Elections (Odenwald)

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elections
Community Grasellenbach
Coordinates: 49 ° 36 ′ 55 "  N , 8 ° 51 ′ 22"  E
Height : 367 m above sea level NHN
Area : 2.8 km²
Residents : 915  (May 2011)
Population density : 327 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1971
Postal code : 64689
Area code : 06207

Wahlen is a district of the Grasellenbach community in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hesse . The place is a state-approved resort .

Geographical location

Wahlen is at 370  m above sea level. NHN in the Odenwald and is therefore the lowest district of Grasellenbach. Wahlen lies in the valley junction at the confluence of the two source rivers, which each claim to be the upper reaches of the Ulfenbach , which flows into the Neckar in a general north-south direction . The western of the two source rivers is also known under the name Hammelbach .

history

overview

The first documented mention that has been preserved as Waldau dates from 1359 in the regests of the Palatinate Counties near the Rhine , and as Count Palatine Ruprecht I the sale of Wahlen ( Waldau ), Scharbach ( Scharpach ) and Gras-Ellenbach ( Ellenbach ) by Hartmud von Cronberg to Rudolf von Beckingen approved.

Waldau Castle once stood as a moated castle on the southwestern outskirts of the village . This probably originated in the 12./13. Century and as a fief of the Lorsch monastery was owned by a noble von Waldau family, which apparently died out in the 13th century. Berthold von Waldau was mentioned in a document in 1255. After the abolition of the monastery property in 1232, the Count Palatinate appeared to have come into possession of Waldau as rulers. The castle was mentioned for the last time in 1423.

Wahlen was later owned by the districts of Lindenfels who sold it back to the Electoral Palatinate in 1439 .

During the Reformation the place became predominantly Protestant and belonged as a branch village to the reformed parish of Waldmichelbach . At the end of the Thirty Years' War (1648), like many areas of the Electoral Palatinate, the place was almost deserted. After the devastating war, the Electoral Palatinate pursued a policy of resettlement in its area characterized by religious tolerance. But the wars that broke out in the troubled times that followed, such as the War of the Palatinate Succession (1688–1697) and the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714) destroyed many of the efforts and tens of thousands of Palatine emigrated and the like. a. to North America and Prussia.

From a religious point of view, too, the time after the Thirty Years' War was marked by great unrest. In 1685 the Reformed Palatinate-Simmern line died out and the Catholic cousins ​​of the Palatinate-Neuburg line took over the government in the Electoral Palatinate with Elector Philipp Wilhelm . This ordered the equality of the Catholic faith in the predominantly Protestant Palatinate. Even during the War of the Palatinate Succession, France tried to advance the Counter-Reformation in the conquered areas and founded a number of Catholic parishes. The war ended in 1697 with the Peace of Rijswijk , which strengthened the position of the then reigning Catholic Elector Johann Wilhelm . This led to the decree of the Simultaneum on October 26, 1698 . According to this, the Catholics were entitled to use all reformed institutions such as churches, schools and cemeteries, while the reverse was not allowed. Furthermore, the reformed church administration, which had been independent until then, was subordinated to the sovereign. Only at the instigation of Prussia in 1705 came the so-called Palatinate church division in which the simultanum was reversed and the churches in the country, including rectories and schools, were divided between the Reformed and the Catholics in a ratio of five to two. There were special regulations for the three capitals Heidelberg , Mannheim and Frankenthal as well as the regional authorities Alzey , Kaiserslautern , Oppenheim , Bacharach and Weinheim . In cities with two churches, one should go to Protestants and the other to Catholics; in the others, where there was only one church, the choir was separated from the nave by a wall, and the one to the Catholics and the other to the Protestants. The Lutherans were only allowed those churches that they owned in 1624 or had built afterwards.

Under Palatinate rule , the place belonged to the Eicher- or Hammelbach- Zent of the Oberamt Lindenfels until 1803 and then came to Hesse as a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which ordered the dissolution of the Electoral Palatinate. From 1821 it is administered there by the Lindenfels district, with the mayor in Affolterbach also being responsible for Kocherbach , Unter-Scharbach and elections. After several administrative reforms in Hesse, the place finally came to today's Bergstrasse district in 1938 .

