The Reit nature reserve
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The Reit nature reserve
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 Willow break |
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| location | Hamburg , Germany | |
| surface | 93 ha | |
| WDPA ID | 81522 | |
| Geographical location | 53 ° 29 ' N , 10 ° 7' E | |
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| Setup date | 1973/1989/2011 | |
| administration | BUE | |
The nature reserve Die Reit is located in the Hamburg districts Reitbrook and Allermöhe in the marshland , between the confluence of the Dove Elbe and Gose Elbe .
The nature reserve in southeast Hamburg has a size of 92 hectares . It encompasses the area of Die Reit, designated in 1973, and the expansion in 2011 to include the areas of Die Hohe , Kleiner Brook and an area of around 3.3 hectares in the southeast. The current site structure of the Reit is mainly due to the operation of a brick factory . The area is characterized by the extensive reed beds, species-rich willow bushes and the unspoilt birch forest, two larger ponds and many small bodies of water and ditches. The Hohe is a diverse pond area on a former rinsing field . The Kleine Brook is characterized by grassland in the foreland of the Dove Elbe.
Die Reit received the protection status primarily because of its importance as a breeding and resting area for Central European songbirds and migratory birds , Die Hohe for the significant occurrence of the crested newt and the Little Brook because of its importance for meadow birds , especially for the godwit . The protected area is also characterized by further occurrences of amphibians , a variety of insects and its flora .
Protection status
The Reit was designated as a nature reserve on August 21, 1973. Because of the great importance of the area for birds, it was named as a protected area in 1982 according to the EC Birds Directive (79/409 / EEC) . In 1999 there was also a notification as a European protected area according to the Habitats Directive (RL 92/43 EEC) to the European Commission (area number 2526-303). A definition of the conservation objectives for the EC bird sanctuary in the Reit was made with the amending ordinance of March 24, 2009. With a new ordinance of June 7, 2011, the obligation resulting from the Federal Nature Conservation Act was made to designate registered fauna-flora-habitat areas as nature conservation areas (until 2011 there was no protection for Die Hohe ) and the ordinance in terms of its objectives and requirements and prohibitions to meet the European requirements of a Natura 2000 protected area . At the same time, the protected area was expanded to include the Kleiner Brook and areas in the southeast, based on the representations from the Hamburg landscape program .
Habitats, fauna and flora
The riding
The Reit is divided into an outside dike on the Gose Elbe and a diked area. The outer dike areas, the Gose-Elbe-meadows, are cautiously used wet and fresh meadows with structurally rich small bodies of water. Through extensive pasture management and the involvement of the nature conservation association in charge, one of three chess flower populations in the Vier- und Marschlanden was preserved. Along the Gose Elbe, due to the cessation of grazing, a broad and pronounced belt of reed beds has developed, which on the water side changes into a well-developed strip of vegetation made of pond roses and marsh calla . The large mussel stocks that are important for the bitterling are also available here. A mosaic of different habitat types has emerged on the inland dike: the forest in the north, the large reed beds in the south and east and the willow bushes in between. There are several bodies of water in the protected area, of which the one meter deep and 1.2 ha large riding pond in the southeast is the largest. There are also a number of small ponds, ponds and ditches, most of which have been restored or newly created to increase the diversity of biotopes. In the 1990s, an extensive system of ditches for irrigation was created in the reed areas in the center and to the east. The broken birch forest to the north and the adjoining areas with white willows and ash trees have not been disturbed in their development from the humid location in the 1950s to the present-day forest and have a rich structure. In the past decades, reeds and willow bushes have thickened on the wet inland dyke areas.
