Landscape of the former principality of Lüneburg

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Coat of arms of the Principality of Lüneburg

The landscape of the former Principality of Lueneburg is a corporatist wrote a public corporation on the territory of the former Principality of Lüneburg . It goes back to the end of the 15th century / beginning of the 16th century, the cooperative representation of the estates and developed in its current form in the middle of the 17th century. The historic landscape continued until the 19th century from deputies of the prelates , the landowner and the cities together since 1863 in her deputies the landowner , the cities and the rural landowners represented. The landscape was involved in state legislation until the 19th century and had both the right to tax permits and the right to present presentations to various administrative bodies. After the annexation of Hanover by Prussia in 1866, it lost its political status, but remained as a municipal association. As one of the traditional, homebound institutions of Lower Saxony, the landscape is protected by the Lower Saxony state constitution . Your tasks today are to maintain the cultural heritage and traditions in the area of ​​the former Principality of Lüneburg .

History of the landscape

The class development began in the 13th century

As early as the documents of the 13th and 14th centuries, the later estates , the prelates, the knightly nobility and the cities emerged as privileged groups of subjects. Its members acted as advisors to the dukes , acted as their guarantors and lenders and acted as mediators in disputes. In the following two centuries, their importance for ducal politics increased steadily. A major reason for this was the increasingly precarious financial situation of the Lüneburg dukes: Until the 13th century, they had been able to finance themselves from their own justice . The development of new sources of income became necessary due to increased expenditure, which was caused by land development in the course of territorialization , feuds and high representation costs. So let through, for example, Duke Otto II. In 1293 the stands against a plow treasure and one of the cities to be paid Bede the Lüneburg coin. Each year, new representatives of the city of Lüneburg and the knighthood were to supervise the production of coins and exercise the mint court. In 1322 a similar treaty was signed for the Hanover Mint. In this case, too, a committee of corporate representatives was formed to oversee the fairness of coins and thus assumed one of the princely rights of rule.

Increasing importance for the ducal Finzanhaushalt acquired in the late Middle Ages Beden . In order to be able to collect these taxes not only from their own rearmates , but also from those of the nobility, the prelates and the cities, the approval of the estates with which the dukes entered into negotiations at diets was necessary. Both the diets of the 14th century and those of the 15th century were primarily used to approve new taxes. In the 15th century there were a total of 29 state parliaments, in which 21 cases were about the approval of new taxes and requirements. At the end of the century, other topics were increasingly dealt with and the estates were integrated into the rulership and administration of the principality. In 1478 the estates took over the guardianship government for the still underage Heinrich the Middle . A stronger involvement in the administration of the principality was evident in 1489 in the establishment of a body half occupied by the estates, which was supposed to monitor the collection and use of taxes, and in 1506 in the establishment of a regional court with estates.

Up until the 15th century, the sovereign council played an important role in the participation of the estates. Its members were obliged by an oath of service to the dukes and were involved in the central state and court administration . Since the councils came from the Lüneburg estates, they also played an intermediary role in the council and acted both as advisers to the prince and as representatives of their estates vis-à-vis the sovereign .

The main motivation of the estates in the 13th to 15th centuries was to secure and expand their privileges and to protect them from future financial burdens. In return for the approval of a Bede, there was usually a confirmation of all privileges and the assurance that they would forego further taxes in the future. In addition, there was an effort to prevent further divisions of the principality's inheritance , as this would inevitably have been linked to new financial claims on the estates. When Bernhard I was imprisoned by Kurt von Schwicheld in 1388 , the estates declared themselves willing to pay for his release against the assurance that the principality would not be re-divided. In the inheritance contract concluded by Bernhard and Heinrich in 1415, the estates were expressly authorized to refuse to pay homage in the event of a further division of the country. When the estates took part in the guardianship of three-year-old Heinrich in 1472, it was also assured that in the event of Heinrich's death, “only one master could rule the country”. A striving for participation in the sovereignty, however, was not discernible. When Duke Otto V died in 1471 and the estates were supposed to provide a guardianship government for Heinrich the Middle, who was only three years old, they transferred Heinrich's grandfather Friedrich the Pious . Only after his death in 1478 did representatives of the estates take over the administration of the principality until Heinrich came of age.

Until the end of the 15th century, the estates faced the dukes as individuals and individual bodies. An essential feature of a rural constitution , a union of the prelates, the nobility and the cities into a single body that acts independently towards the duke, was not yet fulfilled at that time. The first signs of such inner-city integration were already evident in the second half of the 14th century, including in the Lüneburg Sate : In it, the estates were guaranteed numerous privileges in return for payment of 50,000 marks of soldered silver, and the dukes submitted to the jurisdiction of an estate occupied Committee. However, the Sate was already suspended in 1396 and remained without consequences for the further history of the estates in the Principality of Lüneburg. In the literature on the landscape constitution in the Principality of Lüneburg it is emphasized that in the Middle Ages, strictly speaking, neither land estates nor a land estate constitution and therefore no landscape existed. It was not until the beginning of the 16th century that the landscape developed through further inner-city integration as a representation of the state estates.

Development of the landscape as an institutional representation of the estates

Map of the Principality of Lüneburg from 1645

At the beginning of the 16th century, there was a more extensive internal integration and the landscape as a representative of the estates emerged. When Lüneburg had not been summoned to the state parliament in 1501, the other two estates refused to approve a new tax, referring to the lack of Lüneburg. A feeling of togetherness is also evident in the demands of the stands to be able to meet at any time and without any conditions. A free right of association was initially confirmed by Duke Ernst in 1527, but was revoked again in a recession in 1536. Since the 1520s, agreements with the dukes were increasingly no longer made separately for the individual estates, but for the entire landscape. The ducal decrees were, however, still drawn up separately for each of the three estates during this period; it was not until the 17th century that they were explicitly addressed to the entirety of the three estates. The term landschop ( Mnd. For landscape) was first used in a contract signed between the estates and Duke Heinrich in 1509, the term Landtag in a document from 1522.

In the 16th century, in addition to the assembly of all estates, there were increasingly committees appointed by the estates. As early as 1489, under Heinrich the Middle , a committee was formed for the first time to monitor the collection and use of a tax. Since then, every time a new tax is approved, a committee has been formed, half of which consisted of representatives of the estates and half of the ducal councils. In May 1552 the deliberations of a state parliament were continued on a smaller scale by a specially formed committee. In the following decades, committees were set up, among other things, to draw up a church ordinance in 1562 and a police ordinance in 1564. However, the committees were not yet permanent institutions , but were newly determined for each task by the entire state parliament.

The relocation of state parliament activities to the committees continued in the following years. Since then, only the topics to be dealt with have been presented at the state parliaments themselves. Committees with decision-making authority for the entire landscape were elected for further consultation and decision-making. When the need arose during the Thirty Years' War to negotiate with the estates at short notice, committee meetings became increasingly the norm. A meeting of the entire estates was already an exception at that time. Between 1621 and 1631 there were 14 committee days, but only 2 state parliaments. In the middle of the 17th century, a permanent committee, which, like the entirety of the estates, is called the landscape, was established as a permanent institution.

Since only individual representatives of the estates sat in the landscape, so-called instruction days, which were also known as particular convents, took place since the 1660s. A large part of the estates met at these and discussed pending questions. Meetings were held in various cities, including meetings in Lüneburg, Uelzen, Celle and Suderburg . In the 18th century, these meetings were finally so numerous that the meetings were sometimes referred to as general diets.

Involvement of the landscape in tax collection and legislation

In addition to the right to tax approval , the right to be involved in the collection and distribution of taxes gained in importance since the 16th century. The dukes only had free power of disposal over the income from their domains and the customs duties , all other expenses had to be approved by the estates. In addition to tax issues, other topics were increasingly negotiated. In 1562, for example, the estates were involved in drafting church regulations and the police and forest regulations for 1564, and administrative and legal issues were discussed in the state parliaments.

The 17th century was marked by the financial burdens that resulted from the Thirty Years War. Already in 1624 the estates granted a land treasure, which was raised even after the war. This consisted, among other things, of taxes on a number of goods, the collection of which was continuously extended in the following decades. For example, export duties had to be paid on cattle, grain, wool and flax, and import duties, for example, were levied on tobacco, tobacco pipes or foreign powder. The land treasure flowed into the land pension fund, which was administered by the landscape and from which, among other things, the interest on the war debts of the principality was paid. Also to cover the war debts, the contribution , a property tax , was levied for the first time during the Thirty Years' War . This had to be paid by all landowners, with the exception of landowners and sovereign officials; it was raised even after the war.

After the Principality of Lüneburg fell to the Electorate of Braunschweig-Lüneburg in 1705, the Lüneburg landscape continued unchanged. However, since the electorate consisted of a total of seven regions and all regions had to agree to new laws, there was practically no participation in legislation in the 18th century. Instead, laws were mostly enacted through sovereign ordinances; the powers of the electors were further expanded.

Under the sponsorship of the landscape, fire insurance was established in 1752 for the residents of the Principality of Lüneburg, the Lüneburg Fire Insurance Institute . In 1851 this was merged with the Calenberger Sozietät to form the United Landscape Fire Insurance Institute and in 1913 renamed the Landscape Fire Fund Hanover .

After the Napoleonic occupation of the Electorate of Hanover, the estates were abolished in 1807 and could not resume their work until 1813.

When Hanover was elevated to a kingdom in 1814, the landscape lost numerous responsibilities to the assembly of estates , which was first convened in 1819 , but received a guarantee of existence in the constitution of the state of 1833. As a so-called provincial landscape, it was primarily responsible for regional issues. Among other things, she was involved in the negotiations on the hunting regulations of 1830, the dike regulations of 1862 and the fire regulations of 1855.

In the 1840s and 1850s, the estate structure of the landscape, which continued to secure the greatest influence for the knighthood while the peasant landowners were not represented, was subject to strong criticism from the general assembly of estates . After years of failed negotiations, King Ernst August passed a law in 1851 , which provided for the involvement of the rural landowners and a reduction in the influence of the knighthood. The Hanoverian provincial landscapes brought an action against this law at the German Bundestag in Frankfurt, which declared it invalid in 1855 and determined that an amendment to the provincial constitution required the approval of the landscapes. After further negotiations, an agreement was finally reached with the knighthood in 1858, which formed the basis for a new landscape constitution that came into force in 1863. The place of the clergy, which had ceased to exist as a state estate due to the abolition of the monasteries in Ramelsloh and Bardowick and the knight academy in Lüneburg during the revolution of 1848 , was replaced by the peasant landowners as a new third curia.

The Lüneburg landscape since the annexation of Hanover by Prussia

Territory of the countryside

After the annexation of the Kingdom of Hanover by Prussia in 1866, the landscape lost its status as a legislative body through an ordinance of 1867. However, it remained as a municipal association, now as a landscape and no longer under the name provincial landscape. In 1867 it was initially given the right to elect members of the provincial parliament , but in 1885 this expired with the introduction of a new provincial order.

In 1929 the Prussian state made efforts to abolish the Lüneburg landscape through a state law, since the class structure no longer seemed compatible with the establishment of a democratic state. However, expert opinions by the legal historians Herbert Meyer , Julius von Gierke and Walter Jellinek saw no legal basis for this. According to the expert opinion, the approval of the landscapes would have been required for a dissolution, but they were not prepared to do this. At the same time, however, government grants to the countryside were reduced by 90%.

During the time of National Socialism , the landscape business was run solely by the landscape college. Meetings of the entire landscape were no longer held out of "consideration for the political situation". At a session of the Landtag on December 9, 1933, the College was authorized to independently resolve the “budget and all matters belonging to the jurisdiction of the Landtag”. Regular state parliaments have only been held again since the 1970s.

As one of the traditional, homeland-bound institutions of Lower Saxony, the landscape is protected by the Lower Saxony state constitution (Art. 72).

The individual estates

Prelature

Up until the 15th century, the clergy had only a small share in corporate politics. It was not until the diets in the second half of the 15th century that the prelature appeared more and more. The provosts of Medingen , Lüne and Ebstorf as well as the abbots of St. Michaelis in Lüneburg , Oldenstadt and Scharnebeck have participated in the state parliaments since then. However, with the introduction of the Reformation in 1527 and the associated dissolution of most of the Catholic monasteries, the importance of the prelate status decreased significantly. No representatives of the clergy came to the state parliaments until 1541. Since then, the Abbot of St. Michaelis and delegates from the monasteries in Ramelsloh and Bardowick have represented the clergy.

After the dissolution of the St. Michaelis monastery in 1655, the Knight Academy was founded in Lüneburg with the monastery assets . The chairman of this academy was elected by the landscape from the ranks of the district administrators and continued to represent the clergy. With the title of land court master, from 1673 landscape director, he was also chairman of the landscape. After the abolition of the monasteries in Ramelsloh and Bardowick and the Knight Academy in Lüneburg through the revolution of 1848, the prelature ceased to exist as a state. Until 1848 the prelature formed the first curia of the landscape.

Knighthood

The knighthood has formed the second curia since the landscape was created, and the first curia of the landscape since the landscape constitution was revised in 1863.

The origins of the knightly nobility of the Principality of Lüneburg go back to the mounted servants of the Dukes of Braunschweig-Lüneburg who were obliged to do military service . Essential characteristics of belonging to the knighthood were the residency and the feudal relationship of the knight to the duke. In most cases the servants belonged to families that had originally been unfree before they rose to the lower nobility in the 12th and 13th centuries. Other families, for example the von Hodenbergs , which had originally been of the noble class, were counted as vassals of the Lüneburg dukes from the end of the 13th century. There is no reliable knowledge of who exactly was invited to the provincial parliaments in the first centuries and who were counted as knights. It was only in the 16th century, when the knighthood began to develop as an institutional representation of the landowners with their own structures, that more precise information about their composition is possible.

For the year 1566, when a payment from the knighthood was passed on to its members on the occasion of the Turkish wars , a register list is available for the first time . In this, amounts of money are noted for the respective members, but only in individual cases are references to the respective estate. While the first surviving matriculations were a mere listing of people, the matriculations of the 17th and 18th centuries gradually changed to mere goods registers. This development was essentially completed in 1752 when new election regulations were issued, in which 192 goods were listed, the possession of which entitled to membership. In the following years, however, other landowners succeeded in obtaining recognition of their possessions as eligible for the state parliament , and after 1815 the goods of the part of the Duchy of Lauenburg that belonged to the Kingdom of Hanover also became part of the Lüneburg knighthood, so that the number of goods rose again. The highest number of goods recorded in the registers was reached in 1847 when these comprised 231 goods. At the end of the 19th century there was a comprehensive reduction in goods for the first time, when mainly small goods were deleted from the registers. In the 20th century, further deletions took place, partly at the request of the owners, partly due to expropriations during the Nazi dictatorship.

The manors in the Principality of Lüneburg were generally no more than two to three times the size of a full court, and the rights belonging to the manor could include manorial rights over compulsory peasant positions, tithe rights , court rights or hunting rights. However, some goods were not based on real estate, but on manorial, judicial or patronage rights or, in the case of the Stillhorn Fief, on capital. When the underlying rights were redeemed in the 19th century, the redemption payments received took their place. Up to the present day some of these goods are actively represented in the knighthood. In north-west Germany, manors that had neither real estate nor buildings were only found in the Principality of Lüneburg, so they represented a regional peculiarity. A new version of the chivalrous statutes in 1863 stipulated that a manor would achieve a net income of 600 Reichstaler and a house with it a value of at least 2000 Reichstaler had to be available. Goods that did not meet these requirements remained in the registers and entitled them to be accepted into the knighthood, but their owners have since then only had limited voting rights.

The internal constitution of the knighthood was first laid down in writing by the electoral regulations of 1752. The reason had been an increasing criticism from the ranks of the Rittschaft members of the electoral process of the district administrators, who had previously supplemented vacant positions with their own elections. In the electoral regulations, detailed regulations on the electoral procedure were now laid down, and it also contained further regulations on the internal organization of the knighthood. In 1863 new statutes were issued, which are essentially still valid today. The highest body of the knighthood is the knight day, the general assembly of all members. The chivalrous college, which is responsible for day-to-day business, is elected from among their ranks. The members of the knighthood for the landscape are elected at the knight days, in addition, the members elected to the knighthood council are automatically members of the landscape as so-called landscape councils. Until 1932 the knighthood was headed by a permanently employed landscape director, since then it has been represented externally by the presiding landscape council, who is elected from the ranks of the district administrators by the knights' day.

In principle, non-aristocratic owners of registered property were also entitled to admission and to vote. As early as the 17th century, for example, the Rabe family with the Sattelhof in Sülze and the Meier family with the Sattelhof in Weesen were represented in the knighthood. The right of bourgeois owners to vote was limited to the right to be active until the 19th century; they did not get the right to stand as a candidate until 1863. Women had to be represented by their husbands or sons on the days of knights; this restriction was not removed until 1992. In 1997 a manor owner was accepted for the first time, and in 2012 there were nine women among 74 members.

The knighthood, now under the name of the knighthood of the vormahligen principality of Lüneburg , is today a public corporation and, as an outdated, homeland-bound institution of Lower Saxony, is protected by the Lower Saxony state constitution (Art. 72). In 2012 approx. 140 goods were listed in the registers, of which 74 goods were actively represented by their owners in the knighthood.

Cities

Until the 16th century, the cities were represented by Lüneburg alone in the state parliaments. Due to increasing tensions between Lüneburg and the state rulers, Lüneburg no longer took part in state parliaments from 1517 to 1541, instead representatives of the cities of Uelzen and Celle as well as occasional delegates from smaller cities and soft pictures were invited to the state parliaments. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Lüneburg only occasionally took part in state parliaments; it was not until the 18th century that delegates from the city regularly came to the committee meetings. Together with the cities of Uelzen and Celle, Lüneburg formed the city status from that time, supplemented by the smaller cities of Lüchow , Dannenberg , Soltau , Harburg , Hitzacker and Walsrode since 1802 . Until 1863 the towns formed the third curia , since then they have been the second curia of the countryside.

Peasant class

The peasant class includes all landowners in the territory of the Principality of Lüneburg who do not belong to the cooperation of the knighthood. Since a new landscape constitution came into force in 1863, representatives of the rural landowners have formed the third curia of the landscape.

Composition of the landscape

In the middle of the 17th century, the so-called landscape had emerged as a permanent institution as a representative of the estates. At that time it consisted of the landscape director, eight aristocratic councilors, two aristocratic treasurers, four deputies of the knighthood , two delegates from the monastery in Ramelsloh , one from the monastery in Bardowick and five representatives from the cities of Lüneburg , Uelzen and Celle . The landscape consisted of 25 members. Since the cities and the pens only had one vote each, there were a total of 20 votes.

Since 1802 the smaller towns of Lüchow , Dannenberg , Soltau , Harburg , Hitzacker and Walsrode were also represented in the landscape. In 1818 the number of aristocratic councilors was reduced from eight to four, and after the revolution of 1848 the clergy was completely eliminated from the landscape.

Since a new landscape constitution came into force in 1863, the landscape consisted of the landscape director , four landscape councilors of the knighthood and 14 members of the knighthood, the towns and the rural landowners. The landscape director, who had to belong to the knightly nobility and who exercised the position full-time, was chairman. For financial reasons it was decided in 1932 after the death of the landscape director von der Wense not to fill the position again. Since then, the landscape has been chaired by the presiding landscape council, which carries out the work on a voluntary basis.

In addition to the actual landscape, there were three further committees: the district council, which was responsible for the day-to-day administration, the treasury and the knightly deputatorial council. The Landratskollegium and the Treasury Board existed until 1838, the Deputatorumkollegium existed until 1863. In 1863 the landscape board was established as a committee, which has been responsible for the current administration ever since.

Diets

The Landtagplatz in Hösseringen. At this point, the original meeting place is assumed, but no reliable information is available. The current design dates from the 1930s.

In the first centuries the state parliaments were convened exclusively by the duke , who also set the proposition . Most of the participants only found out on site what should be negotiated. The invitations were sent to them by messenger; if they were unable to attend, it was possible to transfer his voice to a third party. This option was used in the 16th and 17th centuries in particular. The state parliaments were mostly held outdoors and usually started early in the morning to give participants the opportunity to return on the same day.

Until the 16th century, the state parliaments took place very irregularly and only every few years. Only under Ernst the Confessor did the frequency increase significantly. In the 1530s and 1540s the state parliaments took place annually, sometimes several times a year. At this time, the state parliaments also changed. Since then, only the topics have been presented at the state parliaments and then a committee elected by the estates to take over the further negotiations with the duke. From 1652 onwards, usually only the countryside met to represent the state estates. The meetings of the countryside, like the assembly of the entire estates, are also referred to as diets. In contrast to the earlier assemblies of all estates, the meetings of the countryside were no longer held outdoors, but in closed rooms. The conference venues included Uelzen , Lüneburg , Celle , Scharnebeck , Lüne , Bardowick , Hankensbüttel , Ribbesbüttel and Winsen , and since the middle of the 16th century, above all the Schott zu Hösseringen . Since 1652 the state parliaments have taken place exclusively in Celle.

After the landscape had formed, so-called instruction days were held, on which a large number of members of the estates discussed pending questions. Since the 18th century, these meetings were sometimes referred to as general diets .

Seat of the landscape

Since the landscape emerged as a permanent institution, it had its seat in Celle in the so-called landscape house in Hehlentorstrasse. In 1730, the landscape acquired a new baroque-style building on Schlossplatz, which has since been the seat and conference venue of the landscape. The neighboring house, a half-timbered house built around 1580 on Kanzleistraße, was also acquired in 1787 and has since been used together with the new building. In the 20th century, the knighthood of the Principality of Lüneburg acquired the building, which in 1962 transferred it to the knightly credit institute. It is still used by the Lüneburg landscape.

Representative of the landscape in the state administration

Seal mark Lüneburg landscape

The ducal administration consisted partly of members of the landscape since the 15th century. These took on an intermediary position in the administration between the ducal administration on the one hand and the representation of the estates on the other. From the 16th century until the annexation of Hanover by Prussia in 1866, the landscape had the right to present individual administrative offices.

District administrators

Councils of the duke that came from the estates have been documented since the 13th century . These district administrators were automatically members of the landscape committees. Originally they were appointed by the duke, since the 16th century they were appointed by the landscape and only had to be confirmed by the duke.

Judicial councils

As early as 1506 Heinrich the Middle founded the state court in Uelzen , which was reorganized as a court court under Duke Ernst in 1535. In 1564, the class structures were laid down in a court court order; the seat of the court was moved from Uelzen to Celle. Two of the five court judges proposed the landscape, but they had to be confirmed by the duke, and the court registrar and the pedell were appointed by the landscape. Since the court court was not re-established after the Napoleonic occupation, the landscape was given the right to present a judge at the law office in Celle in 1815 . However, when the judicial office was converted into a higher court, this right expired in 1852. The higher appeal court in Celle, which was established in 1711, was also partly occupied by estates. Of the six councilors, two were appointed at the suggestion of the landscape.

Treasurers

Treasury councils have been documented since 1489, overseeing the collection and distribution of taxes . In the Electorate and later Kingdom of Hanover, there was the right to appoint a treasurer of the treasury, the Chamber of Accounts. The Treasury College was dissolved in 1848.

Land commissioners

In 1638 the region appointed two land commissioners for the first time to supervise the march of foreign troops during the Thirty Years' War. The office was retained after the war and was supplemented by other areas of responsibility, in particular the monitoring of tax collections. Since that time, a land commissioner has been assigned to each office in the principality. In the 19th century, the tasks of the land commissioners were largely transferred to other administrative offices, but the offices themselves remained in place until the annexation of Hanover in 1866 by Prussia.

The landscape of the former principality of Lüneburg in the present

The building of the knighthood and the landscape of the former principality of Lüneburg in Celle

Currently the landscape consists of the presiding landscape council of the knighthood, three further landscape councils of the knighthood as well as 14 members of the knighthood, the cities and the rural landowners. The members of the knighthood are elected for a period of six years on the annual knight's day in autumn. The cities are represented by the mayors of the cities of Celle , Lüneburg and Uelzen , as well as the main administrative officials of the cities of Celle, Lüneburg, Uelzen, Dannenberg , Lüchow , Gifhorn , Winsen , Burgdorf , Soltau , Walsrode and Hitzacker , who are therefore members of the landscape qua office . The representatives of the farmers are appointed according to the proposal by the Chamber of Agriculture from the district assemblies of the districts of Celle , Gifhorn , Harburg , Uelzen , Heidekreis and the regional assembly of the Hanover region (two representatives each) and the Lüchow-Dannenberg and Lüneburg districts (one representative each) for elected for a period of six years.

According to its statutes, the landscape meets every two years for the state parliament . The presiding landscape council, which convenes the state parliament, chairs the meetings and issues the resolutions of the landscape, is chaired. The current incumbent is Wilken von Bothmer . The votes of the state parliament take place in an unseparated assembly after a simple majority of votes. The landscape council runs the business between the state parliaments. This meets twice a year and consists of twelve members. In addition to the presiding landscape council, it includes the three landscape councils of the knighthood, one member of the knighthood, one member of each city of Lüneburg , Uelzen , Celle and four rural landowners. The Land Syndic , who does not have to come from the landscape, has an advisory role . He advises the general state parliament, the landscape council and the presiding landscape council on legal issues. The syndic is appointed by the state parliament at the suggestion of the college. The current incumbent is Andreas Graf von Bernstorff .

As one of the traditional, homeland-bound institutions of Lower Saxony, the landscape is protected by the Lower Saxony state constitution (Art. 72). Your tasks nowadays are to maintain culture and homeland and to promote science. For this purpose, for example, grants for printing costs are granted for local chronicles or exhibitions with a landscape reference are funded. These promotional measures are financed by grants from VGH Insurance and the Knighthood of the Principality of Lüneburg. In 2012 a budget of around 63,000 euros was available for this. As one of the carriers of the VGH insurance, the Lüneburg landscape sends members to the bodies of the VGH insurance and the VGH foundation . Since 1990 the Lüneburg landscape has been a member of the Lüneburg Landscape Association , which performs state tasks in the fields of culture , science and education on behalf of the State of Lower Saxony . There are also other memberships in associations and foundations, including the Historical Commission for Lower Saxony and Bremen , the Lower Saxony Heritage Association and the Foundation of the Museum for the Principality of Lüneburg .

literature

  • Dieter Brosius : Manors of the Lüneburg landscape: The manors of the landscape of the former principality of Lüneburg . Wallstein Verlag, 2015, ISBN 383531680X
  • Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: The estates in the Principality of Lüneburg between 1430 and 1546 . Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 2001, ISBN 3-89534-394-3
  • Ernst Schubert (ed.): History of Lower Saxony from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. In: Ernst Schubert (Ed.): History of Lower Saxony. Volume 2. Part 1. Politics, constitution, economy from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. (= Publications of the Historical Commission for Lower Saxony and Bremen Volume 36) Hanover 1997, ISBN 3-7752-5900-7 , pp. 3–904

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Ernst Schubert : History of Lower Saxony from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. In: Ernst Schubert (Ed.): History of Lower Saxony. Volume 2. Part 1. Politics, constitution, economy from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. Hannover 1997, ISBN 3-7752-5900-7 , pp. 3–904, here: p. 855
  2. ↑ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen, Estates in the Principality of Lüneburg between 1430 and 1546 , Bielefeld 2001, ISBN 3-89534-394-3 , p. 135
  3. ↑ See this: Michael Scholz: Vom Schott bey Hösseringen. The Lüneburg state estates and their state parliament square , in materials for museum visit No. 18, published by the Lüneburg Heath Agricultural Museum.
  4. ^ Ernst Schubert : History of Lower Saxony from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. In: Ernst Schubert (Ed.): History of Lower Saxony. Volume 2. Part 1. Politics, constitution, economy from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. Hannover 1997, ISBN 3-7752-5900-7 , pp. 3–904, here: p. 857
  5. ↑ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen, Estates in the Principality of Lüneburg between 1430 and 1546 , Bielefeld 2001, ISBN 3-89534-394-3 , p. 133
  6. ↑ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen, Estates in the Principality of Lüneburg between 1430 and 1546 , Bielefeld 2001, ISBN 3-89534-394-3 , p. 135
  7. ^ Ernst Schubert : History of Lower Saxony from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. In: Ernst Schubert (Ed.): History of Lower Saxony. Volume 2. Part 1. Politics, constitution, economy from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. Hannover 1997, ISBN 3-7752-5900-7 , pp. 3–904, here: p. 771
  8. ↑ See: Ernst Schubert : History of Lower Saxony from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. In: Ernst Schubert (Ed.): History of Lower Saxony. Volume 2. Part 1. Politics, constitution, economy from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. Hanover 1997, ISBN 3-7752-5900-7 , pp. 3–904, here: p. 861 Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen, Landstands im Fürstentum Lüneburg between 1430 and 1546 , Bielefeld 2001, ISBN 3-89534-394-3 , Pp. 136-142
  9. ^ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Lüneburg, Principality. In: Brage bei der Wieden (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Lower Saxony Landtag and Estates history. Volume 1: 1500–1806, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-6016-1 , pp. 135–142 and 349–365, here: p. 355
  10. ^ Ernst Schubert : History of Lower Saxony from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. In: Ernst Schubert (Ed.): History of Lower Saxony. Volume 2. Part 1. Politics, constitution, economy from the 9th to the end of the 15th century. Hannover 1997, ISBN 3-7752-5900-7 , pp. 3–904, here: p. 861
  11. ↑ See this: Michael Scholz: Vom Schott bey Hösseringen. The Lüneburg Estates and their Landtag Square , in materials for museum visit No. 18, published by the Lüneburg Heath Agricultural Museum.
  12. ^ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Lüneburg, Principality. In: Brage bei der Wieden (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Lower Saxony Landtag and Estates history. Volume 1: 1500–1806, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-6016-1 , pp. 135–142 and 349–365, here: p. 140
  13. ^ A b Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Lüneburg, Principality. In: Brage bei der Wieden (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Lower Saxony Landtag and Estates history. Volume 1: 1500–1806, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-6016-1 , pp. 135–142 and 349–365, here: p. 353
  14. ^ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Lüneburg, Principality. In: Brage bei der Wieden (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Lower Saxony Landtag and Estates history. Volume 1: 1500–1806, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-6016-1 , pp. 135–142 and 349–365, here: p. 354
  15. ↑ For the instruction days see: Michael Scholz: Vom Schott bey Hösseringen. The Lüneburg state estates and their state parliament square , in materials for museum visit No. 18, published by the Lüneburg Heath Agricultural Museum.
  16. ↑ Günther Franz : Administrative history of the Lüneburg government district , Bremen 1955, p. 29
  17. ↑ Günther Franz : Administrative history of the Lüneburg government district , Bremen 1955, p. 30
  18. ↑ Günther Franz : Administrative history of the Lüneburg government district , Bremen 1955, p. 28
  19. ^ A b Günther Franz : Administrative history of the government district of Lüneburg , Bremen 1955, p. 105
  20. ↑ See this: Michael Scholz: Vom Schott bey Hösseringen. The Lüneburg state estates and their state parliament square , in materials for museum visit No. 18, published by the Lüneburg Heath Agricultural Museum.
  21. ^ A b c d Günther Franz : Administrative history of the Lüneburg government district , Bremen 1955, p. 104
  22. ^ A b c d Günther Franz : Administrative history of the government district of Lüneburg , Bremen 1955, p. 101
  23. ^ A b Günther Franz : Administrative history of the government district of Lüneburg , Bremen 1955, p. 103
  24. ↑ See this: Ulrike Hindersmann, Dieter Brosius: The knightly estates of the Lüneburg landscape. ISBN 978-3835316805 , p. 37
  25. ^ Website of the Lüneburg Landscape Association. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 29, 2014 ; Retrieved August 29, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lueneburgischer-landschaftsverband.de
  26. ↑ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Land estates in the Principality of Lüneburg between 1430 and 1546 , Bielefeld 2001, ISBN 3-89534-394-3 , p. 71.
  27. ^ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Lüneburg, Principality. In: Brage bei der Wieden (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Lower Saxony Landtag and Estates history. Volume 1: 1500–1806, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-6016-1 , pp. 135–142 and 349–365, here: p. 356
  28. ^ Günther Franz : Administrative history of the government district Lüneburg , Bremen 1955, p. 100
  29. ↑ Arnswald mentions these characteristics, but does not expressly rule out that there were knights who owned exclusively allodial goods. See: Christian von Arnswald: The Lüneburg Knighthood as a Landstand in the Late Middle Ages , ISBN 978-3788118020 , p. 39
  30. ↑ On the origin of the Lüneburg knighthood see: Christian von Arnswald: The Lüneburg knighthood as a country estate in the late Middle Ages , ISBN 978-3788118020 Ulrike Hindersmann, Dieter Brosius: The knights of the Lüneburg landscape. ISBN 978-3835316805 , p. 12 For information on advancing into the lower nobility, see: Ernst Schubert: Geschichte Niedersachsens , Volume 2, pp. 625–634
  31. ^ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Land estates in the Principality of Lüneburg between 1430 and 1546 , Bielefeld 2001, ISBN 3-89534-394-3 , p. 89
  32. ↑ For the development of the matriculation see: Hindersman: Die Rittergüter der Lüneburger Landschaft , ISBN 978-3835316805 , pp. 12-19 The matriculation of 1566 is also referred to in other books as the first matriculation. Christian von Arnswald, on the other hand, gives a treasury register of the knighthood from 1509 as the first register, see Christian von Arnswald: The Lüneburg Knighthood as a Landstand in the Late Middle Ages , ISBN 978-3788118020 , p. 93
  33. ↑ For the development of the matriculation see: Ulrike Hindersmann, Dieter Brosius: Die Rittergüter der Lüneburg landscape. ISBN 978-3835316805 , pp. 12-19
  34. ↑ For the manors see: Ulrike Hindersmann, Dieter Brosius: The manors of the Lüneburg landscape. ISBN 978-3835316805 , pp. 15 and pp. 20-21. and Heinrich Pröve: Village and estate in the old Duchy of Lüneburg. , Göttingen, 1929, pp. 46-67.
  35. ↑ For the development of the inner constitution of the riding see: Ulrike Hindersmann, Dieter Brosius: The knights of the Lüneburger landscape. ISBN 978-3835316805 , pp. 14-16, pp. 26, pp. 30-33
  36. ↑ On knighthood in the present, see: Ulrike Hindersmann, Dieter Brosius: The knightly estates of the Lüneburg landscape. ISBN 978-3835316805 , pp. 20-21
  37. ↑ On knighthood in the present, see: Ulrike Hindersmann, Dieter Brosius: The knightly estates of the Lüneburg landscape. ISBN 978-3835316805 , pp. 30-33
  38. ^ A b Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Lüneburg, Principality. In: Brage bei der Wieden (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Lower Saxony Landtag and Estates history. Volume 1: 1500–1806, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-6016-1 , pp. 135–142 and 349–365, here: p. 137
  39. ^ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Lüneburg, Principality. In: Brage bei der Wieden (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Lower Saxony Landtag and Estates history. Volume 1: 1500–1806, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-6016-1 , pp. 135–142 and 349–365, here: p. 140
  40. ^ Günther Franz : Administrative history of the Lüneburg government district , Bremen 1955, p. 27
  41. ^ Günther Franz : Administrative history of the Lüneburg government district , Bremen 1955, p. 99
  42. ^ A b Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Lüneburg, Principality. In: Brage bei der Wieden (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Lower Saxony Landtag and Estates history. Volume 1: 1500–1806, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-6016-1 , pp. 135–142 and 349–365, here: p. 139
  43. ^ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Lüneburg, Principality. In: Brage bei der Wieden (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Lower Saxony Landtag and Estates history. Volume 1: 1500–1806, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-6016-1 , pp. 135–142 and 349–365, here: p. 140
  44. ↑ For the instruction days see: Michael Scholz: Vom Schott bey Hösseringen. The Lüneburg state estates and their state parliament square , in materials for museum visit No. 18, published by the Lüneburg Heath Agricultural Museum.
  45. ↑ The knightly credit institute. Presentation for the knight day 2013 .; P. 25; Ed .: Knighthood of the former Principality of Lüneburg, Celle, 2013
  46. ↑ Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Estates in the Principality of Lüneburg between 1430 and 1546 , Bielefeld 2001, ISBN 3-89534-394-3 , p. 127
  47. ^ Andreas Ludolf Jacobi: The landscape constitution of the Principality of Lüneburg , Lüneburg 1846.
  48. ^ A b Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen: Lüneburg, Principality. In: Brage bei der Wieden (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Lower Saxony Landtag and Estates history. Volume 1: 1500–1806, Hannover 2004, ISBN 3-7752-6016-1 , pp. 135–142 and 349–365, here: p. 360
  49. ↑ Günther Franz : Administrative history of the Lüneburg government district , Bremen 1955, p. 28
  50. ^ Günther Franz : Administrative history of the government district of Lüneburg , Bremen 1955, p. 31
  51. ↑ a b Regulations and regulations relating to knighthood and the landscape of the Principality of Lüneburg. ; Ed .: Knighthood and Landscape of the Principality of Lüneburg, 2006
  52. ^ Wolf Reinecke: Landstands im Verfassungsstaat , Göttingen 1975, ISBN 3509006100 , p. 310
  53. ^ Website of the Lüneburg Landscape Association. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 29, 2014 ; Retrieved August 29, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lueneburgischer-landschaftsverband.de
  54. ^ The landscape of the Principality of Lüneburg. Presentation on Knight's Day 2012; P. 10; Ed .: Knighthood of the Principality of Lüneburg, Celle 2012
  55. ^ The landscape of the Principality of Lüneburg. Presentation on Knight's Day 2012; P. 15; Ed .: Knighthood of the Principality of Lüneburg, Celle, 2012
  56. ^ Website of the VGH Foundation. Retrieved August 29, 2013 .
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 9, 2013 .