Ober-Scharbach

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ober-Scharbach
Community Grasellenbach
Coordinates: 49 ° 36 ′ 50 ″  N , 8 ° 49 ′ 25 ″  E
Height : 414 m above sea level NN
Residents : 212  (1970)
Incorporation : July 1, 1953
Incorporated into: Scharbach
Postal code : 64689
Area code : 06207

Ober-Scharbach , formerly a settlement with its own district , is now part of the Scharbach district of the Grasellenbach community in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hesse .

Geographical location

Ober-Scharbach is located in the upper valley section of the stream of the same name, a right, western side valley of the Ulfenbach in the Odenwald and essentially consists of large, scattered agricultural farms, between which some residential developments have arisen.

history

From the beginning to the 18th century

Ober-Scharbach arose in the area of ​​the former Mark Heppenheim, which designated an administrative district of the Franconian Empire . On January 20, 773, Charlemagne donated the city of Heppenheim and its district, the extensive Mark Heppenheim , to the imperial monastery of Lorsch . From here the reclamation and settlement of the area was carried out. The heyday of the Lorsch Monastery, in whose area Ober-Scharbach was located, was followed by its decline in the 11th and 12th centuries. In 1232 Lorsch was subordinated to the Archdiocese of Mainz . After long disputes, the Electoral Palatinate and the Archdiocese of Mainz were able to agree on the inheritance from the Lorsch Abbey at the beginning of the 14th century, whereby the Palatinate parts, including Scharbach, were administered by the " Amtsvogtei Lindenfels".

The earliest known mention as Scharpach was in 1359, when Count Palatine Ruprecht I approved the sale of Wahlen ( Waldau ), Scharbach ( Scharpach ) and Gras-Ellenbach ( Ellenbach ) by Hartmud von Cronberg to Rudolf von Beckingen. in the

Further fiefdoms have come down to us from the 14th and 15th centuries:

Since the name Nieder-Scharbach is documented in 1568 , Ober-Scharbach must also have existed as a separate village at the latest at the same time. From the year 1568 it is reported that Ober-Scharbach and Affolterbach form a half-court , the upper court of which is the Eicher Zentgericht (identical to the Hammelbacher Zent ). Two thirds of the tithe now move into the Electoral Palatinate Court Chamber and one third from the provost of the former Lorsch Monastery.

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. After that, his successors and inevitably the population changed several times between the Lutheran , Reformed and Calvinist religions. For 1568 and 1613 Ober-Scharbach is documented as a branch village of the Reformed parish of Waldmichelbach . Further evidence about Ober-Scharbach shows for the year 1613 that the place had seven hubs , six house seats and four men and five women on serfs.

At the end of the Thirty Years' War (1648), like many areas of the Electoral Palatinate , the place was almost deserted. After the devastating war, the Electoral Palatinate pursued a policy of resettlement in its area characterized by religious tolerance. But the wars that broke out in the troubled times that followed, such as the War of the Palatinate Succession (1688–1697) and the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714) destroyed many of the efforts and tens of thousands of Palatine emigrated and the like. a. to North America and Prussia.

From a religious point of view, too, the time after the Thirty Years' War was marked by great unrest. In 1685 the Reformed Palatinate-Simmern line died out and the Catholic cousins ​​of the Palatinate-Neuburg line took over the government in the Electoral Palatinate with Elector Philipp Wilhelm . This ordered the equality of the Catholic faith in the predominantly Protestant Palatinate. Even during the War of the Palatinate Succession, France tried to advance the Counter Reformation in the conquered areas and founded a number of Catholic parishes. The war ended in 1697 with the Peace of Rijswijk , which strengthened the position of the then reigning Catholic Elector Johann Wilhelm . This led to the decree of the Simultaneum on October 26, 1698 . According to this, the Catholics were entitled to use all reformed institutions such as churches, schools and cemeteries, while the reverse was not allowed. Furthermore, the reformed church administration, which had been independent until then, was subordinated to the sovereign. Only at the instigation of Prussia in 1705 came the so-called Palatinate church division in which the simultanum was reversed and the churches in the country, including rectories and schools, were divided between the Reformed and the Catholics in a ratio of five to two. There were special regulations for the three capitals Heidelberg , Mannheim and Frankenthal as well as the regional authorities Alzey , Kaiserslautern , Oppenheim , Bacharach and Weinheim . In cities with two churches, one should go to Protestants and the other to Catholics; in the others, where there was only one church, the choir was separated from the nave by a wall, and the one to the Catholics and the other to the Protestants. The Lutherans were only allowed those churches that they owned in 1624 or had built afterwards.