The Reit is of particular importance for the protection of species, as well-developed species communities have settled in this area, a high proportion of which is worth protecting. 27 animal and plant species could be detected, which are classified in the Red Lists of Hamburg or Germany in the two highest risk categories. The results of studies on significant occurrences of the crested newt led to the notification as an FFH area for this species. The protected area with its spawning waters is also an important habitat for other amphibians, such as the tree frog . The Reit has been known for its abundance of bird species for decades. Around 200 species have been observed and a good 80 species breed in the area. Particularly noteworthy are the species that live and breed in the reed bed, such as the bittern , the spotted moorhen , the bluethroat , the marsh harrier and the marsh harrier . The value of the area for the bird world is determined in particular by its importance as a stepping stone for bird migration and the associated scientific research.
In addition, very rare and endangered butterflies ( glass winged and moth species ) develop in the wetlands with their softwoods , and a large number of dragonfly species find their habitat in the still waters , which are rich in aquatic plants . In the case of fish, the occurrence of the endangered bitterling is particularly worth mentioning. The large mussels required for the reproduction of the bitterling are represented in the riding pond and in the inlet ditch with the great pond mussel . Notably also the occurrence of larger stocks of the nationwide vulnerable Moder Lieschens and vulnerable in Hamburg Rotfeder .
The height
Since the 1980s, after the completion of the flushing, renaturation measures have created a diverse pond area which, due to its special and unique habitat in Hamburg, represents a very independent habitat, especially for amphibians and dragonflies. The ensemble of large, anthropogenically unused ponds, some with pronounced vegetation and extensive shallow water zones, offers excellent spawning grounds for amphibians and egg-laying areas for many rare dragonfly species. In addition, here an excellent inventory of for has Habitats Directive protected Steinbeißers established. The pastures between the water bodies complement the ponds to create an open landscape. On the Gose Elbe and Dove Elbe, a calmed bank zone with a reed belt was created as part of a compensatory measure . The FFH area of Die Reit (area number 2526-303) registered for the crested newch includes, in addition to the part of the nature reserve designated in 1973, the area adjacent to the north of Die Hohe , as large numbers of crested newts find their habitat here. Amphibians like the crested newt need different types of biotopes in the course of their life, which they find in different parts of a habitat complex. So is The riding mainly as a summer and winter habitat for the crested newt important. The sunlit waters on the neighboring area Die Hohe , on the other hand, represent an ideal habitat for reproduction. In order to improve the living conditions for the crested newt, shallow waters were pushed out there and continuously supplied with water by a wind pump. This has caused the number of crested newts to increase significantly in recent years. The Reit has therefore been registered with the adjacent area Die Hohe von Hamburg as an FFH area.
Reitdeich
The road and flood protection system (second line of dykes) Reitdeich runs between the quarry forest in the south and the pond area in the north of the protected area. Extensive amphibian migrations over the Reitdeich with a high traffic-related mortality of the animals have led to exact counts and mapping of the habitats since 1990. The Reitdeich has been partially dedicated as a road since 1993 and is closed to car traffic every year from February 1st to November 15th.
Little Brook
In the eastern area of the nature reserve, in the outer dike area of the Dove Elbe, there is the small Brook, which is around 23 hectares in size and used as permanent grassland . The grassland of the Kleiner Brooks , which is worth protecting , has been used for centuries as pasture by the farms in Reitbrook and Allermöhe in the form of an approximately 20 hectare community pasture. The grazing takes place as a two-part rotating pasture. The Kleine Brook is characterized in particular by the widely open and extensive marshland with grassland fresh to moderately dry locations of the ryegrass and white clover pasture. These characteristics are one of the essential prerequisites for the special importance of the Little Brooks as a habitat for endangered meadow bird species. In the eastern half there is a 270 m long body of water, which, coming from the Dove Elbe, follows a former course of the creek and ends in an earth extraction point created in the 1940s for the incomplete summer dike. In an area around 130 m wide along the Dove Elbe, the terrain is significantly lower and could hardly be used due to the influence of the tides until the Tatenberg lock was built. The relatively wide riding ditch between the grassland areas of the Kleiner Brooks and the Reitdeich, which is valued as valuable, has the character of a small tributary of the Dove Elbe in the north. In this area the water is very natural with bulges of different widths. The banks are densely covered with marsh plants and have a reed border. It consists mainly of cane grass , swaths of water , slim sedge with dense stocks of purple loosestrife . The water is an important habitat for amphibians and is a breeding ground for endangered bird species such as the gadfly and teal duck . The black godwit, oystercatchers and lapwing breed typical species for this habitat on the grassland of the Kleiner Brook . The occurrences are particularly concentrated in the west along the low areas on the Dove Elbe and the trench on the Reitdeich. The breeding population surveys since the 1990s show overall significant declines in all species to a level that is very critical for the population, considerable annual fluctuations and years without breeding success.
