Plesse-Konstein-Karnberg

FFH area "Plesse-Konstein-Karnberg"
Part of several protected areas: the free-standing and widely visible limestone wall of the Plesse.
location	Wanfried , Werra-Meissner district in Hesse
surface	564 ha
WDPA ID	555520191
Natura 2000 ID	4827-301, VSG-EU code 4726-401 FFH no. 4827-301, VSG-EU code 4726-401
Geographical location	51 ° 11 '  N , 10 ° 13'  E Coordinates: 51 ° 10 '38 "  N , 10 ° 12' 33"  E
Sea level	from ~ 230 m (Gatterbachtal) to ~ 480 m ( Plesse )
Setup date	1998
particularities	Special protection as: Natura 2000 area "Plesse-Konstein-Karnberg" and in some areas as nature reserve "Plesse-Konstein" , "Geologically protected object" , part of the bird sanctuary "Rock cliffs in the Werra-Meißner district" and part of the major nature conservation project "Grünes Band " .

"Plesse-Konstein" nature reserve IUCN Category IV - Habitat / Species Management Area
location	East of Wanfried in Hesse
surface	198 ha
Identifier	1636002
WDPA ID	7051
Natura 2000 ID	DE4827301
Geographical location	51 ° 11 '  N , 10 ° 13'  E
Setup date	1960

Plesse, Konstein and Karnberg are the eponymous mountains of a fauna-flora-habitat area in the north Hessian Werra-Meißner district . The extensive, near-natural beech forests and the semi- arid grasslands rich in orchids are considered to be an important focus area for species and biotope protection .

Geographical location

The FFH area with the Plesse ( 479.6  m ), the Konstein ( 455.2  m ) and the Karnberg ( 450  m ) lies in the eastern part of the district of the city of Wanfried and extends along the state border with Thuringia . The mountains are parts of a limestone plate that surrounds the Thuringian basin . The free-standing, around 200 meters long and 25 to 50 meters high limestone rock face of the Plesse, which was created in 1640 by a landslide , is visible from afar . At the layer boundary between the shell limestone and the underlying Upper Buntsandstein (Röt) , landslides and landslides occurred over and over again in the course of the earth's history , which shaped the landscape .

In terms of nature , the Wanfrieder Werra Heights are assigned as a sub-unit of the western upper area of the main unit Northwestern edge plates of the Thuringian basin in the main unit group Thuringian basin with edge plates . To the west, the area merges into the Lower Werrabergland natural area in the main unit of the East Hessian Uplands .

Geological features

Cliffs caused by landslides and mountain fall-like terminations of Muschelkalk incurred should occur nowhere as common in Germany as in the region of north-western framing of the Thuringian basin . In addition to the Wanfrieder Werrabergen with the nature reserve "Plesse-Konstein", the Gobert with the nature reserves " Hessische Schweiz bei Meinhard " and "Kalkklippen south of the Iberges", the Ringgau with the nature reserve " Boyneburg and Schickeberg bei Breitau " and the nature reserves " Dreiherrenstein- Eschenberg -Kreutzerberg "," Graburg "," Iberg bei Markershausen "and the" Kielforst bei Herleshausen "are further areas in the Werra-Meißner-Kreis of the natural area of the northwestern edge plates of the Thuringian basin with landslide and landslide slopes.

Rockslides or landslides can occur in times of high rainfall at the geological layer boundary between the Lower Muschelkalk (wave limestone) and the Upper Buntsandstein (Röt) below . Rainwater seeps into the crevices and crevices of the shell limestone and meets the clayey red color, which swells and can become fluid. As a result, the limestone above the red starts to move and becomes unstable. The rocky areas that peel off move gradually down the valley on the pulpy red and create gorges . These enable increased seepage of precipitation , which accelerates the so-called mass displacement process.

A special feature in this area is the presence of several tens of thousands of years old and geologically young, only a few hundred years old landslides. The last rock fall happened on January 24th, 1640, during the Thirty Years' War . During a "grayish unusual storm wind" , as a contemporary chronicle reported, an approximately 200-meter-wide rock wall of the Plesse had loosened and fell into the valley. The shock caused by the landslide is said to have been so strong that "in the city wedding house in which Klauss Fischer celebrated his special day, the cups jumped a cubit high."

and display information about the image

The Plesse with the Plesseturm from the southwest

Protected position

Various protected area categories overlap within the FFH area, so that sub-areas "double and triple" are under special protection:

Nature reserve

In 1960 the "Plesse" with 51.3 ha and the "Konstein" with 33.4 ha were designated as nature reserves. In the early 1980s, the two separate parts were merged and expanded with adjacent areas. Since then, the 198 hectare nature reserve has included the areas around Plesse and Konstein as well as the Gatterbachtal. The federal highway 249 forms the southern border and the northern border with Thuringia. The nature reserve "Plesse-Konstein" has the WDPA ID code 7051 and the national number 636.002. In the mid-1990s, the area to the south of the nature reserve and the main road with the Karnberg, Muhlienberg and Mainzer Köpf as an extension area was proposed. As a planned nature reserve "Mainzer Köpfe bei Wanfried", with a size of 150 hectares, the area is still in the process of designation after a protection assessment has been made in the North Hessian regional plan.

Geologically protected object

The "Plesse-Konstein" nature reserve is listed in the North Hesse landscape framework as a geotope that is worthy of protection and provides geological knowledge about the development of the earth . Here, within the framework of the Hessian Nature Conservation Act (HeNatG), so-called individual creations of nature and natural parts of the landscape, which are considered part of the geological natural heritage due to their "rarity, peculiarity or beauty", are to be protected. After consultation with all parties involved, the landscape framework plan was published at the beginning of 2001.

Bird sanctuary

The bird sanctuary has the WDPA ID code 555537561 and, since 2004, the EU code 4726-401. It is located in the north-western tip of the "Plesse-Konstein" nature reserve and extends over around 52 hectares around the Plesse. The area is the center part area of the three-part and a total of 483.43 hectares of Natura 2000 - bird sanctuary "cliffs in the Werra-Meissner". The other two sub-areas are in the nature reserves " Hessian Switzerland near Meinhard " and " Boyneburg and Schickeberg near Breitau ". The main protection goal is to secure the habitats of peregrine falcons and eagle owls .

Limestone cliffs like those of the Plesse, which are not overgrown and allow a free approach, have been breeding grounds for peregrine falcons and eagle owls since ancient times .

Peregrine falcons regularly brooded in the Werra-Meißner district until the 1950s. In the 1970s they threatened to become extinct. In addition to human persecution, the main cause was DDT, which was still used as an insecticide in agriculture and forestry , which the falcons had ingested through their prey. One consequence: the eggshells became thinner and thinner and finally broke during the brood. During this time there were no more breeding sites north of the Main line . Together with the German Falcon Order , the Hessian Society for Ornithology and Nature Conservation (HGON) started a falcon program in Hesse, which was the most complex and probably the most successful reintroduction of a bird species that was carried out in Hesse. However, when falconers were caged, outdoor life and natural reproduction no longer worked. The birds of prey had to be accustomed to nature again step by step. The release of aviary birds began in 1978 in the Plesse district. Meanwhile the stock has stabilized. In his 2017 annual report, the ornithologist Wolfram Brauneis from HGON names ninety young peregrine falcons from thirty-five successful broods in North Hesse.

The rugged natural cliffs of the Plesse also offer ideal breeding grounds for the eagle owl. Since the end of the Middle Ages , the eagle owl has been hunted as a "harmful bird" to be fought . Due to the constant persecution, a Germany-wide inventory in 1934 showed only about 70 couples who had survived. The eagle owl was extinct in Hessen. The populations recovered through breeding programs, reintroductions and protective measures. In 1977 a pair of owls brooded again for the first time in Hesse and in 1983 also in the Werra-Meißner district. A population size has now been reached that allows the eagle owl to be removed from the local Red List of threatened bird species. In 2017, the number of large owls reached a new high in the district. The ornithologists identified 33 young eagle owls at 20 breeding sites. For reasons of protection, whereabouts and breeding sites are not published by the bird conservationists.

Fauna-flora habitat area

View from the southwest over Wanfried to the Karnberg

The nature reserve "Plesse-Konstein" and the ridge with Karnberg and Muhlienberg south of the federal highway 249 became part of the European networked protected area system under the name "Plesse-Konstein-Karnberg" because of their habitats and species worthy of protection Natura 2000 . The establishment of the area boundaries and the conservation objectives of the 564 hectare area with the area number 4827-301 took place in 2008 in the Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hesse. The state border with Thuringia forms the northern and eastern borders of the protected area. The highest point is the Plesse plateau at around 480 m. The lowest point is around 230 m in the Gatterbachtal.

Geo-nature park

The protected area is part of the Frau-Holle-Land Geo-Nature Park , previously the Meißner-Kaufunger Forest Nature Park until 2016.

Large-scale conservation project, the Green Belt

Four years after the opening of the border: the former inner-German border behind the Plesse.

On the former inner-German border between Hesse and Thuringia, a mostly about 100 m wide aisle on which a steel mesh fence was erected and a column path made of concrete slabs, undisturbed areas could develop over decades due to the seclusion and quiet use. A coherent band of diverse biotopes was created along the former “death strip”. Numerous animal species that are threatened in their population have found their refuge here. Rare plants that are rarely found elsewhere are at home here. Since the opening of the border in 1989, numerous nature conservation associations and foundations as well as nature conservation authorities have been committed to securing the "Green Belt" over the long term. One focus area was the "large-scale nature conservation project Green Belt Eichsfeld-Werratal" with the Heinz Sielmann Foundation as the project sponsor. These include the Hessian FFH area “Plesse-Konstein-Karnberg” with the nature reserve “Plesse-Konstein” and the adjoining parts of the Hessian FFH area “Werra- und Wehretal” in the area of ​​the Wanfrieder Mountains. On the Thuringian side, the FFH area "Treffurter city forest north was Treffurt " and the conservation area " Keudelskuppe " with the planned nature reserve "Keudelskuppe-Wacholderberg" included.

Because of the cultural and nature conservation importance of the Green Belt, the Free State of Thuringia planned to designate it as a national natural monument . After the parliamentary discussion of the draft law , which the state government introduced on September 13, 2017, the state parliament passed the law on November 9, 2018 with the red-red-green government majority. Over a length of 763 kilometers and a total area of ​​around 6500 hectares, the former border strip will in future be permanently protected as a monument to the division and reunification of Germany and as the longest biotope network in Germany.

Adjacent protected areas

Along the border, the Thuringian include the conservation area "Obereichsfeld" and founded in 2012 Eichsfeld-Hainich-Werratal on to the reserve "Plesse-Konstein-Karnberg". On the Hessian side, it is enclosed in a horseshoe shape by part of the FFH area Werra - and Wehretal . The Natura 2000 area "Werra- und Wehretal", which is divided into numerous sub-areas, has FFH no. 4825-302 and a size of more than 24,000 hectares. The protection goal is to secure the large beech forest areas with adjacent grassland and orchards as a habitat for bats . Due to the occurrence of valuable, priority biotopes , it is a nationwide hotspot of biodiversity .

Habitats and species

With the designation as a nature reserve in the 1980s, the special vegetation of the rock corridors and the mixed deciduous forest communities of Plesse and Konstein were to be protected. It is among the floristic richest in North Hesse and is of national importance. This was also confirmed by the data collection that was carried out after the establishment of the fauna-flora-habitat area boundaries and the conservation goals of the Natura 2000 areas in Hesse. In 2006, scientists examined the FFH area on behalf of the Upper Nature Conservation Authority of the Kassel Regional Council as part of the reporting obligation to the EU Commission. Your study reveals a high proportion of natural habitats and species that are worthy of protection and which, with their special features, form part of the natural heritage of the European Community. The occurrence of twelve habitat types (LRT) is described as exceptional, reflecting the great biological diversity of the area. Six habitat types have been given priority. This means that they are threatened with disappearing and that there is a special responsibility for their preservation. The measures for the maintenance and development of habitats in the protected area were listed in a medium-term management plan .

Woods

Wild garlic blossom on the Plesse plateau

Yew tree on the west side of the Konstein

Of the forest habitat types, the

• Waldmeister-Buchenwald (LRT 9130) with 253.6 ha and the
• Central European orchid-lime-beech forest (LRT 9150) with 193.5 ha the largest area. These two habitat types form around 79% of the total area of ​​the 564 hectare protected area.

In terms of plant sociology, the woodruff beech forest is part of the forest barley beech forest type . It is a low-shrub, high-growth forest in which the beech dominates, but also hardwoods such as ash , sycamore maple and oak grow. The herb layer is particularly attractive due to the spring geophytes. Plants such as wood anemones and wild garlic , which bloom early in the year and form their leaves, are associated. When the leaves of the trees shoot, they end their aboveground life and survive underground.

In Orchid Buchenwald seen floristic richness of orchids is noteworthy among which Red Helleborine , White Helleborine the lady's slipper and pale orchid have special meaning. The natural structures in the forest areas, with different stages of development and age, provide a habitat for many animal and plant species. The forests also contain stocks of the European yew tree that are worth protecting .

Through the historical use of the coppice , the warmth-loving

• Shaped bedstraw oak hornbeam forest (LRT 9170). Today it is only found with 5.3 hectares on barren slope heads. A species-rich layer of herbs has formed on the floors of the open areas .

The priority areas are closely connected with the landslides and the rubble heaps, which are subject to constant earth movement

• Mixed ravine and hillside forests (LRT 9180). On 3.9 ha they form a characteristic section in the habitat sequence of the steep slopes.

The 2.7 hectare priority habitat of the

• Alluvial forests (LRT 91E0) with black alder and ash grow in their most beautiful form in the area around the Elfengrund in the Gatterbachtal.

Rocky habitats and caves

They are the priority to protect

• calcareous debris heaps of the colline to montane level of Central Europe (LRT 8160). They occur in small areas on 159 m² between landslides and hillside rubble forests and are largely free of forests, but are also subject to natural succession .

The twelve counted in the reserve

• Caves that have not been developed for tourism (LRT 8310) are currently all undisturbed. A list of the species that the caves serve as habitat has not yet been made.

The Elfengrund in the Gatterbachtal

The waterfall in Elfengrund

• Tufa springs (LRT 7220) are just as unusual as they are rare and require priority protection and occur in areas in which the groundwater is very heavily enriched with dissolved lime. The waterfall in Elfengrund, in the valley between Konstein and Karnberg, offers an impressive picture of this habitat. The Gatterbach, which rises from nearby springs, has piled up the limestone tuffs and formed steps and waterfalls over the course of time due to the constant replenishment of calcium deposits . Mosses play a key role in tuff formation , on the surface of which lime is deposited as a finely crystalline crust. After the mosses die off, filigree limestones are created that build on top of each other. Due to their porous structure, the limestone tuffs are extremely fragile and endangered by various factors. With a thickness of up to five and a half meters, the Gatterbach waterfall in Elfengrund is unique in the region.

The Gatterbach once had a special meaning as Mühlenbach. Its water was enough to run several mills . In 1573 five mills with eight mill wheels were registered in Wanfried , none of which exist today.

Grasslands

The occurrence of the

• gappy basophile or lime pioneer lawn (LRT 6110) is only found on around 17 m² at the foot of the Plessewand and is of little importance for the protected area.

It has two different types of vegetation

• Sub-Mediterranean semi-arid grasslands (LRT 6212) in the protected area. The variant of the so-called Enzian-Schillergras lawn can be found on 0.3 hectares at the foot of the Konstein slope. The area created by agricultural use has a species-rich butterfly fauna. Among them are endangered and specially protected species.

The priority

• Sub-Mediterranean semi-arid grassland with special populations of remarkable orchids (LRT 6212) was listed separately by the scientists because of its rich proportion of orchids. Mainly the occurrence of the three-tooth orchid gives this subspecies of the Mesobromion its special position. Other botanical treasures that grow on the 0.8 hectare area below the Konstein include mosquito handelwort , fly ragwort and purple orchid .

The biotope des is 0.3 ha

• Dry grass (LRT 6213) on two nutrient-poor locations on the steep slopes of Plesse and Konstein. The so-called "germander blue grass lawn" is a real dry lawn and from a floristic point of view is considered to be extremely valuable in terms of its species diversity .

Myths and Legends

In the region, which is rich in fairy tales , myths and legends , old folk beliefs in the area of ​​Plesse, Konstein and Karnberg have settled various fairy tale characters and ghosts . The local poet Wilhelm Pippart (* 1878 in Heldra ; † 1962 in Wanfried ) retold the legends of the central Werra Valley in his homeland book "Der Brombeermann".

The elves in the Plesse

They enter their apartment, deep inside the mountain, through two crevices in the rock, which are called the Tater or Imp holes . The fairy tales describe the little figures as human-like, with pointed hats , gray miner's clothes and long flowing beards. During the day they work hard inside the mountain and increase their dwarf treasure. In the moonlight they come out of the gnomes' holes and dance and jump in exuberant joy on the cliffs.

The elves in Elfengrund

The elves are portrayed as small and good-natured beings who love dance, music and song. During the day they are invisible, only at night, until dawn, they bathe in meadow dew and perform their merry rounds .

The mermaids from the mermaid pond

In the depths of the mermaid pond, which is near the Kalkhof, the crystal castle of the mermaids is said to be located . In popular belief they are beautiful beings, half human and half fish, with green hair and wrapped in long, green shimmering veils. On the bottom of the Elfenbach, they guard the sunken bell of a submerged village chapel, around which fairy tales also entwine.

The ghost parade on the Karnberg

In the Thirty Years War Wanfried was one of the most heavily devastated areas. The hardship and the unspeakable privations of the inhabitants, who were left with almost nothing, were unbearable. The town at the crossroads of various military roads had to endure the passage of all kinds of war peoples. On December 11, 1623, a bloody battle between the imperial and the Swedes took place on the back of the Karnberg. Even today, according to the legend, old people can hear three horn signals on special nights at witching hour . Then the slain warriors climb out of their mossy graves and you can hear the noise of the battle that once raged here. In a clearing, a general, horse, tunic and beard snow-white, silently watch the parade. It thunders past him three times, and it goes back three times. When it hits one, the horses and riders are blown away.

The general grave under the Swedish beech on the Karnberg

Natural monument "Vier-Buchen" on the Karnberg

In the chronicle of the city of Wanfried, a legend is reproduced in relation to the aforementioned battle on the Karnberg: “Every day at noon at noon, four black-clad porters with a stretcher on which a Swedish colonel with a white beard lies near the four beeches on the Karnberge . After setting down the stretcher at the beech trees mentioned, the bearers bare their heads and remain in silent prayer until the apparition disappears with the stroke of one bell. Only people who were born on Sunday can see the apparition. "

The conspicuous and strange group of trees by the grave site is called "four beeches" and also "Swedish cup". In the "Schwedenbecher", the hollow space that had formed in the corner between the four trunks, so much water is said to have collected in the summer that it never dried out completely. According to an old story, the beeches were planted on the fresh grave by four Swedish soldiers burying their general. It is more likely, the art historian and photographer Thomas Wiegand suspects, that the “Swedish beech” emerged from a stick of a beech that was felled decades ago. The "four beeches" are a designated natural monument .

Others

• To the west of the protected area is the listed former manor Kalkhof, with a representative mansion in an imposing group of buildings. The Kalkhof is steeped in history with the Wanfried Agreement of September 17, 1945. High-ranking American and Soviet officers met in the manor house to agree to an exchange of territory on the demarcation line north of Bad Sooden-Allendorf . The Americans wanted to ensure that the section of the important north-south railway connection located below Hanstein Castle in Thuringia no longer runs through Soviet occupation territory. On this approximately three-kilometer stretch of the route, there were repeated obstructions due to control harassments. The so-called " whiskey-vodka contract " was supposed to make the railway line "Soviet-free" with a border correction. Four Hessian villages northeast of Bad Sooden-Allendorf were added to the Soviet occupation zone. The Thuringian villages Werleshausen and Neuseesen and with them the railway line came into the American sector .

• Above the Kalkhof on the edge of the forest is the so-called hereditary burial , which the vernacular refers to as "Consul's grave". The site is fenced in at the front with a wrought iron fence, the portal is designed in neo-Gothic style. The grave at the foot of the Konstein is a listed monument for historical reasons.

• A remnant of the Cold War is the "Stasi tube" on the ridge of the Mainz heads on the former German-German border . Despite steel mesh fences, minefields and self-firing systems; the GDR border had holes. In the early 1980s an "agent lock" was built under the former death strip. A low tunnel through which agents could be smuggled west. Officially a water passage, however oversized and never carrying water. As part of the mine clearance work, the tube entrance was buried on the east side and exposed again on the initiative of the local homeland and traffic associations.

• The Werra-Meißner district has always been a border region. At Altenburschla and Wanfried there are still relics from bygone times. Including a row of boundary stones with the chiseled Mainz Wheel , which marked the southern course of the former Eichsfeld possessions of the Archdiocese of Mainz .

• For many years, the Plessehaus below the Plesse was a popular destination for day trippers. In February 1975 the old half-timbered buildings of the excursion restaurant burned down. After the fire, the soldiers tore down the remains of the walls and built a leisure facility on this site, which is now used as a hiking car park and barbecue area on the premium hiking trail P5.

Tourist development

The Plesseturm

The popular hiking area is accessible through a variety of hiking trails and forest roads. These include two premium hiking trails whose high quality has been awarded the hiking seal awarded by the German Hiking Institute .

• The circular hiking trail P 5 "Plesse" leads with a length of 9 km past the Elfengrund waterfall and over the Konstein and the Plesse.

• The circular hiking trail P 12 "Mainzer Köpf" is 9.5 km long and runs through the Hessian-Thuringian border region.

• The Dietemannpfad HW 24 is a main hiking trail of the Werra Valley Association, which circles the Eschwege and also leads via Plesse, Konstein and Karnberg.

• On the Plesse plateau, an observation tower offers a wide view of the Werra valley as far as the Hohe Meißner , which can be seen in its full extent. The Plesseturm , inaugurated in May 1964 , with six floors and around 22 m height, was built on the site of an observation tower built in 1884, which was demolished in 1961 due to its dilapidation. According to a report that sees the stability of the wooden structure impaired, the Plesseturm is currently closed. The ground floor is still accessible, but the ascent to the tower has been closed.

Web links

Commons : Plesse-Konstein-Karnberg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

literature

• Heidrun and Friedrich Jantzen: Natural monuments of Hesse. Landbuch-Verlag, Hannover 1985, ISBN 3-7842-0323-X , p. 56 f.
• Lothar and Sieglinde Nitsche, Marcus Schmidt: Nature reserves in Hessen. Volume 3, cognitio Verlag, Niedenstein 2005, ISBN 3-932583-13-2 .
• Wilhelm Pippart: The Blackberry Man . Old things, legends and songs from the central Werra valley. Self-published by Dr. Helmut Pippart, www.herberge-im-kleegarten.de 2012.
• Reinhold Strauss: Chronicle of the city of Wanfried. Carl Braun, Wanfried 1908.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Fauna-Flora-Habitat-Guideline and profiles of the Natura 2000 areas on the website of the Federal Office for Nature Conservation (BfN); accessed on March 2, 2018.
2. ↑ Classification of natural areas according to Otto Klausing in the Hessen Environmental Atlas at atlas.umwelt.hessen.de ; accessed on March 2, 2018.
3. ↑ Lothar and Sieglinde Nitsche, Marcus Schmidt: Nature Reserves in Hessen, Volume 3. cognitio Communication & Planning, Niedenstein 2005, ISBN 3-932583-13-2 , p. 23 f.
4. ↑ Reinhold Strauss: Chronicle of the city of Wanfried. Verlag Carl Braun, Wanfried 1908, p. 73 f.
5. ^ Plesse-Konstein in the world database for protected areas; accessed on February 7, 2018.
6. ↑ Planned nature reserves in the Werra-Meißner district , landscape framework plan for North Hesse, website of the Kassel regional council; accessed on February 7, 2018.
7. ↑ Geologically worthy of protection objects , landscape framework plan North Hesse on the website of the Kassel regional council; accessed on February 7, 2018.
8. ↑ Rock cliffs in the Werra-Meißner district in the protectedplanet.net database for protected areas ; accessed on February 7, 2018.
9. ↑ 4726-401 rock cliffs in the Werra-Meißner district.  (EU bird sanctuary) Profiles of the Natura 2000 areas. Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation . Retrieved February 7, 2018.
10. ^ Lothar and Sieglinde Nitsche, Marcus Schmidt: Nature reserves in Hessen. P. 53 f.
11. ↑ Wolfram Brauneis: Annual report 2017 on the situation of the peregrine falcon in Northern Hesse - with information on the Uhub status in the Werra-Meißner district (PDF file; 10.2 MB); accessed on February 7, 2018.
12. ↑ Wolfram Brauneis: Like a phoenix from the ashes - The eagle owl in the Werra-Meißner district. In: The Werraland. Issue 4 - December 2017, p. 89 f.
13. ↑ Species protection provisions of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive on the website of the Federal Office for Nature Conservation (BfN); accessed on February 7, 2018.
14. ↑ 4827-301 Plesse-Konstein-Karnberg.  (FFH area) Profiles of the Natura 2000 areas. Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation . Retrieved February 7, 2018.
15. ^ Sielmanns biotope network Eichsfeld-Werratal on the website of the Heinz Sielmann Foundation; accessed on March 23, 2019.
16. ^ "The Green Belt of Thuringia - National Natural Monument" on the website of the Thuringian Ministry for the Environment, Energy and Nature Conservation; accessed on March 23, 2019.
17. ↑ 4825-302 Werra and Wehretal.  (FFH area) Profiles of the Natura 2000 areas. Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation . Retrieved February 7, 2018.
18. ↑ Werner Ackermann, Jens Sachteleben: Identification of the hotspots of biological diversity in Germany , BfN-Skripte 315/2012; accessed on February 7, 2018.
19. ^ Ordinance on the Plesse - Konstein nature reserve of December 21, 1982 , in the State Gazette for the State of Hesse, No. 2/1983.
20. ^ Ordinance on the Natura 2000 areas in Hessen in the Law and Ordinance Gazette for the State of Hessen. Part I, No. 4 of January 16, 2008.
21. ^ Basic data acquisition for the FFH area "Plesse-Konstein-Karnberg" ; accessed on February 7, 2018.
22. ↑ List of habitats occurring in Germany in Appendix I of the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive ; accessed on February 7, 2018.
23. ↑ Action plan as part of the management plan to determine the measures in the "FFH area Plesse-Konstein-Karnberg" and sub-area "Plesse-Konstein" of the bird sanctuary "Felsklippen im Werra-Meissner-Kreis"; accessed on February 7, 2018.
24. ↑ The Gatterbach as Mühlenbach website of the Wanfried Cultural and Transport Association; accessed on February 7, 2018.
25. ↑ William Pippart: The Brombeermann . Old things, legends and songs from the central Werra valley. Self-published by Dr. Helmut Pippart, www.herberge-im-kleegarten.de 2012.
26. ↑ William Pippart: The Brombeermann. P. 24 f.
27. ↑ William Pippart: The Brombeermann. P. 16 f.
28. ↑ William Pippart: The Brombeermann. P. 17 f.
29. ↑ Sweden graves near Keßlingerode in Das Südeichsfeld then and now - Archive of the HeimatStudios ; accessed on March 2, 2018.
30. ↑ William Pippart: The Brombeermann. P. 133 f.
31. ↑ Reinhold Strauss: Chronicle of the city of Wanfried. P. 64 f.
32. ↑ Thomas Wiegand: Trees from the Werraland - A photo documentation. Kreissparkasse Eschwege, Ed. 1984, p. 68 f.
33. ↑ ^{a b} Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany. - Cultural monuments in Hessen. Werra-Meißner district I, old district Eschwege. Peer Zietz in collaboration with Thomas Wiegand. Vieweg publishing house, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden 1991, ISBN 3-528-06240-1 , p. 532 f.
34. ^ Kalkhof, Werra-Meißner district. Historical local lexicon for Hesse (as of November 8, 2017). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on March 5, 2018 .  
35. ↑ Sparkassen-Kulturstiftung Hessen-Thüringen (ed.): Cultural discoveries. Volume III. Höhl, Bad Hersfeld 2005, ISBN 3-934377-88-2 , p. 174.
36. ^ Gut Kalkhof on the website of the Wanfried Cultural and Tourist Association; accessed on March 3, 2018.
37. ↑ ^{a b} Flyer of the premium trail P12 "Mainzer Köpfe" on the website of the geo-nature park "Frau-Holle-Land; accessed on March 3, 2018.
38. ^ Chronicle of the Wanfried Voluntary Fire Brigade ; accessed on March 3, 2018.
39. ↑ Premium path P5 on the website of the geo-nature park "Frau-Holle-Land; accessed on March 3, 2018.
40. ^ Criteria for the German Hiking Seal on the website of the German Hiking Institute; accessed on February 7, 2018.
41. ↑ Premiumweg P 5 ; accessed on February 7, 2018.
42. ↑ Premiumweg P 12 ; accessed on February 7, 2018.
43. ^ Website of the Werratalverein 1883 eV: main hiking trails ; accessed on March 5, 2018.
44. ↑ Citizens' meeting on the future of the Plesseturm. In: Werra-Rundschau. January 11, 2018; accessed on February 7, 2018.