Litzelbach (Grasellenbach)

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Litzelbach
Community Grasellenbach
Coordinates: 49 ° 37 ′ 15 ″  N , 8 ° 50 ′ 0 ″  E
Height : 409 m above sea level NHN
Area : 1.96 km²
Residents : 162  (May 2011)
Population density : 83 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : August 1, 1972
Postal code : 64689
Primaries : 06253, 06207

After the district of Tromm with around 160 inhabitants, Litzelbach is by far the smallest district of the community of Grasellenbach in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hesse .

Geographical location

Litzelbach is located between Hammelbach in the north and Scharbach in the south in a small, agriculturally used valley in the Odenwald that opens up to Scharbach a few hundred meters away . In a west-east direction, the district extends around three kilometers through the forest from the ridge that connects the Tromm and Wagenberg - here the highest point of the district reaches 520 meters - to the wooded ridge of the Hammelberg beyond the Hammelbach at a height of 490 meters. The 491 meter high wooded Lenzenbuckel between Hammelbach and Litzelbach is also in the district.

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Litzelbach originated in the area of ​​the former Mark Heppenheim which designated an administrative district of the Franconian Empire . On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the city of Heppenheim and its district, the extensive Mark Heppenheim , to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . From here the reclamation and settlement of the area was carried out. The heyday of the Lorsch Monastery, in whose area Litzelbach was located, was followed by its decline in the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1232 Lorsch was subordinated to the Archdiocese of Mainz .

The first mention of the place can be found in 1320 as Lützelbach in the regests of the Count Palatine, when King Ludwig the Bavarian approved a Wittum to the Bailiwick of Litzelbach for the Diemar district and lord of the castle of Lindenfels . In 1424 this permit was also granted to the Hartwig and Diemar district of Lindefels for their wives Utze and Elisabeth. In 1391 the Landschad von Steinach held the bailiwick by pledge from Count Palatine Ruprecht II .

For the year 1568 it is documented that Litzelbach belongs to the Kurmainzer "Amt Starkenburg" and there to the "Zent Abtsteinach". However, since 1461 the “Office Starkenburg” was pledged redeemable to the Electoral Palatinate . In the course of the Mainz collegiate feud , which was fateful for Kurmainz , the Starkenburg office was pledged redeemable to Kurpfalz and then remained in the Palatinate for 160 years. Count Palatine Friedrich had the “Amt Starkenburg” pledged for his support from Archbishop Dieter - in the “Weinheimer Bund” concluded by the Electors on November 19, 1461 - whereby Kurmainz received the right to redeem the pledge for 100,000 pounds.

The jurisdiction over the place was exercised by the " Zent Abtsteinach ". Within the Zent Litzelbach forms together with six other places ( Hartenrod , Gadern , Kocherbach , Aschbach , Dürr-Ellenbach , Buchklingen ) and nine farms in Wald-Michelbach the "Hartenroder dish", a common Schultzen dish . Appellate court and Oberhof were the main court in Abtsteinach and until 1782 the Oberhof in Heppenheim. In the meantime, the status of the "Hartenroder court" has probably been upgraded, because in 1654 a "whole court" was reported. Also for the year 1568 it is handed down that 4 hubs do compulsory service , taxes and tithes to the Palatinate "Office Lindenfels". The Electoral Palatinate received 2/3 of the tithe and the provost of Lorsch Monastery 1/3.

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran , Reformed and Calvinist religions. The places of the "Zent Abtsteinach" belonged in 1568 to the reformed parish of Waldmichelbach.

When Spanish troops of the "Catholic League" conquered the region during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Kurmainzer rule was restored in 1623. As a result, the Reformation introduced by the Count Palatine was largely reversed and the population had to return to the Catholic faith. Although the Spanish troops withdrew from the approaching Swedes after 10 years, after the catastrophic defeat of the Evangelicals in the Nördlingen in 1634, the Swedes also left the Bergstrasse and with the Swedish-French War began the bloodiest chapter of the Thirty Years' War from 1635. The chroniclers of that time report from the region: "Plague and hunger rage in the country and decimate the population, so that the villages are often completely empty". With the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, the redemption of the pledge was finally established. In 1658, the Archbishop of Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn , had a church consecrated to St. Boniface built in Ober-Abtsteinach, whose parish included 23 towns and was the only church in the whole "Zent Abtsteinnach" district and was part of the "Bergstrasse Regional Chapter ".

When there was a restructuring in the area of ​​the Kurmainzer Amt Starkenburg in 1782 , the area of ​​the office was divided into the four subordinate district bailiffs Heppenheim, Bensheim, Lorsch and Fürth and the office was renamed Oberamt. The Zente Mörlenbach , Fürth and Abtsteinach, in the low-lying Liebersbach who were Amtsvogtei Fürth subordinated and had to give up their powers largely. Although the central order with the central school remained formally in place, it could only carry out the orders of the higher authorities ( Oberamt Starkenburg , Unteramt Fürth). The “Oberamt Starkenburg” administratively belonged to the “Lower Archbishopric” of the Electorate of Mainz .

From the 19th century until today

Litzelbach becomes Hessian

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the “ Left Bank of the Rhine ” and thus the left bank of the Rhine from Kurmainz was annexed by France as early as 1797 . In its last session in February 1803, the Perpetual Reichstag in Regensburg passed the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and reorganized the territorial relations in the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) . The Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt was awarded parts of the dissolved principalities of Kurmainz , Electoral Palatinate and Worms as compensation for lost areas on the right bank of the Rhine . The Oberamt Starkenburg and with it Litzelbach also came to Hessen-Darmstadt. There the "Amtsvogtei Fürth" was initially continued as a Hessian office while the Oberamt Starkenburg was dissolved in 1805. The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg". In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg . The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords . The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate . With this the Zente and the associated central courts had lost their function.

Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806, with which the old empire ceased to exist. On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion.

Konrad Dahl reported in 1812 in his historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or church history of the Upper Rhinegau, about Litzelbach as the location of the “Hartenroder court” of the “Zent Abtsteinach”:

»Lützelbach, a hamlet of 6 farms, 9 houses and 76 selenium. It is ½ hour away from Kocherbach. With the toe at Lützelbach and Aschbach it is like at Gadern; from the toe in Dürrelnbach, however, the pastor takes the third part, the remaining two parts to the Heppenheim cellar. "

After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse, and in 1816 provinces were established in the Grand Duchy. The area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg”, which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” . In 1814 serfdom was abolished in the Grand Duchy and with the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse introduced on December 17, 1820, it was given a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained composed until 1848.

In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and district councils were introduced, with Litzelbach joining the district of Lindenfels . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Hammelbach was also responsible for Litzelbach, Grasellenbach , partly Hiltersklingen and Oberscharbach . According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

Litzelbacher sandstone quarries

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on Litzelbach in 1829:

»Litzelbach (L. Bez. Lindenfels) cath. Branch village; is located 2 1 ⁄ 2   St. from Lindenfels and has 9 houses and 64 Catholic. In the demarcation there are fractures of extremely good red sandstones that are being hewn. The place came from Mainz to Hesse in 1802. "

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as a second district, to which Litzelbach now belonged, alongside the Bensheim district. In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

The following entry can be found in the latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845:

“Litzelbach near Lindenfels. - Village for evangel. Parish Hammelbach, resp. Catholic parish belonging to Abbot Steinach. - 9 H. 64 Catholic E. - Grand Duchy of Hesse. - Starkenburg Province. - Heppenheim district. - Fürth district court. - Hofger. Darmstadt. The village of Litzelbach passed from Mainz to Hesse in 1802. «

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Litzelbach became part of the newly created Lindenfels district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Litzelbach: Catholic branch village with 402 inhabitants. The district consists of 787 acres , including 314 acres of arable land, 99 acres of meadows and 354 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the Lützelbach branch with the mayor's office in Hammelbach, 11 houses, 72 inhabitants, the Lindenfels district, the Fürth district court, the Protestant parish Hammelbach with the dean's office in Lindenfels and the Catholic parish are recorded Lindenfels of the Deanery Heppenheim. Hamlet Hammelberg (5 houses, 40 inhabitants) also belonged to the district.

In 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Even before its official end on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which it was now called the German Empire . On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths. With the Reich Coin Act , Germany only had one currency, the mark with 100 pfennigs as a sub-unit. After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the reintegration of Litzelbach into the Heppenheim district .

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out and put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed after the German defeat on November 11, 1918, Litzelbach also had many casualties to mourn, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human victims. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed. In the period from 1921 to 1930, there were 566,500 emigrants in Germany who tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

In 1927 the size of the district was given as 196.8  ha . At 7 individual houses, the so-called Hammelberg, belonged to them.

