Hammelbach

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Hammelbach
Community Grasellenbach
Coat of arms of the former municipality of Hammelbach
Coordinates: 49 ° 38 ′ 7 "  N , 8 ° 49 ′ 55"  E
Height : 430 m above sea level NHN
Area : 7.46 km²
Residents : 1290  (May 2011)
Population density : 173 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : December 31, 1971
Postal code : 64689
Area code : 06253
Catholic Church
Protestant church

Hammelbach is the largest and oldest town as well as the seat of the municipality of Grasellenbach in the Bergstraße district in southern Hesse and a recognized climatic health resort .

Geographical location

Hammelbach lies at 438  m above sea level. NHN in the Odenwald on the top of the pass between the Weschnitz Valley in the north and the Ulfenbachtal in the south and is therefore one of the northern gates to the Überwald region . The sources of the two rivers are in the immediate vicinity of the locality. The upper reaches of the Ulfenbach from Hammelbach to Wahlen is also known under the name Hammelbach. The district extends from the 536 meter high Wagenberg in the west to the east over the 507 meter high Weihwesel , the Gaßbach and the Krumme Tanne to the Hirschbrunnen and the Hirschwiese hunting lodge north of Gras-Ellenbach .

history

overview

The earliest known mention of Hammelbach was in 1324, when King Ludwig IV allowed the brothers Dietmar and Hartwig Kreis von Lindenfels to redeem the pledge of the village he pledged to Siegfried Pavay.

During the Reformation the place becomes predominantly Protestant and receives a Reformed parish . At the end of the Thirty Years' War (1648), like many areas of the Electoral Palatinate , the place was almost deserted. After the devastating war, the Electoral Palatinate pursued a policy of resettlement in its area characterized by religious tolerance. But the wars that broke out in the troubled times that followed, such as the War of the Palatinate Succession (1688–1697) and the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714) destroyed many of the efforts and tens of thousands of Palatine emigrated and the like. a. to North America and Prussia.

From a religious point of view, too, the time after the Thirty Years' War was marked by great unrest. In 1685 the Reformed Palatinate-Simmern line died out and the Catholic cousins ​​of the Palatinate-Neuburg line took over the government in the Electoral Palatinate with Elector Philipp Wilhelm . This ordered the equality of the Catholic faith in the predominantly Protestant Palatinate. Even during the War of the Palatinate Succession, France tried to promote the Counter Reformation in the conquered areas and founded a number of Catholic parishes. The war ended in 1697 with the Peace of Rijswijk , which strengthened the position of the then reigning Catholic Elector Johann Wilhelm . This led to the decree of the Simultaneum on October 26, 1698 . According to this, the Catholics were entitled to use all reformed institutions such as churches, schools and cemeteries, while the reverse was not allowed. Furthermore, the reformed church administration, which had been independent until then, was subordinated to the sovereign. It was only at the instigation of Prussia in 1705 that the so-called Palatinate church division came about , in which the simultanum was reversed; the churches in the country, along with the rectories and schools, were divided between the Reformed and the Catholics in a ratio of five to two. There were special regulations for the three capitals Heidelberg , Mannheim and Frankenthal as well as the regional authorities Alzey , Kaiserslautern , Oppenheim , Bacharach and Weinheim . In cities with two churches, one should go to Protestants and the other to Catholics; in the others, where there was only one church, the choir was separated from the nave by a wall, and the one to the Catholics and the other to the Protestants. The Lutherans were only allowed those churches that they owned in 1624 or had built afterwards.

Under Palatinate rule the place belonged to the Oberamt Lindenfels until 1803 and then came to Hesse as a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which ordered the dissolution of the Electoral Palatinate. From 1821 it is administered there by the Lindenfels district, with the mayor's office also being responsible for the villages of Grasellenbach , partly Hiltersklingen , Litzelbach and Oberscharbach .

After several administrative reforms in Hesse, the place finally came to today's Bergstrasse district in 1938 . On December 31, 1971, the previously independent municipalities Hammelbach, Gras-Ellenbach and Wahlen merged to form the new municipality of Grasellenbach as part of the regional reform in Hesse .

Territorial history and administration

Hammelbach originated in the area of ​​the former Mark Heppenheim , which was an administrative district of the Franconian Empire . On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the town of Heppenheim and the extensive district to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . From here the reclamation and settlement of the area was carried out. The heyday of the Lorsch Monastery, in whose area Hammelbach was located, was followed by its decline in the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1232 Lorsch was subordinated to the Archdiocese of Mainz . After long disputes, the Electoral Palatinate and the Archdiocese of Mainz were able to agree on the inheritance from the Lorsch Abbey at the beginning of the 14th century and the parts of the Palatinate were administered by the Lindenfels District Bailiwick.

The earliest known mention of Hammelbach was in 1324, when King Ludwig IV allowed the brothers Dietmar and Hartwig Kreis von Lindenfels to redeem the pledge of the village he pledged to Siegfried Pavay. Hammelbach is also mentioned as:

From the year 1568 it is reported that Hammelbach is owned by the Electoral Palatinate and belongs to the Hammelbacher or Eicher Zent ; The Count Palatine are entitled to high and lower jurisdiction , command and prohibition. Two thirds of the tithe now relate to the Electoral Palatinate Court Chamber and one third to the provost of the former Losch Monastery.

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran , Reformed and Calvinist religions.

Further evidence about Hammelbach shows for the year 1613 that the main court is held in Hammelbach. While the Oberhof is the court of Heidelberg. Furthermore, four open rugs are held every year by the Palatinate. There are 21 houseboats, 15 serfs, 17 women, and 9 1/4 hubs.

According to the register of 1784, 63 families with 301 souls lived in the village, which had two churches, a school and 37 houses. The district consisted of 140 acres of fields, 116 acres of meadows, 10 acres of gardens, 452 acres of pasture and 585 acres of forest. Woods and pastures were part of the lift goods. There was an electoral forester who was in charge of both these and all of the other forests in the Cent Wald-Michelbach and the Cent Hammelbach.

Until 1737 the Lindenfels Office was under the Heidelberg Oberamt , after which Lindenfels became an Oberamt . Hammelbach was part of the Hammelbach Centers (also called Eicher, Affolderbacher or Wahlheimer Centers) within the Lindenfels Office , while the Upper Office was part of the “Palatinate County of the Rhine” (in the “Electorate Palatinate Bavaria” from 1777).

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) was reorganized by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 and ceased to exist with the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806. As a result of this reorganization and dissolution of the Electoral Palatinate, the Oberamt Lindenfels and with it Hammelbach became part of the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt , which in 1806 became part of the Grand Duchy of Hessen , which was also formed under pressure from Napoleon . When the Oberamt Lindenfels came to Hesse in 1803, it was initially continued as the Hessian district bailiwick . From 1812 Hammelbach was part of the Fürth District Bailiwick . After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse, and in 1816 provinces were established in the Grand Duchy. The area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg”, which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” . In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and districts were introduced, with Hammelbach becoming part of the Lindenfels district . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Hammelbach was also responsible for Grasellenbach , partly Hiltersklingen , Litzelbach and Oberscharbach . According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which Hammelbach now belonged, alongside the Bensheim district. In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Hammelbach became part of the newly created Lindenfels district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Hammelbach: A market town with 1029 inhabitants. The district consists of 2986 acres , of which 1288 acres are arable land, 320 acres of meadows and 1270 acres of forest. The Schardhof on the Tromm belongs to Hammelbach.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, for the Markflecken Hammelbach with its own mayor's office, 117 houses, 946 inhabitants, the Lindenfels district, the Fürth district court, the Protestant Reformed parish of Hammelbach of the Lindenfels dean's office and the Catholic parish of Wald-Michelbach of the dean's office in Heppenheim. The mayor's office was also responsible for the Schadhof auf der Tromm (one house, 10 inh.), The hamlet of Gasbach (3 houses, 20 in.) And the village of Lützelbach (11 houses, 72 in.).

After the Grand Duchy of Hesse became part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were carried out in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the reintegration of Hammelbach into the Heppenheim district.

The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

In 1961 the district size was given as 746  hectares , 346 hectares of which were forest.

On December 31, 1971, the previously independent municipalities Hammelbach, Gras-Ellenbach and Wahlen merged to form the new municipality of Grasellenbach as part of the regional reform in Hesse . Local districts according to the Hessian municipal code were not established.

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which Hammelbach was located and the administrative units to which it was subordinate:

Courts in Hessen

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg. The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords. The Lindenfels Office was responsible for Hammelbach. From 1813 the newly formed Justice Office in Fürth was the first instance. The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate.

With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Fürth regional court was the court of first instance from 1821 . On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the Fürth Local Court and assigned to the district of the Regional Court Darmstadt .

Historical descriptions

In the attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Pfalz am Rheine can be found in 1786 via Hammelbach:

“Hammelbach, a mediocre village, two hours south-east of the Oberamts-Stadt Lindenfels; borders on the Graflich-Erbachischen Hüttersklinger Forest to the east; towards the south at Groß-Ellenbach: towards west at Rimbach, so Erbachisch; then the mainzian Farnbach- and Fürter forest, called the Wagenberg; towards the north to the area of ​​Mitlechtern and Weschniz. As already reported above, this village was a fiefdom. King Ludwig, however, pledged such and a court at Ellenbach to Syfrid von Pavoy Edelknecht for 215 pounds Häller, which Hertwich and Winmar Gebrüder Kreiß von Lindenfels relieved in 1324 and, on the other hand, entered into that lien. Count Palatine Ruprecht the Elder approved in 1357 that Hertwich Kreiß von Lindenfels should weather his wife, Else Landschadin von Steinach, a hundred silver marks on Hammelbach. [...] In 1391 Ulrich Landschad received covered villages and tithes for man fiefs, in such a way that if they were to be dissolved Electoral Palatinate, he or his heirs should reinvest the money and transfer it to man life. In the following year he returned Count Palatine Ruprecht II all letters about Hammelbach, Linnenbach and Birkenau, Panzweiler the Vogtei, and Nuz zu Kocherbach and Lüzelnbach, then the tithe to Mörlenbach, which he held as a deposit; In the same year, the intended Count Palatinate gave him the said villages and tithes again for 600  florins, with the condition that, if they were surrendered again, Ulrich Landschad should refer them to his own property and receive them as a fief from the Palatinate forever. As a result of time, this pledge was redeemed and the fiefdom reverted, hence the bailiwick of Hammelbach, with the Palatinate. Sovereignty reunited.
The Weschniz rises in this village district, which was already called Wisgoz in the Carolinian times and is well known for the Lorsch monastery on its bank. It takes in many small streams in the Odenwald Mountains, comes into the area near the town of Weinheim, flows along the mountain road to Heppenheim and finally falls into the Rhine at Stein fortress. Likewise, a brook springs from two fountains in this area, which falls into the Ulvenbach in elections; And finally a brook emerges from the Hirschbrunn, as it runs northeast, and below Huttenlhal into the Mimling, which immediately flows into the Mayn at Obernburg - clear evidence that at Hammelbach there is such a height and snowmelt that causes the four old ones Gauen, Wingartweibon, Mayn-Rhein- and Lobdengau are divorced from each other. The country road leading from the Odenwalde to Weinheim runs through the village, and past the top of the so-called high road. [...] The old church at Hammelbach fell under the division to the Catholics. But because the number of these fellow believers was too small, the parish was moved to Wald-Michelbach. At that time, that church only serves for chasals and is said to have previously belonged to the Worms diocese, but there is no certain news of this, and just as little is known why such a church has recently been converted to the Mainz diocese. The Reformists have also built a church for themselves from collected contributions, and appointed a preacher of their own, who has to provide the village of Groß-Ellenbach with, and who is otherwise under the inspector of the Weinheim class. On the tenth, the Kurpfälzische Hofkammer moves into two, and the Kurmainzische a third because of the Lorsch Monastery. "

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on Hammelbach in 1829:

»Hammelbach (L. Bez. Lindenfels) reformed parish village; lies on the slope of a mountain 2 St. from Lindenfels, has 94 houses and 712 inhabitants, except for 45 Luth. and 134 are Catholic Reformed, and among these 19 farmers, 50 artisans and 54 day laborers. 2 grocer's markets are held annually. The Weschnitz rises in the district, and there are also sandstone deposits in the same area, which are not used. - This place, which was given as a fief, was pledged by Emperor Ludwig and a court at Ellenbach, to Syfried von Pavey, noble servant, for 215 pounds of Heller, which Hartwich and Winmar, the Kreiss brothers of Lindenfels, pledged in 1324, which brought them into that Lien have occurred. The former, Hartwich Kreiß von Lindenfels, beaten his wife, Else Landschad von Steinach, with 100 silver marks on Hammelbach in 1357. In 1391 Ulrich Landschad received this place as a fief and in the following year from the Count Palatine Ruprecht II. However, this pledge was subsequently released and the Bailiwick was reunited with Churpfalz. When the church was divided up in 1705, the old church fell to the Catholics, but because the community was too small, the parish was moved to Waldmichelbach. The Reformers built a church for themselves and appointed their own pastor. Hammelbach came to Hessen from Churpfalz in 1802. "

In the newest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities of the German federal states from 1845 it says:

“Hammelbach near Lindenfels. - Market town with Reformed parish church, belonging to the parish of Waldmichelbach with regard to the Catholic parish. - 94 H. 712 E. - Grand Heart. Hesse. - Starkenburg Province. - Heppenheim district. - Fürth district court. - Hofger. Darmstadt. - The hamlet of Hammelbach, on the slope of a mountain, has several craftsmen and farmers. Two general stores are also held here. The sandstone stores in the district are not used. The place was ceded by Churpfalz to Hessen in 1802. «

Population development

  • 1568: 21 residents
  • 1613: 21 residents; Serfs : 15 men and 17 women
  • 1784: 301 souls, 63 families, two churches, a school and 37 houses
  • 1806: 462 inhabitants, 56 houses
  • 1829: 712 inhabitants, 94 houses
  • 1867: 991 inhabitants, 123 houses
Hammelbach: Population from 1784 to 2011
year     Residents
1784
  
 301
1806
  
 452
1829
  
 712
1834
  
 742
1840
  
 931
1846
  
 1,022
1852
  
 1,029
1858
  
 1,025
1864
  
 1,028
1871
  
 1,047
1875
  
 1,096
1885
  
 1,094
1895
  
 962
1905
  
 936
1910
  
 923
1925
  
 769
1939
  
 649
1946
  
 992
1950
  
 929
1956
  
 892
1961
  
 888
1967
  
 1,016
1970
  
 979
1980
  
 ?
1990
  
 ?
2005
  
 1,267
2011
  
 1,290
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Further sources:; 2011 census

Religious affiliation

• 1829: 45 Lutheran (= 6.32%), 533 Reformed (= 74.68%) and 134 Catholic (= 18.83%) residents
• 1961: 641 Protestant (= 72.18%), 232 Catholic (= 26.13%) residents

coat of arms

DEU Hammelbach COA.svg

Blazon : "In the shield, divided nine times by red and silver, a black heart shield with the golden Palatinate lion."

The coat of arms was officially approved by the Hammelbach community in 1925. It was designed by the heraldist Georg Massoth.

In the old seals of the place only the Palatinate lion can be seen, as Hammelbach used to belong to the Electoral Palatinate . For the local coat of arms, this was combined with the stripes of the Hessian lion to show the new affiliation to Hesse.

Culture and sights

Hammelbach Gothic chapel ruins

The Gothic chapel ruins from the 14th century in the cemetery and the historic bakery are well worth seeing.

Traditional festivals are on the one hand the parish fair, which is also called Kerwe and takes place on the 4th weekend in September, and on the other hand a street festival in Schulstrasse, which is celebrated on Corpus Christi.

There is a sports club and a motorsport club in Hammelbach.

There is also a so-called "GDR Museum" in Hammelbach.

Economy and Infrastructure

In terms of infrastructure, there is an outdoor swimming pool, a campsite, as well as a bakery, a hairdresser and several restaurants in Hammelbach. Hammelbach also has a Protestant and a Catholic church and a kindergarten.

traffic

Hammelbach is accessible to road traffic by the state road L 3346, which runs in a north-south direction and branches off from the federal road 460 , Siegfriedstraße to the south at Weschnitz and joins the L 3105 in the event of elections.

literature

  • Johann Goswin Widder: Attempt of a complete geographic-historical description of the Kurfürstl. Palatinate on the Rhine. Volume 1 , Leipzig 1786–1788. ( Online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  • Georg W. Wagner: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg, volume October 1 , 1829
  • Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858 ( online at google books ).
  • Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse by history, country, people, state and locality. Jonghans, Darmstadt 1854. ( at online at google books )
  • Literature about Hammelbach in the Hessian Bibliography

Web links

Commons : Hammelbach  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Hammelbach, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of October 16, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  2. ↑ a b Selected data on population and households on May 9, 2011 in the Hessian municipalities and parts of the municipality. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: 2011 Census . Hessian State Statistical Office;
  3. ↑ 79th meeting of the specialist committee for health resorts, recreational areas and healing wells in Hesse on November 21, 2012 . In: State pointer for the state of Hesse . No. 9 , 2014, ISSN  0724-7885 , p. 187 .
  4. ↑ Proof of the name of the water body in the official ATKIS 1: 10,000 map series .
  5. ↑ Karl-Heinz Meier barley, Karl Reinhard Hinkel: Hesse. Municipalities and counties after the regional reform. A documentation . Ed .: Hessian Minister of the Interior. Bernecker, Melsungen 1977, DNB  770396321 , OCLC 180532844 , p. 206 .
  6. ^ Wilhelm Müller: Hessian place names book: Starkenburg . Ed .: Historical Commission for the People's State of Hesse. tape 1 . Self-published, Darmstadt 1937, DNB  366995820 , OCLC 614375103 , p. 294 f .
  7. ↑ a b c Johann Goswin Widder : Attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Palatinate on the Rhine . First part. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1786, OCLC 1067855437 , p. 522 ff ., 1) Hammelnach ( online at googe books ).
  8. ↑ Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 46 ( online at google books ).
  9. ^ Johann Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch or church history of the Upper Rhinegau . Darmstadt 1812, OCLC 162251605 , p. 248 ( online at google books ).
  10. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  11. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  12. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  13. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  14. ^ Ph. AF Walther : The Grand Duchy of Hessen: according to history, country, people, state and locality . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1854, DNB  730150224 , OCLC 866461332 , p. XXX ( online at google books ).
  15. ↑ a b Ph. AF Walther : Alphabetical index of residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1869, OCLC 162355422 , p. 42 ( online at google books ).
  16. ↑ Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, page 23, ISBN 3-598-23252-7
  17. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  18. ↑ Karl-Heinz Meier barley, Karl Reinhard Hinkel: Hesse. Municipalities and counties after the regional reform. A documentation . Ed .: Hessian Minister of the Interior. Bernecker, Melsungen 1977, DNB  770396321 , OCLC 180532844 , p. 206 .
  19. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  20. ^ Grand Ducal Central Office for State Statistics (ed.): Contributions to the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . tape 1 . Großherzoglicher Staatsverlag, Darmstadt 1862, DNB  013163434 , OCLC 894925483 , p. 43 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  21. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  22. ↑ a b c Johann Goswin Widder : Attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Palatinate on the Rhine . First part. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1786, OCLC 1067855437 , p. 99 f . ( Online at googe books ).
  23. ^ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The newest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states . Part 2nd volume 1 . Zimmermann, Naumburg 1845, OCLC 162810696 , p. 531 ( online at google books ).
  24. ↑ List of offices, places, houses, population. (1806) HStAD inventory E 8 A No. 352/4. In: Archive Information System Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen), as of February 6, 1806.
  25. ↑ Extract from the statistics of the municipality from 2005 ( Memento from July 2, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  26. ^ Karl Ernst Demandt , Otto Renkhoff : Hessisches Ortswappenbuch. C. A. Starke Verlag, Glücksburg / Ostsee 1956, p. 104.
  27. ↑ Erich's old telephone - Bergstrasse Anzeiger. Retrieved June 10, 2020 .