From 1901 to 1983, Wahlen was the terminus of the Überwaldbahn . After the line was closed, the tracks were dismantled in 1985.

On December 31, 1971, the previously independent municipalities of Wahlen, Hammelbach and Gras-Ellenbach merged to form the new municipality of Grasellenbach as part of the regional reform in Hesse .

Territorial history and administration

Elections originated in the area of ​​the former Mark Heppenheim which designated an administrative district of the Franconian Empire . On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the city of Heppenheim and its district, the extensive Mark Heppenheim , to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . From here the reclamation and settlement of the area was carried out. The heyday of the Lorsch Monastery, in whose area Wahlen was located, was followed by its decline in the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1232 Lorsch was subordinated to the Archdiocese of Mainz . After long disputes, the Palatinate and the archbishopric of Mainz was the beginning of the 14th century about the legacy of the Lorsch Abbey few and the Palatine parts were the Amtsvogtei managed Lindenfels.

The earliest known mention of elections was in 1359, when Count Palatine Ruprecht I approved the sale of Wahlen ( Waldau ), Scharbach ( Scharpach ) and Gras-Ellenbach ( Ellenbach ) by Hartmud von Cronberg to Rudolf von Beckingen. After that, elections came into the possession of the districts of Lindenfels which in 1423 passed it to Count Palatine Ludwig III. to sell. Elections are also mentioned as 1439 elections, Scharbach and Gras-Ellenbach to 140  florins Palatinate land treasure. In 1488 the Electoral Palatinate had " main rights , sacrilege , iniquity, etching , command and prohibition" over elections. The Count Palatine has two thirds of the major and minor tithe . In 1568 Wahlen, Gras-Ellenbach and Nieder-Scharbach have a lower court that is held four times a year by the centgrave , who is also Schultheis. On the big and small tithe, the Electoral Palatinate court chamber moved two thirds and the provost office of the former Lorsch monastery a third.

In 1613 it is documented that the lower court mentioned belongs to Eicher or Hammelbacher Cent , where the Kurpfalz holds an open court four times a year . The tithe ratios were the same as in 1568.

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran , Reformed and Calvinist religions. Wahlen becomes a branch village of the reformed parish of Wald-Michelbach.

Further evidence of elections shows for the year 1613 that the place had six Huben and serfs, five men and five women. According to the register from 1784, there were 16 homes, 24 families with 124 souls, and a mill in the village. The district consisted of 197 acres of fields, 92 acres of meadows, 2 acres of gardens, 100 acres of pasture, and 61 acres of forest. There was an electoral forester who was in charge of both these and all of the other forests in the Cent Wald-Michelbach and the Cent Hammelbach. The Electoral Palatinate received two thirds of the tithe and the Kurmainzische Hofkammer, from the time of the Lorsch Monastery, one third.

Until 1737 the Lindenfels Office was under the Heidelberg Oberamt , after which Lindenfels became an Oberamt . Elections was part of the Hammelbach Centers within the Lindenfels Office (also called Eicher, Affolderbacher or Wahlheimer Centers).

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) was reorganized by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 and ceased to exist with the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806. Through this reorganization and dissolution of the Electoral Palatinate came the Oberamt Lindenfels and with it elections for the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt , which in 1806 became part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse , which was also formed under pressure from Napoleon . When the Oberamt Lindenfels came to Hesse in 1803, it was initially continued as the Hessian district bailiwick. From 1812, Wahlen became part of the Fürth District Bailiwick . After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse, and in 1816 provinces were established in the Grand Duchy. The area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg”, which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” . In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and districts were introduced, with elections for the district of Lindenfels . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Affolterbach was also responsible for Kocherbach , Unterscharbach and elections. According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which elections now belonged, alongside the Bensheim district. In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and elections became part of the newly created Lindenfels district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for elections: A Reformation and Catholic branch village with 339 inhabitants. The district consists of 1118 acres , 378 acres of arable land, 218 acres of meadows and 494 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, 39 houses, 308 inhabitants, the Lindenfels district, the Wald-Michelbach district court, the Protestant Reformed parish of Wald-Michelbach of the Lindenfels dean's office and the Catholic parish are recorded for the subsidiary village Wahlen with its own mayor's office Wald-Michelbach parish of the dean's office in Heppenheim. The mayor's office in Wahlen was also responsible for the Am Kochertsberg residential area (one house, 8 inhabitants).