Until 1737 the “Amtsvogtei Lindenfels” was subordinate to the Oberamt Heidelberg , after which it became an independent Oberamt . The jurisdiction and the sovereign administration over Oberer-Schatbach lay with the Hammelbach Centers (also called Eicher, Affolderbacher or Wahlheimer Centers ) of the Oberamt Lindenfels of the "Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein" (in the "Electorate of Pfalzbayern" from 1777).

According to the register of 1784, there were 21 families with 111 souls in 17 houses in the village. The district consisted of 363 acres of fields, 75 acres of meadows and 3 acres of forest. There was an electoral forester who was in charge of this as well as of all the other forests of the "Zent Wald-Michelbach" and the "Zent Hammelbach".

In the attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Pfalz am Rheine can be found in 1786 via Ober-Scharbach:

“Ober-Scharbach. It is three and a half hours southeast of the city of Lindenfels and has neighbors to the east of Lüzelbach; towards the south the following little village Unter-Scharbach; towards west Zozenbach, and towards north covered Hammelbach. The districts of Lindenfels and the Counts of Erbach had a share in this and the following village. The latter came in 1423 by purchase, but this in 1509 by comparison with the Electoral Palatinate. The Streitbächlein, described above at Hamelbach and falling into the Ulvenbach, flows through the village. In the same way, the high street noticed there passes outside the village. In 1784 there were 21 families, 111 souls, 17 homes, and in the district 363 M. Aecker, 75 M. Wiesen, and 3 M. Wald. "

From the 19th century until today

Ober-Scharbach becomes Hessian

The late 18th and early 19th centuries brought far-reaching changes to Europe. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the " Left Bank of the Rhine " and thus the left bank of the Rhine were annexed by France as early as 1797 . In its last session in February 1803, the Perpetual Reichstag in Regensburg passed the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss , which implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville and reorganized the territorial relations in the Holy Roman Empire (German Nation) . The Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt was awarded parts of the dissolved principalities of Kurmainz , Electoral Palatinate and Worms as compensation for lost areas on the right bank of the Rhine . The Oberamt Lindenfels and with it Ober-Scharbach also came to Hessen-Darmstadt. There the Oberamt was temporarily continued as the Hessian District Bailiwick. Under pressure from Napoléon , the Confederation of the Rhine was founded in 1806 , this happened with the simultaneous withdrawal of the member territories from the Reich. This led to the laying down of the imperial crown on August 6, 1806, with which the old empire ceased to exist.

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg . The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords . The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate . With this the "Zent Hammelbach" and the associated central courts had lost their function.

On August 14, 1806, Napoleon elevated the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt to the Grand Duchy , against joining the Confederation of the Rhine and placing high military contingents in France , otherwise he threatened an invasion. In 1812 the administrative area of ​​the "Lindenfels Office" was divided and Ober-Scharbach was assigned to the former Mainz office of Fürth . The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg".

After Napoleon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse, and in 1816 provinces were established in the Grand Duchy. The area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg”, which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that was added in 1803, was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” . In 1814 serfdom was abolished in the Grand Duchy and with the constitution of the Grand Duchy of Hesse introduced on December 17, 1820, it was given a constitutional monarchy , in which the Grand Duke still had great powers. The remaining civil rights magnificent as Low jurisdiction , tithes, ground rents and other slope but remained composed until 1848.

In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the offices in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and district councils were introduced, with Ober-Scharbach becoming part of the Lindenfels district . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Fürth was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Lindenfels . This reform also arranged the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Hammelbach was also responsible for Grasellenbach , partly Hiltersklingen , Litzelbach and Ober-Scharbach. According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports in 1829 about Ober-Scharbach:

»Oberscharbach (L. Bez. Lindenfels) reform. And cath. Branch village; is 2 1 ⁄ 2   St. von Lindenfels has 25 houses and 197 inhabitants, including 10 Lutheran 154 Reform. and 33 Cath. - In this place the Kreiße von Lindenfels and the taverns from Erbach had Antheil, the former came in 1423 through the purchase of the latter but in 1509 through settlement to Churpfalz and the whole thing in 1802 to Hessen. "

In 1829, the district of Tromm was first mentioned in the high west of the district .

In 1832 the administrative units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as the second district, to which Ober-Scharbach now belonged, alongside the Bensheim district. In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845 states:

»Ober-Scharbach b. Lindenfels. - village, for evangel., Resp. Catholic parish Waldmichelbach belongs. - 25 H. 197 (mostly Protestant) E. - Großherzogth. Hesse. - Starkenburg Province. - Heppenheim district. - Landger. Fuerth. - Hofger. Darmstadt. - The village of Ober-Scharbach has belonged to the Grand Duchy of Hesse since 1802. «

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into districts and Ober-Scharbach became part of the newly created Lindenfels district .

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Oberscharbach : Reformatory and Catholic branch village with 222 inhabitants. The district consists of 808 acres , including 461 acres of arable land, 127 acres of meadows and 192 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, based on December 1867, the Ober-Scharbach branch with the mayor's office in Unter-Scharbach, 30 houses, 195 inhabitants, the Lindenfels district, the Wald-Michelbach district court, the Protestant Reformed parish of Wald-Michelbach of the deanery of Lindenfels and the Catholic parish of Wald-Michelbach of the deanery of Heppenheim.

In 1870, the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck provoked the Franco-German War with the so-called Emser Depesche in which the Grand Duchy of Hesse took part as a member of the North German Confederation on the side of Prussia . Even before its official end on May 10, 1871, the southern German states joined the North German Confederation and on January 1, 1871 its new constitution came into force, with which it was now called the German Empire . On the German side, this war claimed around 41,000 deaths. With the Reich Coin Act , Germany only had one currency, the mark with 100 pfennigs as a sub-unit. After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the reintegration of Ober-Scharbach into the Heppenheim district .

At the end of the 19th century the industrial age slowly heralds itself. Infrastructure improvements result from the construction of railway lines. In 1869 the opening of the Nibelungen Railway from Worms via Lorsch to Bensheim was celebrated, where it was connected to the Rhein-Neckar Railway , which was completed in 1846 . Further infrastructure improvements were reported for 1900, so near Worms both the Ernst Ludwig Bridge for road traffic and the railway bridge over the Rhine were opened to traffic. The numbers of emigrants show that the times were also marked by a lot of poverty. From 1881 to 1900, 529,875 German emigrants were counted. On January 1, 1900, the Civil Code came into force throughout the German Empire .

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out, which put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed after the German defeat on November 11, 1918, Ober-Scharbach also had many casualties to mourn, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human victims. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed. In the period from 1921 to 1930, there were 566,500 emigrants in Germany who tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship. The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims estimated at 60 to 70 million people. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American units crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms, from where they advanced on a broad front towards the Bergstrasse. On March 27, the American troops were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

Post-war and present

As the population figures from 1939 and 1946 show, Ober-Scharbach also had to cope with many refugees and displaced persons from the former German eastern regions after the war .

The community of Ober-Scharbach merged with the community of Unter-Scharbach to form the community of Scharbach on July 1, 1953 . Merger of the municipalities of Ober- and Unter-Scharbach in the Bergstrasse district, Darmstadt administrative district, to form a municipality with the name "Scharbach" on August 11, 1953 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (Ed.): State Gazette for the State of Hesse. 1953 No. 35 , p. 759 , point 989 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 3.2 MB ]).

As part of the regional reform in Hesse, Scharbach was incorporated into the Grasellenbach community on August 1, 1972. Local districts according to the Hessian municipal code were not established.

Courts in Hessen

In the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, the judicial system was reorganized in an executive order of December 9, 1803. The “Hofgericht Darmstadt” was set up as a court of second instance for the Principality of Starkenburg. The jurisdiction of the first instance was carried out by the offices or the landlords. The Lindenfels Office was responsible for Ober-Scharbach. From 1813 the newly formed Justice Office in Fürth was the first instance. The court court was the second instance court for normal civil disputes, and the first instance for civil family law cases and criminal cases. The superior court of appeal in Darmstadt was superordinate.

With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Fürth regional court was the court of first instance from 1821 . In 1853 a new regional court district was created, whose seat was in Wald-Michelbach and to which Ober-Scharbach also belonged.

On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, as a result of which the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts, the name was changed to the Wald-Michelbach District Court and assigned to the district of the Darmstadt Regional Court . On July 1, 1968, the district court district was added to the district court of Fürth and the district court of Wald-Michelbach was dissolved.

Territorial history and administration

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which Ober-Scharbach was located and the administrative units to which it was subordinate:

Population development

• 1613: 6 house seats ; Serfs : 4 men and 5 women
• 1784: 111 souls, 17 homes with 21 families
• 1806: 96 inhabitants
• 1829: 197 inhabitants, 25 houses
• 1867: 195 inhabitants, 30 houses
Ober-Scharbach / Scharbach: Population from 1784 to 1970
year     Residents
1784
  
 111
1806
  
 96
1829
  
 197
1834
  
 166
1840
  
 186
1846
  
 197
1852
  
 222
1858
  
 244
1864
  
 207
1871
  
 196
1875
  
 186
1885
  
 170
1895
  
 173
1905
  
 163
1910
  
 164
1925
  
 145
1939
  
 166
1946
  
 275
1950
  
 247
1956
  
 456
1961
  
 458
1967
  
 460
1970
  
 453
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Other sources:

traffic

For road traffic, Ober-Scharbach is opened up by the district road K 27 a, which comes from Unter-Scharbach and runs through the whole of Ober-Scharbach to the district of Tromm and ends there.

literature

  • Johann Goswin Widder: Attempt of a complete geographic-historical description of the Kurfürstl. Palatinate on the Rhine. Volume 1 , Leipzig 1786–1788. ( Online at Hathi Trust, digital library )
  • Georg W. Wagner: Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg, volume October 1 , 1829.
  • Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858 ( online at google books ).
  • Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Grand Duchy of Hesse by history, country, people, state and locality. Jonghans, Darmstadt 1854. ( Online at google books )
  • Literature about Ober-Scharbach in the Hessian Bibliography

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Ober-Scharbach, Bergstrasse district. Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of May 8, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  2. ↑ a b c Wilhelm Müller: Hessian place names book: Starkenburg . Ed .: Historical Commission for the People's State of Hesse. tape 1 . Self-published, Darmstadt 1937, DNB  366995820 , OCLC 614375103 , p. 539 f .
  3. ↑ a b c Johann Goswin Widder : Attempt of a complete geographical-historical description of the Elector. Palatinate on the Rhine . First part. Frankfurt and Leipzig 1786, OCLC 1067855437 , p. 524 f ., [2) Ober-Scharbach] ( online at googe books ).
  4. ↑ Christoph Friedrich Moritz Ludwig Marchand: Lindenfels. A contribution to the local history of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . Darmstadt 1858, p. 47 ( online at google books ).
  5. ^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  6. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  7. ^ A b Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner : Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg . tape 1 . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt October 1829, OCLC 312528080 , p. 175 ( online at google books ).
  8. ^ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The newest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states . Part 2nd volume 2 . Zimmermann, Naumburg 1845, OCLC 162810705 , p. 277 ( online at google books ).
  9. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  10. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  11. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  12. ^ Ph. AF Walther : The Grand Duchy of Hessen: according to history, country, people, state and locality . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1854, DNB  730150224 , OCLC 866461332 , p. 347 ( online at google books ).
  13. ↑ a b Ph. AF Walther : Alphabetical index of residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1869, OCLC 162355422 , p. 66 ( online at google books ).
  14. ^ Lists of casualties of the German army in the campaign 1870/71. In: Online project fallen memorials. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015 ; accessed on May 10, 2018 .
  15. ↑ Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3 , KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7
  16. ^ Local history of Biblis. Biblis parish, archived from the original on January 1, 2015 ; accessed on January 1, 2014 .
  17. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  18. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  19. ↑ Second law amending the Court Organization Act (Amends GVBl. II 210–16) of February 12, 1968 . In: The Hessian Minister of Justice (ed.): Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse . 1968 No. 4 , p. 41–44 , Article 1, Paragraph 1 g) and Article 2, Paragraph 1 c) ( online at the information system of the Hessian State Parliament [PDF; 298 kB ]).
  20. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  21. ^ Grand Ducal Central Office for State Statistics (ed.): Contributions to the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . tape 1 . Großherzoglicher Staatsverlag, Darmstadt 1862, DNB  013163434 , OCLC 894925483 , p. 43 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  22. ↑ a b List of offices, places, houses, population. (1806) HStAD inventory E 8 A No. 352/4. In: Archive Information System Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen), as of February 6, 1806.