South-eastern areas on the Reitbrooker Westerdeich
The southeastern areas with their size of around 3.3 hectares serve primarily as a buffer to the intensive arable land in the area. It is extensively used, moderately species-rich grassland. In the resulting by removing earth dike Erlenbruch comes Wald-sills , Carex Pseudocyperus and occasionally pseudacorus ago. The shrub layer is made up of hawthorn , occasional elder and common ash . In the Bruchwald broods among others, the buzzard . The south-eastern extension area also includes a valuable 0.5 hectare sub-area on Reitbrooker Westerdeich at the research station. The eastern part consists of a quarry of alder stagnant at a former extraction point for dyke soil. On the eastern side of the dike of the two alder breaches, remnants of water can still be seen that were created by breaches of the dike. In spring, the groundwater levels are mostly high and dense aquatic vegetation with water feathers and swamp iris can develop.
history
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The centuries-long flooding of the marshland, caused by regular flooding and the tides of the Elbe and its tributaries, shaped the type of soil and its distribution. The typical marsh sediment is the Klei . It consists mainly of silty clay and contains fewer organic components than the mudde . This makes the clay less permeable to water. The clay in the marshland is characterized by a very high clay content.
The natural sedimentation was stopped with the dike in the 12th century and with the damming of the Dove Elbe and Gose Elbe in the 15th century. This began the anthropogenic overprinting of the area.
Reitbrook was first mentioned in 1162 as "Ragit" and in 1263 as "Insula, quae vocatur Rait". The part of the name Brook indicates the break and swamp landscape. Reitbrooks was dyed from Neuengamme at the beginning of the 13th century with the "Alt-Reitbrook" to the "Sietwende" (where the dike turns) above the "Neu-Reitbrook" (first mentioned in 1394), which was diked in the 14th century ) to the Vorderdeich / Reitbrooker Westerdeich. The Reit , the westernmost area, remained pastureland, only protected by a summer dike and also referred to as the Rethbrocker Vorland in old maps .
The riding with the brickyard
In 1883 an important chapter in the history of today's riding began . On 15 April 1883 a first note appeared in the Bergedorfer newspaper, which reported that the Höfer landscape Reitbrook the jointly owned riding a corporation at a price of 25,000 Goldmark had sold by morning. After the purchase, a brick factory was built, which changed the structure of the floor and the appearance of the western Reitbrook. Due to the high quality of the clay, easy dismantling, a very good connection for delivery and removal of the ships and the proximity to Hamburg, the “Aktien Dampfziegelei Reitbrook bei Hamburg” hoped for rapid growth. At the end of 1884 the buildings were erected so that stone production could begin in 1885. Within twelve years, the production of first-class bricks grew from almost 400,000 pieces to 5 million. Then an increased flow of water and unfavorable weather conditions made production more difficult. The excavated areas were planted with wicker , and the willow plots were leased, which fetched high prices because of their usefulness for wickerwork . The division of labor in the brickworks was regulated as follows: 28 men in dismantling and manufacturing, 20 men in the ring kiln and in the drying shed, 9 men in loading, as well as the master brickworker, a bricklayer, the machinist, carpenters and a blacksmith who worked outside the chord . The seasonal workers came mainly from West Prussia and Lippe and had to work 14 hours a day. Up to 80 people were employed at peak times.
With the outbreak of the First World War , production was restricted and stopped entirely in 1915 due to a lack of coal and labor. At the beginning of 1920 the company was up for sale. On March 19, 1920, the Hamburg Senate applied to the citizens for the expropriation of the brickworks in order to be able to cover the urgently needed brick requirements in order to promote the construction of small apartments. The owner received a severance payment, and after an investment of 500,000 marks , the brickworks were put back into operation after five years of downtime. In 1921 the production figures from the pre-war period were reached again. In 1926 the first major sales difficulties arose. Since around 70 million unsold bricks were stored in the brickworks in the Hamburg Elbe area, prices fell. The main buyers for the production from the Reit were state agencies, such as the Sielbau with around 800,000 stones per year. They increasingly refused to take the stones from the Reit, which cost 20 marks per thousand due to the outdated production conditions. In 1928 the Bergedorfer Maschinenfabrik (Lüdtke & von Oertzen) submitted a modernization offer , which provided for the construction of conveyor belts, the purchase of locomotives - previously horses were used - an excavator for toning, more Lohren to transport the bricks and a crane for loading. In order to cover the investment costs, however, it was necessary to purchase an additional 8 hectares of bricking area. The purchase negotiations dragged on until 1929. Most of the farmers did not want to sell because they had already sold land to the brickworks before and needed the remaining land to make a living. In addition, it was doubted whether the rationalization measures would have the desired effect. After some back and forth, the decision was made to close the brickworks on December 24, 1929. In 1930 it was sold for demolition for 11,000 Reichsmarks . Only the brick master’s residential building on Reitdeich and the team barracks remained, since according to a report in the Hamburger Anzeiger on September 22, 1930, the construction of a cadaver incinerator was intended.
World War II and post-war years
From 1935 the Reich Labor Service used the site. At the site of the demolished brick building, six larger barracks with outbuildings were built around a central square. An air raid shelter was built later. The Reich Labor Service built the dam on the southern and eastern border of the area, so that the flood protection dykes at Gose Elbe and Dove Elbe created the conditions for a closed wash-up area. By removing soil for the dam, the riding pond was created in the south. The then no longer realized flushing was intended to fill in the areas excavated by the brickworks and to create space for a new agricultural operation. The later Chancellor Helmut Schmidt did his Reich Labor Service in the Reit from March 1 to September 30, 1937. During the Second World War , the barracks were used to house bomb victims and later for refugees .
For the period up to the end of the Second World War, except for reed mowing, which was carried out around 1920, no use is documented, and the Reit developed into a state that was quite similar to today's, with forest, bushes and reeds and probably some larger single trees. In the years 1944 to 47 Die Reit was almost completely cleared for the production of fuel. Then the succession started again and the forest area developed again. At the end of the Second World War, Die Reit received more than 30 bomb craters, some of which can still be seen today as small ponds, when Allied aircraft dropped bombs that were likely to hit the Reitschleuse.
After the Second World War, a former brickworker founded a horticultural business at the Reitschleuse, which existed until the end of the 1980s. In the northwest of the area, between the existing hiking trail and the protected area border , a rinsing field was built in 1965 and 1966 . The washed-in silt increased the area by around one meter. Today, high silver willows characterize this area. The scenic and ornithological attraction of riding was already known in the 1940s , so that as early as 1943 it was intended to put the area under landscape protection. After a study of flora and fauna published in 1970, the protection procedure was initiated. On August 21, 1973, the Senate passed the nature reserve ordinance. The allotment gardens in the north of the area were then removed and the research station built in 1971 was relocated to the Reitbrooker Westerdeich in 1973. A circular hiking trail and a parking lot at the Reitdeich were expanded. The car park was closed to motor vehicle traffic after the Reitdeich was closed.
Until 1984, the reeds of the Reit were mowed once a year by gardeners in the area when the ground was sufficiently frozen and then sold in bundles to thatched roofing companies. After 1984, for reasons of nature conservation, the intensity of use was reduced and from 1989 reed use was discontinued, as regular mowing of the reeds leads to monotonously young stands of thin, upright stalks without a kinked layer. Only the annual stalks can be used for roofing. Older reeds become brittle and the proportion of broken reeds in the extracted bundles increases; it is therefore not very suitable for roofing. In the first year after the winter mowing, the young stalks are occasionally colonized by some insect and spider species, but almost not by breeding birds.
The height
The former Elbe island Die Hohe (also called Die Ho , referred to as Howeide in Lorich's Elbe map from 1567 ) belongs to the northern Allermöhe district, even if the Dove Elbe is a clear boundary in the landscape today. The separation from the Reitbrooker foreland took place during the storm surge of 1745. The current area is the remaining and considerably changed remainder of the un-diked wet grassland at the confluence of the Gose Elbe and Dove Elbe, which existed until the early 1970s. With the construction of the regatta course for the water sports center Hamburg-Allermöhe and the Eichbaumsee , the height was reduced from 40 ha to 16 ha by excavation. The current area includes a 4.5 hectare area in the east along the former Dove Elbe, which used to extend to the Reitdeich. The loading point for ships from the brickworks was located here until the end of the 1920s. On the western part of the Hohe , a flushing area with four fields and a wide drainage ditch between Reitdeich and Dove Elbe were created and operated from 1972 to 1984. The humus soils above the sand deposits were built into this rinsing area when the regatta course was expanded. The eastern half was raised with contaminated river sediments by the Office for Electricity and Harbor Construction .
Reitdeich
The Reitdeich includes the former outskirts of Die Reit . The area was jointly owned and the riding dike was a private dike with no obligation to view the dyke, although it was small in size as a summer dike. For the common maintenance of the dyke, the crossings, sluices and the outer Reitsielgraben there was a "Reitentschaft der Reit" consisting of the owners, which is mentioned for the first time in 1829 in the state accounting book of the Reitbrook landscape, the so-called land protocol. During the storm surge of November 15, 1824, it broke in seven places along its length of 2500 m, at one point at 32 m up to 0.60 m below the foot of the dyke. During the February flood of 1825 , the Reitdeich broke in three places at 90 m. One of the dike breaches had already broken on November 15 and December 26, 1824, and when it broke the third, it tore a hole 32 m wide and 10 m deep under the crest of the dike. A storm surge-proof expansion of the Reitdeich took place in autumn 1924.
Little Brook
The "Interest of the Little Brooks", mentioned for the first time in the state accounting book of the Reitbrook landscape in 1828, was formed by landowners of the lands enclosed by the Reitdeich. Their purpose was to keep the Reitgraben on the dike and the gates on the Kirchendamm in order and to provide the necessary dyke soil as a dike interested party. First of all, the 10 acre area closer to the dike and higher was divided among the interested parties. In 1843 the area between the Dove Elbe and the higher area was surveyed and distributed to interested parties. Lot 85 has remained until today as the joint property of the interested parties. The trench from the Dove Elbe to the south on the Reitdeich was created at that time.
research
Since 1973 the Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU) has been running a research station in Reit am Reitbrooker Westerdeich, where volunteers ring migratory birds in cooperation with the Helgoland ornithological station. The birds are caught with nets in a 370-meter-long facility from July to early November and ringed at the station. The aim is to research specific issues relating to small bird migration, such as timing and resting place ecology, as well as monitoring large-scale population changes in migratory birds.
Accessibility and routing
The area can be reached from the Mittlerer Landweg S-Bahn stop and from there by bike or bus line 321 in the direction of S-Bahn Nettelnburg to the Allermöher Kirche stop; from there over the church bridge and the front dike over a 1.5 km long footpath. From the Bergedorf S-Bahn station, the area can be reached by bus 222 towards Oortkatenweg via the Wulffsbrücke stop and from there via a 2 km long footpath along the Gose Elbe on Reitbrooker Hinterdeich. As the bus routes are only served to a limited extent, it is advisable to take the individual journey. From Hamburg it is also possible to travel via Tatenberger Deich and the Ochsenwerder Norderdeich to the Reitschleuse.
The riding area is used for local recreation and is accessible to the public on a circular path. This begins at the Reitschleuse (parking facilities) in front of the road barrier and leads around 450 meters on the Reitdeich eastwards to a departure from the dike towards the south. The path leads south away from the dike and runs with several bends centrally through the area to the research station. From there you get to the Reitbrooker Westerdeich and go right 60 meters to the dike of the Gose Elbe. Now the path runs along and on the dyke back to the Reitschleuse.
literature
- Environment and Health Authority - Nature Conservation Office (Hrsg.): Nature in the city. The Hamburg nature reserves. Hamburg 2002, pp. 26-29.
- Reinhard Grosch, Thomas Jaschke: On the amphibian problem on the Reitdeich, update of the amphibian protection campaign and experience report 1991 protection facility. Nature Conservation Union Germany, Hamburg 1991.
- Thomas Jaschke: On the amphibian problem on the Reitdeich - report on the amphibian protection campaign in spring 1990, proposed solutions for a permanent protective device. Nature Conservation Union Germany, Hamburg 1990.
- Wiebke Sachs-Ternes, Thomas Jaschke, Ingo Schlupp: Migratory activity and mortality of amphibians before and after a road closure: Experience report on the success of a species protection measure. In: Nature and Landscape. 1 (2004), pp. 26-30.
- Kai Schmille: The Hamburg nature reserves, green jewels in the big city. Edition Temmen, Hamburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-8378-2015-7 .
- Culture & History Office (ed.): The brickworks in the Bergedorf area. In: Forgotten industrial work - living history, Vol. II. Hamburg 1993, pp. 48–52.
- Thomas Vogel: Die Reit - The bird world of a small swamp area in the south-east of Hamburg along with quantitative surveys on two test areas. In: Hamburger Avifaunistische Posts, Vol. 8. Hamburg 1970, pp. 1–133.
Web links
- The Reit nature reserve
- Ordinance on the nature reserve Die Reit of June 7, 2011
- Information page of the research station Die Reit of NABU Hamburg
Individual evidence
- ^ Schwietert, Karl (1964): Streiflichter about Allermöhe and Reitbrook. Attempt to present the development and development of Allermöhe and Reitbrook through seven centuries with special consideration and appreciation of the Allermöher Church, Hamburg-Allermöhe, 58 pages
- Jump up ↑ Höch, Otto (1927): The storm surge from 3./4. February 1825 in the state of Hamburg, magazine of the Association for Hamburg History, Volume 28. Pages 155 to 224
- ↑ Schröder, Johannes von & Hermann Biernatzki (1856): Topography of the Duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg, the Principality of Lübeck and the area of the free and Hanseatic cities of Hamburg and Lübeck. 2nd edition, Volume 2, Oldenburg in Holstein
- ^ Hagedorn, A. (1913): About the origin of the interests of the Reit, the Little Brooks and the Mühle Reitbrook, State Archives of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, unpublished manuscript
Allermöher meadows | Meadow landscape of the Upper Tide Elbe | Boberger Niederung | Borghorster Elbe landscape | Diekbek | The riding | Duvenstedter Brook | Duve wiping | Eppendorfer Moor | Finkenwerder Süderelbe | Fischbeker Heide | Flottbektal | Hainesch / Iland | Haylock | Holzhafen | Höltigbaum | Hummelsbüttel Moors | Lapwing Brace | Kirchwerder Meadows | Bog belt | Mühlenberger Loch / Neßsand | Neuländer Moorwiesen | Raakmoor | Rhee | Rodenbeker Quellental | Rothsteinsmoor | Schnaakenmoor | Sand of silence | Stacking fields moor | Stellmoorer Tunneltal | Volksdorfer Teichwiesen | Westerweiden | Wittenbergen | Wittmoor | Wohldorfer Forest | Zollenspieker