After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the reintegration of elections into the Heppenheim district.

The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

In 1961 the district size was given as 280 of which 131  ha , of which 131 ha were forest.

On December 31, 1971, the previously independent municipalities of Wahlen, Hammelbach and Gras-Ellenbach merged to form the new municipality of Grasellenbach as part of the regional reform in Hesse. Local districts according to the Hessian municipal code were not established.

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which elections took place or the administrative units to which it was subject:

Courts in Hessen

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg. The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords. The Lindenfels Office was responsible for elections. From 1813 the newly formed Justice Office in Fürth was the first instance. The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate.

With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Fürth regional court was the court of first instance from 1821 . In 1853 a new district court was created, the seat of which was in Wald-Michelbach and which also included elections.

On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the Wald-Michelbach District Court and assigned to the district of the Darmstadt Regional Court . On July 1, 1968, the district court district was added to the district court of Fürth and the district court of Wald-Michelbach was dissolved.

Historical descriptions

In the attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Pfalz am Rheine can be found in 1786 via elections:

"Elections. A little village two hours south-east of LindenfelS has the Ulvenhöfe as neighbors to the east; against South Affalterbach; against West Unter-Scharbach; to the north, the following hamlet Gros-Ellenbach. Wahlen was formerly called Waldau. Bernhard Kreiß von Lindenfels, knight, sold to Count Palatine Ludwig III. in 1423 Waldau with the villages of Scharbach and Gros-Ellenbach, including their courts, gentlemen, tithes, people, goods, poor people he had such time, for seven hundred Rheinisch gulden. Next to this village the Ellenbach flows past, and next to the Affalterbacher border it joins the so-called stone weirs with the Ulvenbach or Ulvina, which begins there. The little Schwarzbächlein falls into that Ellenbach, which is driven by the Kameral hereditary mill located on the spot, and the Schaafbächlein pours into the Ulvendach. "

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on elections in 1829:

"Elections (L. Bez. Lindenfels) cath. und reform. Filialdorf, located on Ulvenbach 2 St. von Lindenfels, has 44 houses and 285 inhabitants, of which 120 are Reform. 123 Kath. And 42 Luth. are located. There are brick huts here. - Bernhard Kreiß von Lindenfels sold this place to Count Palatine Ludwig III in 1423 and in 1802 elections came to Hesse. "

The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845 states:

"Elections. - Village, to the Reformed and resp. Catholic parish of Waldmichelbach. - 44 H. 285 (mostly Catholic and Reformed) population - Grand Duchy of Hesse. - Starkenburg Province. - Heppenheim district. - Fürth district court. - Darmstadt Court of Justice. - The village of Wahlen, on the Ulvenbach, has 1 mill and 2 brickworks and was transferred to Hesse in 1802. A house on Kochertsberg and 1 house on Bruchstall belong to the village. "

Population development

The following population figures are documented:

• 1613: Serfs : 5 men and 5 women
• 1784: 124 souls, 16 homes with 24 families
• 1806: 167 inhabitants
• 1829: 285 inhabitants, 44 houses
• 1867: 316 inhabitants, 40 houses
Elections: Population from 1784 to 2011
year     Residents
1784
  
 126
1806
  
 167
1829
  
 285
1834
  
 343
1840
  
 380
1846
  
 409
1852
  
 339
1858
  
 367
1864
  
 338
1871
  
 331
1875
  
 311
1885
  
 290
1895
  
 247
1905
  
 302
1910
  
 305
1925
  
 285
1939
  
 378
1946
  
 592
1950
  
 559
1956
  
 497
1961
  
 553
1967
  
 650
1970
  
 721
1980
  
 ?
1990
  
 ?
2005
  
 890
2011
  
 915
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Further sources:; 2011 census

Religious affiliation

• 1829: 42 Lutheran (= 14.74%), 120 Reformed (= 42.11%) and 123 Catholic (= 43.16%) residents
• 1961: 282 Protestant (= 50.99%), 261 Catholic (= 47.20%) residents

traffic

Wahlen is a hub for road traffic in the northern Überwald . Coming from the northwest from the Weschnitz Valley via Hammelbach , the L 3346 state road joins the L 3105 state road. This branches off to the south at the intersection of the federal highway 460 known as Siegfriedstrasse , descends at Gras-Ellenbach into the Ulfenbachtal and finally reaches Hirschhorn (Neckar) via Wald-Michelbach .

