Reichsburg Grüningen

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Reichsburg Grüningen
Palace area with Upper Gate (1555) and Wimpelinhaus (1599)

Palace area with Upper Gate (1555) and Wimpelinhaus (1599)

Creation time : before 1252
Castle type : City castle
Conservation status: Structure of the palace as well as remains of the foundation and wall
Standing position : Kings and Counts
Place: Markgröningen
Geographical location 48 ° 54 '20.9 "  N , 9 ° 4' 41.7"  E Coordinates: 48 ° 54 '20.9 "  N , 9 ° 4' 41.7"  E
Height: 288  m above sea level NN
Memorial stone on the south wing of the castle in memory of the Reichsburg

The Reichsburg Grüningen in Markgröningen in the Ludwigsburg district is a largely defunct royal palace , which was probably built in the 13th century at the highest point of the imperial city of Grüningen as part of the urban expansion. The Reichsburg , which was finally transferred to the House of Württemberg in 1336 as part of the now hereditary Reichssturmfahnlehen, was converted into a residential palace around 1552–1556 at the behest of Duke Christoph . Relics of the castle can still be seen in the building complex of today's Helene-Lange-Gymnasium .

Königspfalz and hoard of the imperial storm flag

The imperial storm flag , which was always awarded together with the right of action , the castle and the city of Grüningen , was traditionally kept in the Grüningen imperial castle . The Reiterstandarte showed the black imperial eagle in a golden field and was also a top-mounted, long red Schwenkel provided.

Especially in the High Middle Ages , but occasionally up to the 16th century, the imperial castle also served some kings or their generals as a palace for temporary accommodation. It is not certain whether the 1139 of King Conrad III. in Grüningen held court day already in this castle, or perhaps in a previous building on the site was founded in the 13th century Holy Spirit Hospital took place.

After Count Hartmann II of Grüningen fell away from the Staufers in 1246 and claimed the Grüningen imperial fief from then on, the castle stood until his son Hartmann III was captured in 1280 . von Grüningen is no longer available as a royal palace due to the troops of King Rudolf von Habsburg . It then served as the seat of the Lower Swabian provincial bailiff, Albrecht II von Hohenberg , who, as Rudolf's military leader, presumably also carried the imperial storm flag. In 1284 he used the castle and church to host the “Grüninger Prince Wedding”, at which his brother-in-law King Rudolf von Habsburg was also present. Since the castle and town were now imperial again, after Rudolf the kings Adolf von Nassau (1292–1298), Albrecht I of Habsburg (1298–1308) and Frederick the Fair of Habsburg (1314–1330) held court in the Grüninger Reichsburg , until in 1336 King Ludwig IV suggested to his Imperial Ensign Konrad II von Schluesselberg that the Fahnlehen with castle and town be given to Count Ulrich III. from Württemberg to sell. In order to win the Württemberger as an ally and military leader, the Burgraviate of Grüningen with everything that belonged to it was granted as an inheritance : in addition to the castle and imperial storm flag, the city of Grüningen and surrounding settlements not named, the church patronage as well as the local vassals and the population .

A document issued by Count Eberhard II of Württemberg in 1350 proves that the imperial castle known as “castro nostro” had its own chapel with an early knife on the “Johannis Altar”.

Württemberg residence and reversion

Duke Eberhard 1495 with the imperial storm flag

Count Eberhard im Bart , whose guardianship council had resided in the castle, had the most important residence next to Urach overhauled during the division of Württemberg and decorated the knight's hall in the palace with his motto “Attempto!” In order to defend against the territorial claims of his uncle Friedrich I. the Palatinate also reinforced the fortifications. After the reunification of Württemberg (1482), the castle was rebuilt around 1488. In the economic buildings belonging to the castle (including a stables ) outside the moat on the city side, Eberhard had a fruit box with a binding house and deep wine cellar built in 1469, and the five-aisled upper wine cellar in 1491 , which served as the castle's firewood store. In 1489, Emperor Friedrich III. here station.

Renewed enfeoffment with the Reichsburg

When King Maximilian I made Count Eberhard Duke in 1495, he also renewed the hereditary enfeoffment with the castle, which took place for the first time in 1336. The emperor certified that “We recommended ours and the empire Sturmvanen to the high-pored Eberharten, Hertzieh zu Wirtemberg and zu Teck, […] and granted all his feudal heirs to a right fief and also with this our letter lend him Gruningen instead and castle with people and good ones […], when because that is part of ours of the Sturmvanen kingdom and also belongs to it; with the modesty that the aforesaid Hertzog and his heirs to us and our descendants in the Reich, Kunegen and Keysern, must forever do the service that one ought to do rightly and fairly. Sy sullent too and have orders that sy procure and preserve the Sturmvanen [...], as also the named Hertzog Eberhart and his forefathers from our Vorfaren am Reiche had and brought such recommendations and fiefs. "

The thick walls of the part of the palace area known today as the “central building” and its cellar come from the palace of the Reichsburg.
Courtyard side of the central building, formerly the Palas
Relics of the Reichsburg highlighted in blue in the site plan by Bau-Inspector Weiß (1869)
Profile of the moat to be filled for the redesign of the palace gardens (1869)
City castle of Kirchheim . The relics of the Reichsburg suggest that it was laid out according to the same pattern.

In between again in Reichshand

After Duke Ulrich had fled the country in 1519, the castle fell back to the empire via the Swabian Federation , came into Austrian hands until 1534 and was still confiscated afterwards: Duke Alba , who lived in Grüningen Castle for a long time, stayed for a long time here the imperial occupation troops in Württemberg directed, and in 1552 - as the host, so to speak - Emperor Charles V to negotiations with Duke Christoph .

Conversions to the castle

After the costly agreement with the emperor and the withdrawal of his troops, Duke Christoph had the castle converted into a Renaissance castle between 1552 and 1556 for an impressive 7097 guilders . In this case, the city side moat were filled, the middle of the round Burghof suspected Burgfried looped and inter alia the partially south wing obtained renaissance -typical at right angles to Palas erected. As a replacement for the castle keep and the no longer possible passage through the two castle gates, the citizens of Grüningen had to build the upper gate outside the castle in 1555 with a high watch, powder chamber, drawbridge and front gate. The paths to the outer castle gate were swiveled around the newly created castle garden in front of the moat to the upper gate. Several finely worked stones from the castle and a solitary decorative window seem to have been reused in the construction of this new gate and the lower wine press.

The Württemberg residential palace in Grüningen became obsolete in 1704 with the construction of the Ludwigsburg Palace, and until 1807 it was only used as a bailiwick building and from 1758 as an upper office building. In 1724, dilapidated parts had to be removed and the stones carted to Ludwigsburg for reuse .

Traces of the Reichsburg on the palace area

The exact inventory that "Bau-Inspector Weiß" made around 1870 on the occasion of the planned conversion of the women's penitentiary (since 1808) into a teacher seminar with orphanage provides some clues to the building fabric that still comes from the castle got to. It is noticeable that the outer walls of the so-called central building are just as massive as the remains of the city wall in the area of ​​the castle that were still present in 1870. The plans of the construction survey also show that the three-story building contained two high and around 24 × 8 meter large halls over the entire area. So one can assume that this is the former palace of the Reichsburg, especially since a large medieval vaulted cellar has been preserved. In 1870 there was still a draw well in the courtyard of the palace, which was later filled in. An accessible and partially preserved aqueduct led from the castle over the cellars of the utility building in front of the castle to the bathhouse on the southwestern edge of the city. Presumably this underground passage was also designed as an escape tunnel.

Significant chance find

An accidental find by the municipal building yard also plays an important role. In May 1990, while working on a sewer in front of the entrance to the castle grounds, it stumbled upon a corner of the building made of carefully hewn sandstone. Fortunately, the informative value of this find was not overlooked, but precisely measured and photographed. This gives you a decisive indication of the size of the former castle. This reached namely further to the east, further to the south and less to the north than the shape of the current building complex suggests; because today's north wing was only built in the 20th century on the former Zwinger and partly on the moat.

Additional evidence

The city map from 1831, the geological map 7020 (1: 25,000), in which the moat facing the city can still be seen, the town center atlas, the city history of Heyd , an entry in the city register for the construction of the Upper Gate and not least the Comparison with other city castles from the High Middle Ages, which were all integrated into the city wall ring, but were also fortified on the city side with walls and moats and each had two gates: one opened the castle to the city, the other led into the open field. The defensive capacity of the manor house against the city could have been planned in the event that the city could fall into the hands of a potential enemy earlier than the castle. Rather, however, there was the awareness that the rulers or their bailiffs could never be entirely sure of the loyalty of the self-confident citizens, especially in imperial cities. Walls and moats kept the possibly rebellious citizens at a distance, and the gate into the open field guaranteed free entry or exit if the city no longer appeared passable. These strategic ulterior motives and rational considerations of reinforcing a corner of the city fortifications with the strongly fortified castle led to the fact that the lordly city founders almost without exception placed their castles in a corner of the city. This was the case, for example, in the related cities of Pforzheim , Stuttgart , in particular in Kirchheim unter Teck and also in Grüningen. The only thing that remains to be clarified for Grüningen is whether the urban development was adapted to the existing castle, as in Stuttgart, or whether the castle and urban development were carried out in one go.

Additional information

On the history of the lords of the castle and imperial ensigns

swell

  • Stock book , HStA Stuttgart, H 101, Bd. 1076.
  • Stock book, HStA Stuttgart, H 101, Bd. 1079a.
  • Land and official damage bills from 1485/1489, HStA Stuttgart, A 54a St. 187 ( LABW online ).
  • City archive Markgröningen, hall and storage book 1754/55.
  • Construction survey by "Bauinspector Weiß" for the reconstruction of the castle grounds, 1869, Ludwigsburg State Archives.
  • City map Markgröningen from 1831, from the Württ. Urflurkarte, sheet NO XXXVIII-2 (LABW online)
  • Geological map 7020 - Bietigheim-Bissingen (1: 25,000), ed. v. Geological State Office Baden-Württemberg, 1981.

literature

  • Peter Fendrich, Günter Frank, Erich Viehöfer: Well-known and new about the Markgröningen Castle. In: Working group for historical research and preservation of monuments Markgröningen (ed.): Through the city glasses - history and stories around Markgröningen , Volume 8. 2004, pp. 173-208.
  • Peter Findeisen : City of Markgröningen . In the series "Ortskernatlas Baden-Württemberg". State Monument Office, Stuttgart 1987.
  • Ludwig Friedrich Heyd : History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special consideration for the general history of Württemberg, mostly based on unpublished sources . Stuttgart 1829; Facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992.
  • Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the Counts of Gröningen . Stuttgart 1829.
  • Helmut Maurer : Markgröningen . In: Die Deutschen Königspfalzen , Volume 3.1 (Baden-Württemberg), Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, Göttingen 2004, pp. 389–404.
  • Silke Rau, Katrin Röder, Margrit Röder: On the history of the Markgröninger Castle . In: Working group for historical research and monument preservation Markgröningen (ed.): Through the city glasses - history and stories around Markgröningen , Volume 4. 1989, pp. 86–93.
  • Hermann Römer : Markgröningen in the context of regional history I, prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933.
  • Hermann Römer: Markgröningen as part of State History II, 1550 to 1750 . Markgröningen 1930.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Inscription: “Here stood the Reichsburg, built by the Hohenstaufen, in which the Reichssturmfahne was kept. Wuerttemberg inheritance since 1336. The castle, which was rebuilt by Count Eberhard im Bart, was demolished in 1724. ”Duke Christoph's major rebuilding was not mentioned here. The "demolition" took place only partially.
  2. ↑ Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special consideration for the general history of Württemberg, mostly based on unpublished sources . Stuttgart 1829; Facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992, p. 7.
  3. ↑ Source: [RI VII] H. 1 n. 264 - Regesta Imperii online
  4. ↑ Count Eberhard II , patron of the parish church in Grüningen , and Konrad, its rector, confirm the foundation of a benefice for that of Count Hartmann III. Donated Marien Altar of the parish church by Albert von Vaihingen, "Early knife at the Altar St. Johannis in our castle" in Grüningen. LABW, HStA Stgt., A 602 No. 8790, LABW online .
  5. ↑ a b Main State Archives Stuttgart, A 54 a St. 187, IX. Land and official damage accounts from 1488, LABW online
  6. ↑ Document of July 23, 1495; Main State Archive Stuttgart, Regesten 713, and RI XIV, 1 n. 2164 - Regesta Imperii online ; Original copy from Hermann Römer : Markgröningen in the context of Landesgeschichte I., Urgeschichte und Mittelalter , Markgröningen 1933, p. 187 f.
  7. ↑ A ledge is visible on the north facade, which shows the height of the former castle wall. Above it, a medieval lavatory seems to have been preserved.
  8. ↑ For the location of the "cross profile" of Weiß see the line in the floor plan from A to B.
  9. ↑ The two castles are similar in terms of location and floor plan: Both have an outer moat and a city moat, which are separated by the continuous city wall and each spanned by a bridge with a castle gate. The layout of the kennel with corner bastion also seems identical.
  10. ^ Günter Frank: From the castle to the Helene-Lange-Gymnasium. In: Working group for historical research and monument preservation Markgröningen (ed.): Through the city glasses , volume 8. Markgröningen 2004, p. 174f.
  11. ↑ a b c d Peter Fendrich: New aspects of building history: traces of the Reichsburg on the castle grounds. In: Working group for historical research and monument preservation Markgröningen (ed.): Through the city glasses , volume 8.Markgröningen 2004, p. 177 ff.
  12. ^ The maps created by Bau-Inspector Weiß from 1869 to 1871 can be found in the Ludwigsburg State Archives (StAL).
  13. ↑ Between the cellars of the Landesfruchtkastens and the lower cellar, the water pipe is still in its original state and can be viewed.
  14. ↑ From the Urflurkarte, sheet NO XXXVIII-2 (LABW) , ed. v. Statistical-topographical Bureau of the Kingdom of Württemberg, 1831.
  15. ^ Peter Findeisen: City of Markgröningen , in the series Ortskernatlas Baden-Württemberg. State Monument Office, Stuttgart 1987.
  16. ^ Ludwig Friedrich Heyd : History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg. Löflund, Stuttgart 1829.
  17. ↑ Stadtarchiv Markgröningen, hall and storage book 1754/55, fol. 374a ff.
  18. ↑ See Friedrich-Wilhelm Krahe: Castles of the German Middle Ages. Floor plan lexicon. Weltbild, Augsburg 1996.
  19. ↑ Hansmartin Decker-Hauff : History of the City (Stuttgart), Volume 1. Girokasse, Stuttgart 1966, pp. 65, 152.
  20. ↑ Werner Fleischhauer: The Renaissance in the Duchy of Württemberg. In: Publ. D. Commission for historical regional studies in Baden-Württemberg , Stuttgart 1971.

Web links

Commons : Reichsburg Grüningen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Reichsburg and palace in the working group for historical research and monument preservation in Markgröningen