilbel displaced Jews and all sorts of rabble without proper papers" have Philipp Wolf von Praunheim (1618 †) "indifferent" was added, the Mainzer sovereign complained. At the same time, he demanded that in future only "subjects of the Catholic religion, with honest names and sincere trade and change, should now be accepted," which Philipp Wolf ignored and, on the contrary, refused to ask the newly admitted to take the oath of homage to the sovereign. No documents are known about the life of the Jews in Heddernheim before the 18th century; All that has been handed down is that in 1546 Chajim ben David Schwarz ran a printing works for religious writings in Heddernheim, possibly a traveling printing works that soon moved on.
17th century
From 1584 onwards, Philipp Wolf von Praunheim had the castle and Hofgut Philippseck built on the foundations of a Roman villa on the western outskirts of the village , which is still reminiscent of the street Am alten Schloss in Praunheim. However, this street name only takes up an old, identical field name; the castle stood in the middle section of today's street An der Ringmauer , roughly where the remains of a round fountain from Roman times can still be seen below the settlement gardens. The good condition of the fountain suggests that it was still used as a castle fountain in the 16th and 17th centuries. As shown by emergency excavations in 1927/28 prior to the construction of the Römerstadt settlement, the castle was a stately walled building complex with attached gardens and an orchard, the mighty brick east tower of which had an outer diameter of four meters and was partially preserved until the 18th century and back then Was called Heidenturm . In the direction of Praunheim, there was a smaller west tower right next to the old Roman road, which, according to the findings of the excavation in the 16th century, was still partially usable. The religious refugees from France and the Jews expelled from Vilbel were settled near the castle.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the differences between the Catholic League and the Protestant Union came to a head to such an extent that fighting broke out in the entire territory of the empire , as a result of which whole regions were depopulated. Heddernheim was also a victim of these battles: in 1631 the village was burned down by Protestant Swedish troops, as it was considered a (Catholic) "Mainz town". Philippseck Castle with the mill on the Nidda (probably located at today's Bubeloch ) and the Michaeliskapelle were also destroyed. The villagers had probably fled to nearby Frankfurt or were killed, because Philipp Wilhelm von Riedt wrote in a letter that not a single one of the families who lived in Heddernheim before the Thirty Years' War lived there after the war.
After 1650, new residents settled in the ruins of the courtyards; there are records of immigrants from Praunheim and Limburg . Although Heddernheim continued to belong to the Lutheran mother church in Praunheim, it is documented for 1699 that the Catholic religion “prevalent” (prevailed) in Heddernheim . After 1650, the faithful were looked after by the pastor of Weißkirchen, which the Praunheim pastor branded as “an assault” on his rights. This dispute, in which it was also about the fees for baptisms and funeral sermons (i.e. about the salaries of the pastors), escalated to assaults against priests in Weißkirchen, which belonged to Praunheim on the instructions of the Count of Solms (who belonged to Praunheim, but who did not do anything against Heddernheim had official legal claims) were prevented from crossing the border to Heddernheim. In 1700, the pastor of Praunheim was invited to the Electoral Palace in Mainz , where all rights to the Heddernheim branch were removed from him over the head of the Lutheran Counts of Solms and these were given to the parish church of Weißkirchen.
This exacerbated the denominational disputes among the Heddernheim residents, since Mainz "had a Catholic schoolmaster for all Heddernheimers" and the Protestant community now had to celebrate all Catholic holidays; the only school lessons that existed in the smaller villages were held by the local clergy or under their supervision until the 18th century. A “special order” from the Kurmainzer Oberamtmann expressly forbade children from Heddernheim to be sent to Praunheim for Lutheran lessons. In 1704 the Lutherans in Heddernheim were allowed to attend church services in a neighboring village. In the meantime, however, the religiously and financially motivated disputes, which had been exacerbated by the dispute between the feudal recipients and the increasingly influential sovereigns, had resulted in only two or three Catholic families remaining in Heddernheim.
18th century
The first school
When the male line of the lords of Praunheim, named after their place of residence Praunheim-Klettenburg, died out in 1618 with the death of the last male heir Philipp Wolf, Heddernheim came to the Catholic lords of Riedt through female succession . From 1720 this was Philipp Wilhelm von Riedt († 1764), former colonel of a dragoon regiment , then in the service of the elector and archbishop of Mainz, where he became general and governor of the city and the fortress of Mainz .
In the year of his fief, Mr. von Riedt issued a general ordinance in Heddernheim , in which he, as the new judge, gave precise instructions for visiting churches outside of Germany and for religious instruction of children. Was determined u. a. that the children should no longer be taught in Praunheim (the residents apparently ignored the “special order” of 1700), but in future by a teacher based in Heddernheim; in documents from 1726 a first schoolmaster named Pfengstendorff is mentioned, who paid for his living from the school fees of the children he taught. In principle, von Riedt also introduced compulsory schooling , because parents were required to pay school fees even if their children were kept away from school. Complaints from Praunheim about the lack of school fees from Heddernheim were ignored by the new tenant, as were the complaints of the Heddernheim Lutherans that their children were now being instructed by a local Catholic teacher.
The first own cemetery
As early as 1704, the elector and archbishop of Mainz had prescribed the Heddernheimers to open their own cemetery; by then the dead had been buried in the Praunheim cemetery. Philipp Wilhelm von Riedt was the first to implement this command by surrounding a property belonging to him on the western edge of the village with a wall and blessing it as a cemetery for members of both denominations by the priest of Weißkirchen. In 1743, despite armed protest from the Heddernheimers, who still felt they belonged to Praunheim, a Reformed Christian was buried for the first time in Heddernheim. In addition, the Protestant-Lutheran pastor of Praunheim was forbidden, with the approval of the Count of Hanau, under threat of a heavy fine and the loss of his job, to prevent the Protestant-Reformed pastor of Eschersheim from the burial of Heddernheimers. The cemetery at the confluence of Heddernheimer Kirchstraße with Straße In der Römerstadt , opposite the bunker, has recently been converted into a park.
A new lock
In 1740 Philipp Wilhelm von Riedt had the New Castle built in the center of Heddernheim as a residence for his family; in the 18th century the street was called Holzgasse , later until the incorporation of the village into Frankfurt was called Langgasse and since then Alt Heddernheim . The churchyard used before the Thirty Years' War, located directly in front of the New Palace, was incorporated into a park; As a green area and children's playground, the former cemetery area has remained undeveloped to this day. The castle park stretched from Niddaufer to today's Oranienstraße (then: Taunusstraße ) and reached south to today's Diezerstraße (then: Schulgasse ), north to about the current confluence of Gerningstraße with Oranienstraße.
In 1764 the area, which was still a Mainz fief, came through renewed female succession to the lords of Breidbach-Bürresheim , relatives of the then Elector of Mainz, but also high officials at the court of Nassau . As a result, the Heddernheimer Schloss was often the scene of festive events at which the Duke was also present and used to drive up in a four-in- hand. In 1803 the sovereign rights of Mainz came to the Principality of Nassau with the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (from 1806: Duchy of Nassau ); numerous street names remind of this. In the same year Heddernheim became a patch and seat of a princely administrative office; however, the increase in rank did not entail any additional rights for the location.
The main wing of the New Palace still exists (Alt Heddernheim 30), but the entire palace grounds were sold to the City of Frankfurt in 1908 by Baron Hubert Anton von Breidbach. The Heddernheim castle building was severely damaged by bombs in World War II ; the attic was no longer rebuilt in the old style.
The largest Jewish community in Nassau
From the early 18th century, there is evidence of a relatively large Jewish community in Heddernheim, later for decades it was the largest in the Duchy of Nassau. The tax documents from 1779 show that almost a third of the Jews and a considerable part of the Heddernheim Christians were “very poor” and therefore exempt from any tax payment. As early as 1715, the theologian Johann Jacob Schudt mentioned in his book Jewish merchandise :
- "At Heddernheim / a small village / you can still find in the times of Urna, Roman Müntzen and the like / as a certain Spuhr / that the old Heydnian Romans had a castell or camp there: a large number of Jews / poor wines / who probably live there may have lived there for a few hundred years / and in fact previously in better condition than now. "
For 1716 there are 34 Jewish families recorded in Heddernheim. Later tax statistics show that there were 49 so-called Schutzjuden for 1772 and 66 for 1779 , i. H. Jews who had been granted the right to live and stay in exchange for a special tax by letter of protection , but not the full rights of local Christian residents. However, this special tax and the relative legal certainty derived from it were only "granted" to the head of the family and, if necessary, to his first-born son or daughter; At the beginning of the 18th century, the tax initially benefited the Elector of Mainz, who had pledged it to the Provost of Mainz. The Jewish ordinances valid for Heddernheim are handed down from the years 1771 and 1782. Among other things, they stipulated that a non-resident Jew who wanted to settle in Heddernheim had to pay a deposit of 100 Reichstaler, so that “the begging Jews and rogue rascals are left out of Orths.” They also contained the provision that Jews were forbidden was to encourage a Christian to work on Sundays, "it is a matter of wages or friendship" . The Jews were also forbidden to work outside the home on Christian holidays, and the work done in their home should not be felt as “a scandal or desecration and desecration of Sunday.” These and numerous other regulations prove: “Christians should by means of the Regulations of the Jewish ordinances are 'protected' from the Jews. "
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The Jewish community of Heddernheim had its own cemetery near its synagogue, which had existed since the 16th century and was renovated around 1760 (on today's site Alt Heddernheim 31–33). The "Judenordnung" of 1771, however, stipulated that cemeteries were to be laid out outside the town. The community did not follow suit until 1843 when they had to sell the site in Alt Heddernheim. The Jewish cemetery Heddernheim still exists today next to the bridge in the street In der Römerstadt over Rosa-Luxemburg-Strasse . The last burial took place in 1937. “It probably remained untouched during the National Socialist era . During the Second World War , however, the impact of bombs caused numerous damage to walls, graves and gravestones. "
There are also a number of “stumbling blocks” which remind of the life and death of the Jews and other victims of Nazi persecution in Heddernheim.
19th century
Special taxes for Jews
In 1789, shortly after the French Revolution , French Jews had equal citizenship with Christians. When the Duchy of Nassau was created as a result of the reorganization initiated by Napoléon , the previously existing Jewish ordinances were also revised and standardized. From September 1, 1806, the Leibzoll was abolished for the Heddernheim Jews , a humiliating per capita tax that had to be paid by Jews as soon as they crossed a national or official border; barely three months later, the associated tax shortfalls were offset by an increase in the special tax for letters of protection . On May 15, 1819, the guild constitution that had been in effect until then was repealed in the Duchy of Nassau ; the resulting freedom of trade for the Jews was restricted insofar as they were now banned from the very trade sector into which they had been forced off due to previous discrimination (no access to the guilds), the small trade in cattle, the activity as peddlers and the like called "emergency trade", that is, the "shoemaker, lending, broker and junk trade".
The state decreed turn to, as it was called at the time, "useful" professions as manufacturers , craftsmen , wholesalers and merchants , which the Jews were later reproached for, can be demonstrated by the civil status records kept by the Heddernheimer Evangelical parish until 1874 : In the In the first half of the 19th century, the registered job title of residents of Jewish faith was almost always a trader ; there were also a few butchers, as this profession was not dispensable in any community due to the special Jewish purity and dietary regulations . From around 1840, the Heddernheim civil status registers showed a change in the occupational structure of the Jews: Craftsmen such as tailors , shoemakers , bookbinders and hat makers were now also notarized, a locksmith in 1850 , a carpenter in 1863 and Moritz Hammel, a manufacturer in 1874. The evaluation of the book about the admissions and dismissals of the Heddernheim School for the period from 1819 to 1868 gives a similar picture, since the students always stated the father's occupation. The complete legal equality of the Heddernheimer Jews with their Christian neighbors did not take place until after the annexation of Nassau by Prussia in 1866: A law of the North German Confederation of July 3, 1869 lifted all remaining restrictions of their civil and civil rights and put an at least legal end point under the process of so-called Jewish emancipation .
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However, the changing occupational structure in the first half of the 19th century and, above all, the early equality of Jews and Christians in what was then known as the Free City of Frankfurt (1864) led to a prolonged emigration of the Jewish families from Heddernheim, whose Christian inhabitants were increasing worked as workers in the newly established factories. While in 1840 there were still 354 Jewish residents registered in Heddernheim (24 percent of the population), their number decreased to 110 by 1887 and to 52 by 1924/25 (one percent of the population).
The first paved bridge
Both banks of the Nidda were already connected by bridges in Roman times. In the Middle Ages, however, one had to be content with a ford , and even in the early 19th century there was only a narrow wooden walkway for pedestrians and a leased waterway next to the ford . During floods, the bridges at Bonames or Hausen had to be used, both of which belonged to Frankfurt am Main and were therefore subject to customs duties and tolls for the people of Heddernheim. Heddernheim's desire to build a bridge since 1803 was made more difficult by the fact that the Nidda near Heddernheim was also a state border: Eschersheim belonged to the Electorate of Hesse . It was not until August 1830 that the rulers of the two villages agreed to the construction of a massive, paved wooden bridge over the Nidda, with the costs being imposed on the Heddernheimers. In 1928, after the Nidda regulation, the still existing iron bridge was put into operation as a replacement for the wooden bridge built 100 years earlier.
The Heddernheim Fassenacht
A plaque on the Gemaa-Bump , the first public water pump ("community pump") built in the center of the village in 1839 on the site of an old draw well, describes that the construction of the pump was supposedly the reason for the first carnival parade. After the end of the Second World War, it was renovated and brought into operation with great sympathy from the population in the presence of the then mayor of Frankfurt, Kolb. The handles, which were attached at different heights, also made it possible for children to fill their buckets. In 1840 Heddernheim had registered residents in 1894.
In a history of the Frankfurt Carnival it is, the first move was from Heddernheimer craft joined was organized after completing their years of travel had returned to her hometown. On Shrovetide they would have carted a replica of the Gemaabump through the streets of the village. To this day, every Klaa Paris carnival train has a motif car with a replica of this landmark.
In 1882 the Heddemer Käwwern carnival club was founded, a merger of the two forerunners Brenn-Nessel and Aeppelwein squadrons . This was followed in 1931 as a re-establishment of the association "Die fidelen Nassauer". With their 1936 campaign, the “Käwwern” were particularly displeasing to the National Socialists. The depiction of the Führer in a fool's cap on the front page of the club's newspaper was enough to result in a ban, and with the exception of an approved move in 1939, it stayed that way until the end of the war. In keeping with the times, the resumption of traditional activities was only possible in small steps. The annual move of the two Heddernheim carnival clubs on Shrove Tuesday has, over the years, once again become an event that is well known beyond Frankfurt and has received media recognition.
The Urselbach as the engine of the economy
As early as 1670, a copper hammer , the so-called Kaltemühle , is documented for the site on the pleasant Urselbach , the machines of which were driven by the water, which was always abundant in the summer.
Beneath the cold mill, at the level of today's settlement Brühl field , was the Sandelmühle , were produced in the tar paper and wrapping paper. “Later on, high quality printing inks came from there. The Heddernheimer product achieved world renown under the name 'Frankfurter Schwärze'. “ More recently, a copper hammer was first mentioned in 1829 on the occasion of a mortgage entry in the land register of Heddernheim. Both companies were owned by the brothers Rupertus and Theodor Hesse from Olpe in 1852 . In the trade register of the Höchst District Office, Duchy of Nassau, it is recorded on April 6, 1852, that the mills had a copper, rolling and hammer mill, a brass foundry , a lead pipe factory and a cardboard mill . Copper sheets made of 99% pure copper with an addition of 0.3 to 0.5% arsenic (fire box copper) were used for the construction of fire boxes , the boiler rooms of steam locomotives .
From 1853 a modern industrial company with large production halls and international importance emerged, the Heddernheimer Kupferwerke formerly FA Hesse Söhne AG , which was last - until its closure - part of the United German Metalworks (VDM), but was only called "Copperworks" in Heddernheim. Among other things, copper cables were produced, the demand for which grew steadily due to electrification . The expansion of the production facilities soon led to an increase in the population from just under 1900 in 1840 to 3225 in 1890. From 1908, VDM was one of the first German plants to also process aluminum and magnesium alloys. With the beginning of the Second World War, armaments were exclusively converted and numerous forced laborers and Soviet prisoners of war were used for this; the tram stop Kupferwerk was renamed to the name Zeilweg , which is still valid today , so that the Kupferwerk was less easy to find in the city map. During the war, the plant is said to have been one of the most important manufacturers of aircraft propellers, with an engine test bench that was audible day and night. Air raids on the Heddernheim-Römerstadt area were due to this.
Approaching Frankfurt
After the municipality with the Nassau territory fell to Prussia in 1866 , it initially belonged to the Höchst office of the new Prussian Main District . The village was still an enclave, as all surrounding villages belonged either to the Frankfurt am Main district or the Hanau district . In 1885 there was therefore a district reform in which Heddernheim was incorporated into the newly formed district of Frankfurt together with 14 other villages .
In 1878 Heddernheim received a new, large schoolhouse that is still in the middle of the schoolyard. The first volunteer fire brigade with 48 firefighters at the time was founded as early as 1870 . In 1889 a dormitory for single noble women was set up in the New Palace, the Auguste Viktoria -Stift . Due to the large number of residents who moved in, a Protestant church was built, the St. Thomas Church, which was consecrated in 1898 . The Catholic Church of St. Peter and Paul was opened in 1893 (and consecrated in 1899) after a previous building built in 1840 burned down in 1891.
Little changed for the Catholic community with the incorporation, as it had already belonged to the Limburg diocese . The Protestant Thomas parish, on the other hand, did not belong to Frankfurt under canon law until 1933, but to the consistorial district of Wiesbaden of the Nassau regional church . Only after the National Socialist seizure of power did the Frankfurt regional church and the regional churches of Nassau and Hesse merge under pressure in September 1933 to form the Evangelical Regional Church of Nassau-Hessen .
Until 1888, passenger transport between Heddernheim and the city of Frankfurt consisted of a vehicle called "Omnibus". On May 12, 1888, the Frankfurter Lokalbahn opened a horse-drawn tram on Eschersheimer Landstrasse , which at the time was little more than a dirt road. After just a few months, the line was switched to steam operation. The steam tram, popularly known as Knochemiehl , from Eschenheimer Tor to Weißen Stein (there was a depot there) was taken over by the municipal tram in 1901 , electrified in 1908 and - after the construction of the tram bridge over the Nidda - extended to Heddernheim on October 1, 1909.
On May 4, 1910, the Frankfurter Lokalbahn opened line 25 as a standard-gauge overland railway line . The final stop was at the " Schauspielhaus " in the Gallusanlage until 1954 . The line led via Heddernheim and Bonames to Bad Homburg . This connected the Frankfurt tram to the Homburg tram network. On May 31, line 24 followed via Heddernheim to Oberursel , which now also linked the Oberursel – Hohemark mountain railway, which had been in operation since 1899, with the Frankfurt tram network. Heddernheim thus became a tram junction. The tram depot of the municipal tram, built in 1910, still exists today as the Heddernheim depot .
The freight played on the two tracks of the local train a large role, especially for engine plant in Oberursel and Heddernheimer Copper Works. It was discontinued after Obereschbach (on the route to Bad Homburg) in 1971, and on the route to Oberursel only in 1982. Both Taunus railways proved to be of such great importance in passenger traffic that they were included in the basic route A of the Frankfurt U-Bahn in 1968 , within which they now operate as lines U2 and U3 with minor changes to the route.
20th century
Incorporation to Frankfurt
By 1900 Heddernheim had 368 residential buildings “with an average occupation of 11.3 people (...). According to the census of 1895, the population was 4159, of whom 2287 were Protestants, 1778 Catholics, 66 Jews and 28 people of different faiths, including a Mennonite . ”The town was administered by a magistrate (a paid mayor, an alderman and five aldermen) and 18 community representatives.
Around 1900 the community's residential area extended over an almost rectangular area, which was bordered by Langgasse (today: Alt Heddernheim), Frankfurter Strasse (Heddernheimer Landstrasse), Jahnstrasse (Marc-Aurel-Strasse) and Altkönigstrasse (Habelstrasse). Feldbergstrasse (Gerningstrasse) ran between Frankfurter Strasse and Altkönigstrasse and parallel to them ; only Kirchstrasse and Castellstrasse retained their traditional names after the incorporation, as did the Hessestrasse , which already branched off from Frankfurter Strasse outside the development boundary to the factories located on the outskirts . Today's Dillenburger Strasse is still marked as a dirt road on a map from 1904. By 1915, however, numerous new buildings had already been built along Brühlstrasse / Nassauer Strasse and between Antoninusstrasse and Marc-Aurel-Strasse. The homes on Nesselbuschstrasse had already been built in 1905.
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In 1904, on the edge of the Riedwiesen, directly on the municipal border on Urselbach, a "gas factory" built by the city of Frankfurt was put into operation: the "Heddernheim gasworks", the elevated tank of which was still visible from afar until the late 1960s. Since then, Ginnheim, Praunheim, Niederursel, Eschersheim, Bonames, Berkersheim, Eckenheim, Preungesheim, Seckbach as well as Bergen-Enkheim and Vilbel have also been supplied with coal gas (" town gas ") from Heddernheim .
On April 1, 1910, the Frankfurt district was dissolved and incorporated into Frankfurt . This ended the independence of the municipality of Heddernheim: With 244 hectares of land and 5400 inhabitants, it became a district of Frankfurt. One consequence of this was that after the end of the World War, the construction of publicly subsidized apartments in Heddernheim was accelerated: At the beginning of the 1920s, the closed residential development was built along Dillenburger Strasse / Hessestrasse, and from 1927 the Römerstadt garden settlement was built , a modern row house settlement according to the plans of Ernst May . In 1936 the Brühlfeld settlement was expanded.
The destruction of the Jewish religious community
During the time of National Socialism , the centuries of coexistence between Jews and Christians also ended in Heddernheim . 1913 were still 60 Jews have been reported in the district, in 1935 it was for - still voluntary in the 1920s - Wegzügen only 37. Like almost everywhere in the German Reich took place in the night of 10 November 1938 9th and also to attacks on Jewish residents; Details were put on record in 1954 during a trial before the Frankfurt Regional Court:
- “Coming from Eschersheim, on the morning of November 10, 1938, a group of NSDAP or DAF members drove to Heddernheim. They stopped in front of the May butcher's shop and hit the closed shops with various items they found quickly, severely damaging them. Some people broke into the shop and the apartment behind it. One of those who came out later said that the Jewish businessmen were still in bed. The May butcher's shop was then demolished. The leader of the operation sat down next to the driver again and had the car directed by local experts to the synagogue in a side street . The NSDAP troops ravaged the synagogue, tore down the curtains, took prayer books from the compartments and the Torah scrolls from the shrine, tore them up and threw them on the floor. Contrary to the first order, no fire was set on the building because there was allegedly a fire hazard for the surrounding buildings due to the inadequate equipment of the volunteer fire brigade. From Heddernheim the troop then continued their journey towards Praunheim; in the Roman city they threw windows in the apartment of a Jewish doctor. "
Already on November 22, 1938, Max and Johanna May sold their house in the Heddernheimer Kirchstrasse with shop, stable and barn as well as the entire inventory of the butcher's shop; Their departure to Buenos Aires is documented for November 17, 1939 - they were probably the last Jews from Heddernheim to be legally allowed to leave. Those Jews who stayed or had to stay were also subject to housing restrictions in Heddernheim. Many families had to give up their apartments and move into so-called “Jewish houses”; According to the housekeeping records kept by the residents' registration office in Heddernheim, these were the houses Domitianstrasse 4 and Alt Heddernheim 33. On November 22, 1941, the last Jewish families still living in the district were picked up in Alt Heddernheim 33 and taken to the Kauen ghetto or the Riga ghetto ; since then they have been considered "lost". The Heddernheim synagogue was demolished in 1943, and a residential building was later built in its place.
As early as August 1941, the Gestapo labor education camp in Heddernheim was set up with branches in Hundstadt and Hirzenhain . On April 23, 1945, 82 women were transported to Hirzenhain in what would later become so-called end- phase crimes, where they were shot by the SS .
Development after 1945
As a result of repeated massive air raids on the industrial facilities of the VDM , numerous buildings were also destroyed in Heddernheim from October 1943 onwards, including the St. Thomas Church on March 22, 1944. According to an eyewitness report, the fire led to an electrical short circuit, so that suddenly all the bells began to ring until the roof of the tower fell into the nave, which was also burning; the steeple was restored without the previous spire , which was similar to the spire of the Catholic Church; it still has this cheaper roof today. The Römerstadt settlement was confiscated by the US Army in 1945 in favor of the foreign workers freed in the copper works , who were now called Displaced Persons and who wore black-colored US uniforms; German residents had to leave their houses and apartments within hours with minimal luggage. A few weeks later the houses in the Roman city were renovated at the expense of Gartenstadt AG and were available to members of the US armed forces and their families until 1956.
In 1951 the Zuggemeinschaft Klaa Paris was founded , which in 1952 organized the first carnival parade since 1939. In the same year was Kreppelkaffee the Käwwern , a session for children launched. In 1954 Heddernheim had 10,000 inhabitants. In 1955, Dillenburger Strasse and Hessestrasse were expanded as a northern bypass; the straight connection of Dillenburger Strasse, which was expanded to four lanes, to Eschersheimer Landstrasse did not take place until 1972 after the Maybach Bridge was completed. As a replacement for the living space destroyed in downtown Frankfurt during the war and to accommodate numerous expellees who had moved in, social housing estates and terraced houses were built in the 1950s, especially along Antoninusstrasse, Titusstrasse and Konstantinstrasse.
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In the second half of the 1950s, the city of Frankfurt decided to build a large housing estate in the tradition of the so-called garden cities of the 1920s on the site (area of the Roman Nida) between the town centers of Heddernheim, Praunheim and Niederursel , which had been used as arable land until then , the northwest town . As a result, Heddernheim grew together with this satellite settlement and its two historic neighboring towns to form a uniform metropolitan residential area, the old district boundaries of which are no longer recognizable anywhere. The north-west center , for example, was built entirely on the Heddernheim site. The former clay pits between Hessestrasse and Zeilweg have been filled in and built on since the mid-1960s.
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Since the 1990s, further large new housing estates have been built on the north-western edge of Heddernheim on the former, extensively redeveloped VDM site ( Mertonviertel and Riedwiese). There, near the Zeilweg underground station, directly on the Urselbach, is the city daycare center planned by Friedensreich Hundertwasser ( Hundertwasser daycare center ). From 2001 the residential area Riedberg was built next to these settlements - on a hillside - so that Heddernheim today forms a coherent residential area even with the more distant Kalbach .
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ The original text in Codex Laureshamensis reads: “die XIII kalendas nouembris, anno XXXIIII Karoli regis” (Codex Laurish. - III - No. 3401). That is October 20th in the 34th year of King Charles' reign. Since Charles took office on October 9, 768, the 34th year is 801; In contrast, the year 802 is mentioned in numerous publications on the history of the district.
- ^ Chronicle of Petterweil. From: petterweil.com , accessed November 27, 2015.
- ↑ Paula Henrich: On the history of Heddernheim and its Catholic community. Frankfurt am Main, June 1969, p. 11
- ↑ Wolfgang Pülm: Heddernheim. The checkered history of a Frankfurt district. Published by Frankfurter Sparkasse, 1996, p. 19
- ↑ http://www.city-camp-frankfurt.de/
- ^ Website of the Robert Schumann School
- ↑ Festival committee for the 100th anniversary of the Robert Schumann School (ed.): 1880–1980: Heddernheimer Volksschule / Robert Schumann School 100 years. Frankfurt am Main, without publisher and year (1980)
- ↑ Wolfgang Pülm: Heddernheim ... , p. 92
- ↑ Wolfgang Pülm, Heddernheim ... , p. 95 ff.
- ↑ ernst-may-gesellschaft.de
- ↑ Peter Seipel et al. a .: Twelve centuries of Frankfurt. City and districts. Frankfurter Nachrichten Verlagsgesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 1993, p. 127 First line 25 ran from the Gallusanlage (Schauspielhaus) via Heddernheim to Bad Homburg, line 24 to Hohemark was added a few weeks later. 63
- ↑ Paula Henrich: On the history of Heddernheim and his Catholic community , p. 5
- ^ Andrea Hampel: Archeology in Frankfurt am Main. Find and excavation reports for the years 1992 to the end of 1996. Contributions to monument protection in Frankfurt am Main 9. Nussloch, Verlag Angerer, 1997, pp. 121–122, ISBN 3-9803744-4-0
- ^ Peter Fasold : Excavations in the German Pompeii. Archaeological research in Frankfurt's north-west city. Museum of Prehistory and Early History, Frankfurt am Main, 1997, p. 14
- ^ Paula Henrich: Northwest City. Young city on old soil . Series of publications by Frankfurter Sparkasse from 1822, Frankfurt am Main, 1971, p. 36
- ↑ Wolfgang Pülm, Heddernheim ... , p. 19 f.
- ^ Paula Henrich: On the story of Heddernheim ... , p. 19; The above text on the legal situation of Heddernheim also follows the research of this author
- ↑ Quoted in: Paula Henrich, Zur Geschichte von Heddernheim ... , p. 20
- ↑ Klaus Werner, Helga Krohn, Christa Fischer: Jews in Heddernheim. Published by the Jewish Museum, Frankfurt am Main, 1990, p. 21 (= booklet accompanying an exhibition at the Jewish Museum of the City of Frankfurt am Main, published in the series The Forgotten Neighbors. Jews in Frankfurt Suburbs. )
- ^ Paula Henrich: Northwest City. P. 59
- ↑ Quoted in: Paula Henrich, Zur Geschichte von Heddernheim ... , p. 23
- ↑ Paula Henrich: On the story of Heddernheim ... , p. 27
- ↑ Paula Henrich: On the story of Heddernheim ... , p. 31
- ^ Paula Henrich: On the story of Heddernheim ... , p. 36
- ↑ Quoted from the facsimile in Juden in Heddernheim , p. 21
- ↑ Quoted from Juden in Heddernheim , p. 13
- ↑ So the interpretation of the three authors of Jews in Heddernheim , p. 13
- ^ Jews in Heddernheim , p. 65
- ↑ Quoted from: Juden in Heddernheim , p. 67
- ^ Jews in Heddernheim, p. 13
- ↑ Quoted from Juden in Heddernheim , p. 27
- ↑ Jews in Heddernheim , p. 18
- ↑ Wolfgang Pülm, Heddernheim ... , p. 58 f.
- ^ Karl Linker: City under the bell cap. History of the Frankfurt Carnival. Published by the Stadtsparkasse Frankfurt, o. Place and year (Frankfurt am Main approx. 1970)
- ↑ Peter Seipel et al. a .: Twelve centuries of Frankfurt. City and districts, p. 127
- ^ Frankfurter Sparkasse from 1822: Heddernheimer Bilderbüchelche. Frankfurt am Main, 1978. “The German black, Frankfurter black, French Noir d 'Allemagne , de Francfort , is a natural earth which gives a bluish black.” It was still “used for fresco painting” in the 18th century. Economic Encyclopedia (1773-1858) by JG Krünitz
- ↑ Wolfgang Pülm, Heddernheim ... , p. 70
- ↑ Wolfgang Pülm, Heddernheim ... , p. 72
- ↑ a b Wolfgang Pülm, Heddernheim ... , p. 46
- ↑ Petra Meyer: The Heddernheim labor education camp, taking into account other labor camps, based on archival documents and reports from contemporary witnesses. Frankfurt am Main, June 1986, p. 40; OCLC 75013158
- ↑ Do you know Heddernheim? Published by the Heddernheim Citizens' Association, 1983, p. 6
- ↑ Heddernheimer Bilderbüchelche , p. 2
- ↑ Seipel u. a., Twelve Centuries Frankfurt , p. 127
- ↑ Printed in: Wolfgang Pülm, Heddernheim ... , p. 21
- ↑ Paula Henrich, Nordweststadt , p. 41
- ^ Wilfried Forstmann: Frankfurt am Main in Wilhelminian times. 1966-1918. In: Frankfurter Historical Commission (ed.): Frankfurt am Main. The history of the city in nine articles. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen, 1994, p. 411
- ↑ Wolfgang Pülm, Heddernheim , p. 86
- ↑ Quoted from: Juden in Heddernheim , p. 72
- ↑ Jews in Heddernheim , p. 75
- ↑ Jews in Heddernheim , p. 77
- ↑ Evangelische St. Thomasgemeinde (Ed.): 100 years St. Thomas Church. Frankfurt am Main, October 1998, p. 10
- ^ Chronicle of Heddernheim , compiled by the city archives in April 1980
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