The Überwaldbahn was shut down on September 24, 1983 and dismantled here in 1985.

literature

  • Johann Goswin Widder: Attempt of a complete geographic-historical description of the Kurfürstl. Palatinate on the Rhine. Volume 1. Leipzig 1786–1788. ( Online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  • Georg W. Wagner: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg. Volume 1, 1829.
  • Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858 ( archive.org ).
  • Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse by history, country, people, state and locality. Jonghans, Darmstadt 1854; archive.org
  • Literature on elections in the Hessian Bibliography

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Wahlen, Bergstrasse district. Historical local lexicon for Hesse (as of May 23, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on May 23, 2018 .
  2. ↑ a b Selected data on population and households on May 9, 2011 in the Hessian municipalities and parts of the municipality. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: 2011 Census . Hessian State Statistical Office;
  3. ↑ 77th meeting of the specialist committee for health resorts, recreation places and healing wells in Hesse on November 17, 2011 . In: State pointer for the state of Hesse . No. 7 , 2012, ISSN  0724-7885 , p. 221 .
  4. ↑ a b c d Wilhelm Müller: Hessian place names book: Starkenburg . Ed .: Historical Commission for the People's State of Hesse. tape 1 . Self-published, Darmstadt 1937, DNB  366995820 , OCLC 614375103 , p. 723 f .
  5. ^ A b Karl-Heinz Gerstemeier, Karl Reinhard Hinkel: Hessen. Municipalities and counties after the regional reform. A documentation . Ed .: Hessian Minister of the Interior. Bernecker, Melsungen 1977, DNB  770396321 , OCLC 180532844 , p. 206 .
  6. ↑ a b c Johann Goswin Widder : Attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Palatinate on the Rhine . First part. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1786, OCLC 1067855437 , p. 527 , [5) Wahlen] ( online at googe books ).
  7. ↑ Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 48 ( Textarchiv - Internet Archive ).
  8. ^ Johann Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch or church history of the Upper Rhinegau . Darmstadt 1812, OCLC 162251605 , p. 163 ( online at google books ).
  9. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  10. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  11. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  12. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  13. ^ Ph. AF Walther : The Grand Duchy of Hessen: according to history, country, people, state and locality . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1854, DNB  730150224 , OCLC 866461332 , p. 351 ( online at google books ).
  14. ↑ a b Ph. AF Walther : Alphabetical index of residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1869, OCLC 162355422 , p. 42 ( online at google books ).
  15. ↑ Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3. KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7 , p. 23.
  16. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. (No longer available online.) 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  17. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  18. ^ Grand Ducal Central Office for State Statistics (ed.): Contributions to the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . tape 1 . Großherzoglicher Staatsverlag, Darmstadt 1862, DNB  013163434 , OCLC 894925483 , p. 43 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  19. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  20. ↑ Second law amending the Court Organization Act (Amends GVBl. II 210–16) of February 12, 1968 . In: The Hessian Minister of Justice (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1968 No. 4 , p. 41–44 , Article 1, Paragraph 1 g) and Article 2, Paragraph 1 c) ( online at the information system of the Hessian State Parliament [PDF; 298 kB ]).
  21. ^ A b c Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner : Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg . tape 1 . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt October 1829, OCLC 312528080 , p. 253 ( online at google books ).
  22. ^ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The newest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states . Part 2nd volume 2 . Zimmermann, Naumburg 1845, OCLC 162810705 , p. 724 ( online at google books ).
  23. ↑ List of offices, places, houses, population. (1806) HStAD inventory E 8 A No. 352/4. In: Archive Information System Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen), as of February 6, 1806.
  24. ↑ Extract from the statistics of the municipality from 2005 ( Memento from July 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive )