Organ landscape Saxony-Anhalt

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Groeninger organ in Halberstadt

The organ landscape of Saxony-Anhalt includes the historically grown inventory of organs in Saxony-Anhalt . The cultural region essentially consists of the area of ​​the former province of Saxony and the former principality of Anhalt . From the 17th to the 19th century, an independent organ landscape developed , which reached its climax with the work of Friedrich Ladegast .

The article deals with the history of organ building and the organs that have been preserved in what is now Saxony-Anhalt. Further information on individual instruments can be found in the list of organs in Saxony-Anhalt .

Gothic and Renaissance

Organ keyboards in Halberstadt Cathedral , illustration by Praetorius

The first organs in Saxony-Anhalt can be found in Merseburg and Halberstadt . So the famous organ of the monk and Halberstadt organ builder was 1361 Nikolaus Faber in Halberstadt Cathedral consecrated. At that time it was probably the largest European block organ and with its twelve-tone keyboard scheme (without pedal) it was groundbreaking for the music of the time. Michael Praetorius describes the instrument in his Syntagma musicum II (1619). Faber had already built an organ in Merseburg in 1359.

In 1363, the year the nave was consecrated, Faber also delivered the first organ of Magdeburg Cathedral , the bellows of which were operated by twelve limers . Since the bellows was housed in the tower chamber , it can be assumed that this organ was already on the west gallery.

Scherer organ from 1580 in Stendal

There is also evidence of a choir organ that was built in 1536 by the organ builder Michaelis for Halle Cathedral and pledged to Magdeburg in 1541 .

One of the oldest preserved organs in Saxony-Anhalt, built by Hans Scherer the Elder around 1580, is located in St. Marien in Stendal . It originally had disposition II / P / 29. An organ from his son from 1623 in St. Stephan in Tangermünde has been preserved.

In the 16th to 18th centuries, an excellent and innovative organ building scene established itself in Halberstadt. Important musicians and musicologists such as Michael Praetorius and Andreas Werckmeister worked there. Esaias Compenius the Elder from Eisleben was a member of the famous Compenius family , which was one of the leading central German organ building families in the 16th and 17th centuries. The organ prospectus in the Sankt-Martin-Kirche in Kroppenstedt from 1603 has been preserved from him.

Between 1592 and 1596 the Halberstadt organ builder David Beck built what was then the most important Renaissance organ in Germany in Gröningen Castle , the so-called Gröninger organ . This “organ miracle” was commissioned by Heinrich Julius , Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel and Bishop of Halberstadt. The organ was transferred to the St. Martini Church in Halberstadt in 1770 and the pipework was renewed in 1838 and 1921, with the exception of individual prospect pipes. Your original Rückpositiv is in Harsleben . In 2007 an international association was founded, which is committed to the return of the Rückpositiv and the faithful reconstruction of the Gröningen organ.

Baroque

Hildebrandt organ in Naumburg

In the Baroque era, organ building in Saxony-Anhalt reached its heyday. As early as 1640 there is said to have been an organ in St. Aegidii in Quedlinburg . The builder is unknown. From the church annals it is certain that an organ for St. Aegidii was built by Georg Nothnagel in 1651. Today's organ work mostly dates from 1702 and was made by Caspar Sperling.

Organ prospectus by Christian Förner in the Weißenfelser Schlosskirche (1673)

During the construction of the (not preserved) organ in the town church of St. Marien in Weißenfels , organ builder Tobias Weller , who mostly worked in what is now the Free State of Saxony , left the following inscription on the largest organ pipe: “A (nno) 1639. I have Tobias Weller, Churf (ürstlich) a) Saxon organ maker made this organ work, but it could have been done better in many ways, but the fault is not to be attributed to me, but to Mr. Baumeister. In front of myself I thanked God that I got so far with fear and great hardship, because it was bad time back then. "

The Papenius family had been active in the southern Harz region since around 1660 , and in later generations around Halberstadt. According to the current state of research, over 30 organs have been built in three generations, of which around 20 have largely been preserved in Saxony-Anhalt to this day, the oldest of which, however, was made by Georg Benedict Papenius in 1662 in Bielen in what is now northern Thuringia and currently in need of restoration is. Papenius organs that have been preserved in Saxony-Anhalt are, for example, in the village church of Klein Quenstedt (1741) and the Matthäus-und-Markus-Kirche in Rohrsheim (1759); Prospectuses received, inter alia. in St. Martini in Stolberg and in the Huysburg Monastery .

Organs in St. Wenzel in Barnstädt and in Schleberoda Church (both 1750) have also been preserved from Papenius' student Johann Christoph Mocker .

A cathedral organ in Halle was built in 1667 by Christian Förner from Wettin-Löbejün , on which the young Georg Friedrich Handel also played as organist for the cathedral community in 1702 and 1703. Förner was not only an organ builder, but also an inventor. His best-known invention is the wind balance, a device that is still used today in organ building to measure wind pressure . Preserved prospectuses of Förner organs can be found in the Weißenfelser Schlosskirche (1673) and in the concert hall St. Ulrich Church (1675) in Halle.

Papenius organ prospectus in Huysburg (1780)

The only, almost completely preserved organ by the organ builder Christoph Cuntzius from Wernigerode is in St. Andreas in Abbenrode (1708). His son, Heinrich Andreas Contius from Halle , first worked in and around his hometown. In 1760 he came to Riga in Courland and built there among other things. the organ of the Trinity Church in Liepāja (Libau) from 1773–1779. Today he is considered to be the most important organ builder in the Baltic States in the 18th century. Only a prospectus of him can still be seen in St. Bartholomäus in Halle-Giebichenstein (1743).

The organ in St. Levin Harbke is a work by Christoph Treutmann , who had a workshop in Magdeburg, from 1722 with 22 stops on two manuals and pedal . It contains pipe material from an older, single-manual organ by Gottfried Fritzsche from 1622.

The Herbst family was a family of organ builders in Magdeburg, who mainly worked in the Magdeburg, Hildesheim and Harz foreland areas in the 17th and 18th centuries . In the Erxleben Palace Chapel , the organ built by Heinrich Herbst the Younger in 1710 was renovated from 2009 to 2019.

The mighty, richly decorated baroque prospect in Halberstadt Cathedral with its light tunnel and the three gaming tables, a unique example in organ building, comes from an organ by Heinrich Herbst from 1718. It was replaced in 1901 by a work by Ernst Röver and again in 1965 by Eule Organ building renewed.

The largest organ of the Silbermann pupil Zacharias Hildebrandt with 53 registers is in the church of St. Wenzel in Naumburg (Saale) . It was built from 1743 to 1746. On September 27, 1746, the joint acceptance test was carried out by Gottfried Silbermann and Johann Sebastian Bach . Hildebrandt had resorted to advice from Bach for the disposition . Another organ by Hildebrandt has been preserved in St. Jacobi in Sangerhausen (1728).

classicism

Krug organ in Bad Dürrenberg

The organs in Havelberg (1777) and Altenklitsche (1780) come from the "most important Brandenburg organ builder" Gottlieb Scholtze . There are also instruments in the St. Moritz Church in Halberstadt (1787) and in the St. Silvestri Church in Wernigerode by the rather unknown Balthasar Georg Christoph Jesse , who was an organist and organ builder in Halberstadt and learned his trade from Papenius (1790) available. Johann Christoph Wiedemann , who was also a student of Papenius, built the organ (probably the only one he has survived) in the Neindorf Castle Church (1777).

Organs from the organ builder Andreas Ludewig Zuberbier from Dessau can still be found in Gossa (1781) and Krina (1796). The in Thuringia Roda acting Christian Friedrich (I.) Poppe left in Saxony-Anhalt an organ in Kayna (1780) and a prospectus in Naumburg Mary Magdalene Church (1783).

Of the 30 or so organs built by Johann Gottfried Krug from Merseburg , only one work in Saxony-Anhalt in St. Laurentius in Bad Dürrenberg (1810) has survived.

romance

Ladegast organ in Merseburg Cathedral
Friedrich Wilhelm Wäldner's creative highlight is his organ in Hallesches Dom

Friedrich Wilhelm Wäldner created at least 28 organs. The importance of Wäldner lies in the remarkable quality of craftsmanship and solidity as well as in the distinctly romantic sound style of his organs. Wäldner senior was the first master organ builder in the region who developed appropriate sound variants for his organs for the highly romantic music of his time. For the 19th century, Wäldner organs - in addition to the organs by Friedrich Ladegast, mostly in the Merseburg and Weißenfels area - are the most important in the region in their classic design. His works include in St. Lucia and Ottilie in Höhnstedt (1832), in Hallesches Dom (1847) and in Michaelstein Monastery (1850) the times have endured.

Friedrich Ladegast occupies a special position within German Romanticism, for example with the classically repeating mixtures and a large number of characteristic and idiosyncratic basic voices. His sonorous flute registers and strings all have a distinctive individual character, but still blend well and can be used to create countless new timbres. At least 20 of his works are preserved in Saxony-Anhalt, such as his third largest work in Merseburg Cathedral (1853–1855) with 81 registers, the castle church in Wittenberg (1863) or his reference object in St. Marien (1864) in Weißenfels, nearby his workshop, in which the master himself played.

Emil Heerwagen took over his father Wilhelm's workshop in 1875 at the age of 18. A master organ builder had to assist him as a guardian during organ acceptance tests until he was of legal age. The Heerwagen family was active in the region between Saale and Unstrut around Klosterhäseler until 1896 . About 20 organs of both are still in existence in this area. B. in Görschen (1869), Bad Bibra (1871) and Langeneichstädt (1889). Emil Heerwagen moved to Weimar in 1896 . That is why many of his organs can still be seen in Thuringia.

Many organs by Adolf Reubke can be found in rural churches in the northern Harz foreland and the Magdeburg Börde . The man from Halberstadt began building organs in Hausneindorf around 1837 , after having previously worked in piano construction. His son Emil Reubke continued the company until his death in 1884, then it was sold to Ernst Röver, who continued it until 1921.

20th and 21st centuries

Hüfken organ for the piece of music ORGAN² / ASLSP in Halberstadt

Most of the organs that have been preserved, which were built in Saxony-Anhalt from the beginning of the 20th century, were built by Wilhelm Rühlmann . He, the son of the master organ builder Friedrich Rühlmann , had a workshop in Zörbig and, after completing his apprenticeship with his father, was a journeyman with Friedrich Ladegast from 1860 to 1866. When his father fell ill in 1866, Wilhelm Rühlmann took over the management, which he held until 1912. In 1883 he set up the "Orgelbau-Anstalt W. Rühlmann" on the outskirts of Zörbig, which was expanded in 1892 and 1914 and was one of the most important companies in Central Germany. During this time, more than 300 organs were built, mainly in Saxony-Anhalt, including the organs in Halle-Giebichenstein (1904), Hettstedt (1905) and Zörbig (1929).

In the 1970s there were again two organ builders in Halberstadt, that of Wilhelm Sohnle (1910–1993) and that of Reinhard Hüfken. In 1973, for example, Sohnle built an organ into a 1652 prospect of the Theobaldikapelle in Wernigerode. Von Hüfken can be found, inter alia. an organ from the year 2000 in St. Burchardi in Halberstadt (collaboration with organ builder Romanus Seifert & Sohn ) for the piece of music ORGAN² / ASLSP by John Cage , which will be performed there until 2640.

Furthermore, many new buildings were built by organ builders who were based outside of Saxony-Anhalt in the 20th century. In 1965 Hermann Eule Orgelbau Bautzen installed a 66-register instrument in a prospectus from 1712 by Heinrich Herbst in Halberstadt Cathedral . In 1979, the Magdeburg Monastery of Our Lady received an organ with 62 stops and 4 manuals from Jehmlich Orgelbau Dresden . Alexander Schuke Potsdam Orgelbau built the organ in the cathedral in Magdeburg in 2008 with 4 manuals and 93 registers.

literature

  • Holger Brülls: Ladegast organs in Saxony-Anhalt . State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum for Prehistory, Halle 2005, ISBN 978-3-86568-020-4 .
  • Uwe Pape , Wolfram Hackel: Lexicon of North German Organ Builders . tape 2 : Saxony-Anhalt and the surrounding area . Pape Verlag, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-921140-98-7 .
  • Felix Friedrich , Vitus Froesch: Organs in Saxony-Anhalt - A travel guide (=  268th publication of the Society of Organ Friends ). Kamprad, Altenburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-930550-79-1 .

Web links

Commons : Organs in Saxony-Anhalt  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Michael Praetorius: Syntagma musicum. Volume 2: De Organographia. 1619. (Reprint: Bärenreiter, Kassel 2001, ISBN 3-7618-1527-1 , pp. 97–101. Illustrations of the keyboards and bellows on panels XXIV – XXVI.)
  2. ↑ Hans Michel Schletterer: Overview of the history of ecclesiastical poetry and sacred music. Beck'sche Buchhandlung, Nördlingen 1866, p. 154.
  3. ^ Gothic organ riddle. ( Memento from November 12, 2018 in the Internet Archive ). In: magdeburgerdommusik.de .
  4. ↑ praetorius-beckorgel.de
  5. ↑ Gustav Heinrich Heydenreich: Churches & School Chronicle of the City & Ephorie Weissenfels since 1539. Keil, Weißenfels 1840, p. 136 f.
  6. ↑ Alexander Fiseisky: The history of the organ and organ music in Estonia. In: Acta Organologica , 29, 2006, 11-32.
  7. ↑ https://www.magdeburg-kompakt.de/index.php/kompaktspezial_reader/koenigin-der-instrumente-in-der-auferstehung.html
  8. ↑ https://www.nmz.de/kiz/nachrichten/herbst-orgel-in-erxleben-mit-festgottesdienst-wieder-eingeweiht
  9. ↑ Information about the cathedral organ on organindex.de. Retrieved April 1, 2021 .
  10. ↑ https://www.volksstimme.de/nachrichten/lokal/wanzleben/495482_Wertvolle-Orgel-in-Neindorfer-Schlosskirche-erklingt-wieder.html
  11. ^ Felix Friedrich , Dieter Voigt, Markus Voigt: Contributions to organ building in eastern Central Germany on the occasion of July 2005: 100 years of central German organ building A. Voigt Bad Liebenwerda and 150 years of organ building in Bad Liebenwerda. Kunstblatt, Dresden 2005, p. 15.
  12. ↑ https://www.organartmedia.com/de/f-ladegast
  13. ↑ Uwe Pape , Wolfram Hackel (Ed.): Lexicon of North German Organ Builders . tape 3 : Saxony-Anhalt and the surrounding area . Pape, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-921140-98-7 , pp. 323 .