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship. The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims estimated at 60 to 70 million people. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms, from where they advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American troops were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

Post-war and present

As the population figures from 1939 and 1946 show, Litzelbach also had to cope with many refugees and displaced persons from the former German eastern regions after the war .

In 1961 the district size was given as 196  ha , 94 ha of which were forest.

As part of the regional reform in Hesse , Litzelbach and Scharbach were incorporated into the Grasellenbach community on August 1, 1972.

Courts in Hessen

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg. The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords. The Fürth office was responsible for Hammelbach. From 1813 the newly formed Justice Office in Fürth was the first instance. The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate.

With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Fürth regional court was the court of first instance from 1821 .

On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the Amtsgericht Amtsgericht Fürth and allocation to the district of Darmstadt Regional Court .

Territorial history and administration

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which Litzelbach was located and the administrative units to which it was subordinate:

Population development

• 1806: 83 inhabitants, 8 houses
• 1812: 76 souls, 6 courtyards with 9 houses
• 1829: 64 inhabitants, 9 houses
• 1867: 112 inhabitants, 16 houses
Litzelbach: Population from 1806 to 2011
year     Residents
1806
  
 83
1812
  
 76
1829
  
 64
1834
  
 78
1840
  
 143
1846
  
 106
1852
  
 138
1858
  
 126
1864
  
 105
1871
  
 122
1875
  
 104
1885
  
 102
1895
  
 125
1905
  
 109
1910
  
 101
1925
  
 93
1939
  
 91
1946
  
 140
1950
  
 130
1956
  
 94
1961
  
 93
1967
  
 86
1970
  
 88
1980
  
 ?
1990
  
 ?
2005
  
 150
2011
  
 162
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Further sources:; 2011 census

Religious affiliation

• 1829: 64 Catholic (= 100%) residents
• 1961: 4 Protestant (= 4.30%), 89 Catholic (= 95.70%) residents

traffic

For road traffic, Litzelbach is made accessible by a community road that branches off from the state road L 3346 at Hammelbach and runs through the whole town from north to south in the direction of Scharbach, where it joins the district road K 27.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Litzelbach, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of May 8, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  2. ↑ a b Selected data on population and households on May 9, 2011 in the Hessian municipalities and parts of the municipality. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: 2011 Census . Hessian State Statistical Office;
  3. ↑ a b c d Wilhelm Müller: Hessian place names book: Starkenburg . Ed .: Historical Commission for the People's State of Hesse. tape 1 . Self-published, Darmstadt 1937, DNB  366995820 , OCLC 614375103 , p. 440-441 .
  4. ^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  5. ↑ a b Johann Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch or church history of the Upper Rhinegau . Darmstadt 1812, OCLC 162251605 , p. 246 ( online at google books ).
  6. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  7. ^ A b c Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner : Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg . tape 1 . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt October 1829, OCLC 312528080 , p. 147 ( online at google books ).
  8. ^ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The newest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states . tape  2 . Zimmermann, Naumburg 1845, OCLC 162810705 , p. 47 ( online in the HathiTrust digital library ).
  9. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  10. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  11. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  12. ^ Ph. AF Walther : The Grand Duchy of Hessen: according to history, country, people, state and locality . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1854, DNB  730150224 , OCLC 866461332 , p. 345 ( online at google books ).
  13. ↑ a b Ph. AF Walther : Alphabetical index of residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1869, OCLC 162355422 , p. 54 ( online at google books ).
  14. ^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .
  15. ↑ Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7
  16. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  17. ↑ Karl-Heinz Meier barley, Karl Reinhard Hinkel: Hesse. Municipalities and counties after the regional reform. A documentation . Ed .: Hessian Minister of the Interior. Bernecker, Melsungen 1977, DNB  770396321 , OCLC 180532844 , p. 206 .
  18. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  19. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  20. ^ Grand Ducal Central Office for State Statistics (ed.): Contributions to the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . tape 1 . Großherzoglicher Staatsverlag, Darmstadt 1862, DNB  013163434 , OCLC 894925483 , p. 43 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  21. ↑ List of offices, places, houses, population. (1806) HStAD inventory E 8 A No. 352/4. In: Archive Information System Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen), as of February 6, 1806.
  22. ↑ Extract from the statistics of the municipality from 2005 ( Memento from July 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive )